...Introduction The genus Trichinella has undergone revision, due to the advent of reliable DNA probes that can be used to distinguish the various species that have been recently described.1, 2 There are 8 recognized genotypes (two are provisional).3 Members of the genus Trichinella are able to infect a broad spectrum of mammalian hosts, making them one of the world’s most widely-distributed group of nematode infections. Trichinella spp. are genetically related to Trichuris trichiura and Capillaria spp; all belong to the family Trichurata. These roundworms constitute an unusual group of organisms in the phylum Nematoda, in that they all live a part of their lives as intracellular parasites. | The diseases that Trichinella spp. cause are collectively referred to as trichinellosis. Currently, prevalence of trichinellosis is low within the United States, occurring mostly as scattered outbreaks,4 and the majority of human cases are due to Trichinella spiralis and T. murrelli. The domestic pig is the main reservoir host for T. spiralis. This species is significantly higher in prevalence in people living in certain parts of Europe, Asia, and Southeast Asia than in the United States. It is now considered endemic in Japan and China. A large outbreak of trichinellosis occurred in Lebanon in 1997, infecting over 200 people.5 Trichinella spiralis infection in humans has been reported from Korea for the first time.6 In contrast, trichinella infections in wildlife within the United States are...
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...relation (termites and intestinal flagellate) (+,+) Mutually beneficial relation (Clown fish and sea anemone) (+,+) Parasitism- A guest who uses ones resources to live. An organism that lives on (infest) or in (infect) the host. An organism that nourishes itself at the expense of the host without destroying it as rapidly as predator does. An organism that inflicts some degree of damage to host. (+,-) Facultative parasite- Opportunistic. They are free living until they are placed in a situation conducive to becoming a parasite. EX: Amoeba Naegleria eats microbes but when opportunity comes infects humans. Obligatory parasite- Completely dependent on host for all or part of its life cycle. Two types: Permanent and Temporary. Permanent EX: tapeworms in the intestine. Temporary EX: mosquitoes, leeches and ticks. Endoparasite- lives within the host’s body (infection). Ectoparasite- lives attached to outside (infestation). Definitive host- in which parasite attains sexual maturity while inside. Intermediate host- temporary host necessary for completion of parasite life cycle. Transfer host- not necessary, can serve as temporary refugee. Vector-...
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...Examination of Stool Stool from patient is examined to detect: 1. Adult worms 2. Segments of tapeworms 3. Ova and Cysts of Parasites 4. Larvae 5. Trophozoites 6. WBC , RBC , Pus Cells , Macrophages etc Collection of stool sample : 1. Stool sample is to be collected in a wide mouthed leak proof container with a tight fitting lid. 2. Amount: 20 – 40 gram of solid stool or 5 – 6 tablespoonful of liquid stool .Care is to be taken to prevent contamination with urine , dirt etc . 3. Patient is to be warned not to take any medicine or medicinal substance before collection of the sample. 4. Stool sample must not be collected from bedpan containing disinfectants. 5. The container should be properly labeled with patient’s ID no., the name of the test that is desired by the clinician. 6. The stool sample is to be kept in a cool shady place but not to be frozen. 7. Stool sample is to be transported to the laboratory without any delay. Examination of stool is to be done within 30 minutes of stool sample collection (not within 30 minutes after reception of stool in the lab). Examination of stool is divided into a) Naked eye examination (Macroscopic Examination) b) Chemical examination c) Microscopic examination a) Naked eye examination (Macroscopic Examination): Consistency: whether the stool sample is formed, soft, loose or watery. Presence of blood and mucus Presence of round worm, thread worm or tapeworm proglottides Colour and smell of stool b) Chemical examination Stool is usually acidic...
