...Selected papers from the 9 UN roundtable on communication for development COMMUNICATION AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT th COMMUNICATION AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT th Selected papers from the 9 UN roundtable on communication for development Research and Extension Division Natural Resources Management and Environment Department FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2007 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. ISBN 978-92-5-105883-1 All rights reserved. Reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product for educational or other non-commercial purposes are authorized without any prior written permission from the copyright holders provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of material in this information product for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without written permission of the copyright holders. Applications for such permission...
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...PRA RRA PLA Summary How have the theory and practice of participatory methodologies in development activities changed since the mid 1970s? What variants and applications of these methodologies have emerged? This paper from the Institute of Development Studies (IDS) traces the spread of Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) and Participatory Learning and Action (PLA), and identifies strengths and weaknesses in the ways they have been implemented in development contexts. Whilst inflexible applications of PRA and PLA may produce disappointing results, when executed with spontaneity and creativity, these approaches can be a source of community empowerment. PRA and the more inclusive PLA are families of participatory methodologies which have evolved as behaviours and attitudes, methods, and practices of sharing. More recently, PRA has also come to mean Participatory Reflection and Action, as a result of shifts in its practical application. The term Participatory Learning and Action (PLA) is broader than PRA and includes other similar or related approaches and methods. Because of the continuities and overlaps, this methodological cluster is often referred to as PRA/PLA. In the evolution of PRA/PLA, there was much intermingling and innovation. Among other sources were the approaches and methods of action science, reflection-in-action, popular education, and participatory research and participatory action research. Beyond this illustrative listing, more of a sense of what has happened...
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...field implementation of agricultural extension and training programmes (see Fig. 2-4). Its extension strategies and messages are specifically developed and tailored based on the results of a participatory problem identification process on the causes or reasons of farmers' non-adoption, or inappropriate practices, of a given recommended agricultural technology or innovation. The SEC technology transfer and application approach is needs-based, demand-driven, and has a problem-solving orientation. The Strategic Extension Campaign (SEC) is not an alternative to the conventional extension programme or activity. SEC is, and should be, an integral part of the programmes of an agricultural extension service. The effectiveness and efficiency of such a service could be increased due to SEC's emphasis on its problem-solving orientation, participatory planning approach, intensive extension personnel training, multi-media materials development, and extension manage meet, monitoring and evaluation procedures. Its activities should be carried out by extension personnel and to support the Ministry of Agriculture's policies, strategies and priority programmes. The strategic extension campaign is useful and important to an agricultural extension service due to the following: 1 | It Advocates a Participatory Planning Approach | 2 | It is Needs-Based and Demand-Driven Oriented | 3 | It Uses Strategic Planning and Integrated Systems Approach | 4 | It Considers the Human and Behavioural Dimensions...
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...DEPARTMENT- DRAMA SECTION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FUFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR A BACHELOR OF ARTS DEGREE IN HUMANITIES. 26 AUGUST 2013 ABSTRACT This dissertation explores the use of community participation in TfD for Gender based violence in challenging patriarchy. It discusses the idea of TfD and community participation in relation to patriarchy and gender. It also discusses the idea of community participation in relation to TfD, Patriarchy and participation in gender related projects. The analysis in this dissertation focuses on GEWE project which was carried out by CRECCOM as a form of TfD for gender based violence. I look at field work in research, i conduct the performance analysis of the TfD for gender based violence performance and i conduct the analysis for the whole case study, i provide evidence for gender based violence and patriarchal rule in the community and i analyse the involvement of both men and women in the performance and how this helps in challenging patriarchy. This dissertation claims that TfD for gender based violence can be used to challenge the idea of patriarchy through community participation. This dissertation shows that the performance space in TfD for gender based violence provides a forum on which men and women can discuss and deal with issues of GBV as well as challenging patriarchy. it shows how the participation of...