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...Welcome to WritePoint, the automated review system that recognizes errors most commonly made by university students in academic essays. The system embeds comments into your paper and suggests possible changes in grammar and style. Please evaluate each comment carefully to ensure that the suggested change is appropriate for your paper, but remember that your instructor's preferences for style and format prevail. You will also need to review your own citations and references since WritePoint capability in this area is limited. Thank you for using WritePoint. Bacteria and Parasites By Victor Banks Melanie Crow COM 155 4/2/13 Bacteria and parasites are both specific types of organisms that are able to have affect on a humans body, but parasites have a greater increase in harming a human being rather than a bacteria. While the exact origin of bacteria remains a matter of speculation, it is clear that they are among the oldest and most adaptable organisms on Earth. Over three and a half billion years ago the earth was an inhospitable planet characterized by a landscape of active volcanoes in an atmosphere with hardly any oxygen, as far as we know the first life forms to be on Earth were simple organisms that closely resembled present day bacteria and did not depend on atmospheric oxygen or survival. Eventually in the shallow waters of primitive earth photosynthetic microorganisms...
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...Intestinal parasites In humans, three types of intestinal parasites may live in the small and large intestines: tapeworms, roundworms, and protozoa. Certain types remain in the intestines; others travel outside the intestines to invade other organs. Some are so small they can only be seen under a microscope; others can be many feet long. Most tapeworms and roundworms develop in the human body and lay their eggs there. The eggs then pass out of the body through feces and can infest others (CDC, 2013). Intestinal parasites exist throughout the world. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 3.5 billion people worldwide are infested with some type of intestinal parasite, and as many as 450 million of them are sick as a result (Stansfield et. al, 2002). These infections are responsible for high levels of morbidity and mortality, including iron-deficiency anemia, seizures, portal hypertension, and chronic diarrhea (Stansfield et. al, 2002; Craig & Ito, 2007). The prevalence of intestinal parasites is determined by the socioeconomic and health conditions, education and beliefs related to traditional health practices, as well as the presence of domestic animals in the home and contamination of water and food. Age is also an associated factor related to the individual’s immunologic status and behavioral patterns contributing to the high prevalence of intestinal parasites in children than in adults (Jameneh, 1998; Long et. al, 1995). Children also are vulnerable to serious...
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...of co-operative relationship between organisms of different species where one species, the parasite, benefits from an extended, close association with the other species, the host, which is harmed” (Smith & Smith 2012, pg no 299). A parasite usually depends on host species for food, habitat and dispersal in order to increase their fitness. Though parasites obtain benefits from the host species, it does not kill the host as predators do. But due to diminutive growth, boniness, change in behaviour and infertility can cause death for the host organisms. Generally, parasites are much smaller than their hosts, which had a specialized mode of life and reproduce more rapidly and in bigger numbers than their hosts (Smith & Smith, 2012). The main objective of this essay is to describe how the interaction of parasite-host relationship affect the population size and dynamics of both parasite and host species. Discussion Host are considered as the habitats for parasites because it lives on or in the body of the host. The parasites enter into the body of the host by various pathways such as mouth, nasal passages, skin, rectum, urogenital systems and digestive systems. Although parasites harm the host, it is in the parasites best interest not to kill the host, because it relies on the host’s body functions for their survival and reproduction (Smith & Smith, 2012). Some examples of host–parasite relationship and its interaction on the populations are described below: 1. Interaction...
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...2016.) in agriculture, different variables may lead toward collapsed staple food supplies. Climate change may be a variable in such a event as it causes extreme wether changes and so crops which are humanly breed or engineered spastically for one environment will no longer survive if some extreme wether storm occurs. (National Wildlife Federation . 2016.) Another variable may be the development of a highly resistant parasitic organisms, viruses and or bacteria as a result of Host-Parasite Coevolution. Host-Parasite Coevolution is defined as a combination of two processes: co-accommodation between host and parasite with no implication of host or parasite speciation and co-speciation, indicating concomitant host and parasite speciation (Testing the Context and Extent of Host-Parasite Coevolution . 2016.). This states that as much as humans make resilient food sources so will the parasite change to adapt and continue this along with a parasites host shifts (PLOS Pathogens. 2016.) would result in the sudden death of much of the new host especially if such a host has a small gene pool relied upon. Lastly unforeseen side effects in genetically altered foods (J R Soc Med. 2016) would be wanted to be revert, hence the need to store and bring back species which have no issues. Due to these arguments is is seen that a safeguard would be need to prevent some longterm problems and unrest, this can come in the form of scientists bring back older and more various...
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...What are the basic facts – event, history, stories? * Merck & Co. Inc. which is a the largest producers of prescription drugs has created a medicine called Ivermectin for treating animals for such as horses, sheep’s, pigs and others against many intestinal worms, mites, ticks and insects. While they were doing clinical testing Dr. William Campbell who is a researcher found out that it was effective against a parasite in horses that was similar to the parasite that causes river blindness. * River blindness is cause by a tiny black fly near river banks in third world countries that could bit humans with a parasitic worm (Onhocerca Volvulus) that could grow to two feet inside which releases a microscopic offspring’s (microfilariae) which swarm thru the body tissue that cases a very irritating itch that led to some people committing subside. Some 85 million people are infected by this. After many year in the system the microscopic offspring cause skin depigmentation of skin eventually invading the eye causing blindness. What are the ethical issues, concerns, problems? * The ethical issue with this is that the Merck & Co Inc. Dr. P. Roy Vagelos has to decide to either fund the Iermectin drug to be made for humans that have been brought up by Dr. Campbell to cure river blindness. The drug could cure the river blindness but it would not make enough profit to even pay off for the fund invested for research, it is because most of the people who need the drug are...
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...Taurean Bullard March 4, 2012 What is the infections agent (pathogen) that causes this infectious disease, the name of the bacteria, virus, or parasite? Staphylococcus Aureus is the infectious pathogen that can cause a variety of illnesses from minor skin infections like boils, carbunkles, cellulitis, impetigo, abcesses and of course staph infection. This pathogen can also lead to life-threatening diseases such as pnuemonia, menengitis, toxic shock syndrome, bacteremia, and sepsis. How is this infectious agent transmitted through food or water? This infectious agent can be transmitted by skin, soft tissue, respiratory, bone, joint, endovascular to wound infections. It is also carried in the respiratory tract, nasal passages. It can also be transferred onto clothes, bedding and on the skin of carriers. If someone that is a carrier doesn't wash their hands properly then the staph can easily get into any food or drinks they handle and thus be transferred to someone else. Infections may spread through contact with pus from an infected wound, skin-to-skin contact with an infected person by producing hyaluronidase that destroys tissues, and contact with objects such as towels, sheets, clothing, or athletic equipment used by an infected person. What is an example of a real life outbreak of this foodborne illness in the United States? There was an outbreak of Staphylococcus Aureus at the World's Fair Park event site July 30, 2005. This event took place in Knoxville...
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...Moyer warns parents’ uncovered sandboxes are used as bathrooms for animals. Consequently, sandboxes turn into “giant parasite Petri dishes.”...
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...the participants in his study had been misdiagnosed with irritable bowel syndrome. The study consisted of two hundred patients with complaints of chronic diarrhea, recurrent constipation and abdominal pain and bloating. Fully half of the study patients actually had Giardia parasite infections. Since that time, not much has changed according to Dr. Galland in his book, Four Pillars of Healing. Doctors are still failing to identify or even look for parasites, instead favoring the diagnosis of loosely defined syndromes. https://ibstreatmentcenter.com/ibs/intestinal-bacteria-yeast-candida-and-parasites/parasites...
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...in fishes, is closely linked to environmental stress. In the wild, they generally have some degree of freedom to modify their environment. They can move to more suitable conditions if faced with a negative environmental change such as a reduction in oxygen level. In culture conditions, on the other hand, they have limited opportunity to choose their external environmental conditions. Most individual fish, may it be in wild or cultivated populations are infected with parasites. The number of parasites necessary to cause harm to the fish varies considerably with the species and size of the host and its health status. Many parasite species are host-specific to at least some degree and are capable of infecting one or only a limited number of host species. Parasites disease of fish (and livestock) reduces the amount of food available to people around the globe. This is why many researchers mention that it is imperative to investigate the relationship between the environmental factors which affects the parasites that affect production and quality. Even today, it remains difficult to convince governments and other sponsors of research that restriction to species of commercial interest is insufficient in comprehending essential ecological dynamics of life in oceans and coastal waters, developing sound measures of environmental protection, and understanding the principles of biotic diseases. This study was, therefore, conducted to provide information on the ectoparasites and endoparasites...
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...The malaria parasite infects the human’s red blood cells. Malaria symptoms include flu-like illness with high fevers, shaking, chills, muscle aches, and tiredness. Malaria is transmitted by plasmodium infected mosquitoes feeding on humans. Malaria infection in the US is very rare. The majority of malaria cases presenting in the United States are from travelers from parts of the world where malaria transmission occurs. The malaria transmission cycle usually starts when someone gets bitten by a female Anopheles mosquito infected through biting a malaria inflicted person. When a mosquito bites an infected person, a small amount of malaria parasites is taken up in the blood. When the mosquito bites someone else, these parasites mix with the mosquito's saliva and are injected into the person being bitten, thereby continuing the transmission cycle. Malaria can be quickly identified by examining the patient's blood, spread out as a "blood smear" on a microscope slide under the microscope. Rapid antigen test kits can also be used to detect antigens derived from malaria parasites. Molecular techniques like PCR take longer and serological show antibodies generated after the...
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...Carpenter, August 16, 2007 (sent for review June 18, 2007) The widespread emergence of human and wildlife diseases has challenged ecologists to understand how large-scale agents of environmental change affect host–pathogen interactions. Accelerated eutrophication of aquatic ecosystems owing to nitrogen and phosphorus enrichment is a pervasive form of environmental change that has been implicated in the emergence of diseases through direct and indirect pathways. We provide experimental evidence linking eutrophication and disease in a multihost parasite system. The trematode parasite Ribeiroia ondatrae sequentially infects birds, snails, and amphibian larvae, frequently causing severe limb deformities and mortality. Eutrophication has been implicated in the emergence of this parasite, but definitive evidence, as well as a mechanistic understanding, have been lacking until now. We show that the effects of eutrophication cascade through the parasite life cycle to promote algal production, the density of snail hosts,...
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...Article Critique: Sleeping Sickness Parasite Has a Weak Spot in Its Tail Name of student Name of institution Sickness Parasite Has a Weak Spot in Its Tail. Sleeping sickness parasite has a weak spot in its tail - SciDev.Net. (2006, March). Retrieved January 12, 2014, from http://www.scidev.net/global/health/news/sleeping-sickness-parasite-has-a-weak-spot-in-its.html The purpose of the study was to determine the effectiveness of curtailing tsetse flies that are known to cause sleeping sickness. In March 2006, scientists discovered that the sleeping sickness parasite does not reproduce if its whip like tail called the flagellum stops working. Sleeping sickness affects about 500,000 people and kills about 50,000 every year in Sub-Saharan Africa. Caused by a parasite called Trypanosoma brucei, the scientists found out that the parasite’s long flagellum is used to sense or move things in their environment (and likened it to the human sperm flagellum that enables it to move towards the egg). Other scientists suggest that the structure aids the parasite to divide into two when it is multiplying in the human bloodstream. Scientists found out that the flagellum had about 300 proteins some of which were unique to the parasite. When the team selected a number of proteins and inactivated them, they found out that the cells could not divide or pull apart. They concluded that the tail is a good target in development of future drugs as long as they do not affect the patient. The...
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