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...Introduction The telecommunications industry is ever evolving and Global Communications has failed to adapt. An industry that was characterized by local monopolies in the 1980s has seen a shift in recent years towards the global market (Cansfiled 2007). In recent years excess competition has led to a decrease in over 50% of Global Communications stock. Questionable decision making and internal communication have forced leadership to a decision of outsourcing call centers to foreign countries and a push through new products towards globalization. This paper attempts identify: The issues and opportunities that all Global Communications stakeholders face, the gap that needs to be bridged, and the end state visions the company will adopt to reinvent itself. Issue and Opportunity Identification Global Communications is faced with increased industry competition and their stock value has depreciated over 50 % during the past three years. Global faces a great deal of competition in local and international long distance services. Cable companies have stepped in and provided robust portfolio of products to consumers at the cost of market share for Global communications. The result of this increased competition and the rise in call center costs have caused management to devise an aggressive plan to address these issues. This plan calls for outsourcing of call centers to foreign countries and a move towards the global market, offering consumer and businesses, a well rounded...
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...Social Development Working Paper No.1 SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ISSUES IN SECTOR WIDE APPROACHES Andrew Norton, Bella Bird May 1998 ISSN: 1462-8651 ISBN: 1 86192 042 3 The aim of the Working Paper series is to generate knowledge on social development that is pertinent to DFID’s goal of eliminating world poverty. It is hoped that the series will provoke new thought and discussion on issues of policy and practice rather than simply reflecting established ideas and positions. Social Development Division Department for International Development 94, Victoria Street London SW1E 5JL UK Tel: 44 (0) 171 917 7000 Fax: 44 (0) 171 917 0197 Email: sdd@dfid.gtnet.gov.uk DFID homepage: http://www.dfid.gov.uk Contents Executive Summary 1. 2. 3. Introduction Background - Sector Wide Approaches Issues in Sector Wide Approaches Defining the sector Who owns and who leads? Who is consulted and how? Centralisation vs. Decentralisation Projects vs. Programmes Changes in Development Practice Strengthening the Social Impact of Sector Wide Approaches Entry Points for Social Development Approaches Institutionalising Social Analysis in SWAps Strengthening Processes of Consultation & Participation in SWAps Strengthening Civil Society Capacity To Engage In Sector Policy And Programmes 4. 5. 6. Conclusions References Acknowledgements This paper has benefited greatly from comments on earlier drafts from Phil Evans, Rosalind Eyben, Charlotte Heath, Mick Foster, Peter Balacs, Julia...
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...Page 2 of 20 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This paper begins with an exploratory view of what budget is all about. In principal, the budget has been useful in providing a list of financial explanatory information for the top management in organisations to plan and control the organisation’s actual performance against the prediction. In general, budgeting process appears to be a favourite in blueprinting the business operations. In the course of converting objectives and goals into useful data for the top management, justifications on both advantages and disadvantages are made, in evaluating how effective a budget can play its role in achieving greater financial accuracy in practice. Just like other business operations, the involvement of adequate human resource is vital particularly in a budgeting process which often needs to consolidate useful ideas and information from the relevant employees. Understanding the barriers in the human resource involvement, communication is seen as a great tool to shape the correct perception of the individual roles which attempts to align the personal interests to the organisation’s visions and objectives. The formulation and implementation of budgets, namely the imposed and participatory approach, adopts totally different communication flow. The prior approach is traditionally authoritative while the latter is contemporarily democratic. The paper concludes that an excellent budget aligns with the popular acceptance, that it is a very important process...
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...ASSIGNMENT GET YOUR WORK DONE BY www.TopGradePapers.com Gu Pudding Brand Campaign Marketing Communications Bosh pG ra 2009 UNIVERSITY GET YOUR WORK DONE BY www.TopGradePapers.com To de Pa pe rs GET YOUR WORK DONE BY www.TopGradePapers.com Table of Contents Communications Opportunity Analysis: ................................................................................................. 4 List of Barriers ..................................................................................................................................... 4 Strong competition from Cadbury and Muller ............................................................................... 4 Aggressive marketing ...................................................................................................................... 4 More customer inclination towards Cadbury ................................................................................. 4 List of Opportunities ........................................................................................................................... 4 Market penetration ........................................................................................................................ 4 Participatory marketing .................................................................................................................. 5 Diet chocolate product range ......................................................
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...abstract Over 4 billion people live in what is commonly referred to as the “bottom of the pyramid” or as subsistence marketplaces. These individuals and families live in substandard housing, with limited or no access to sanitation, potable water, and health care, have low levels of literacy, and earn very low incomes. Scholars and practitioners alike suggest that the problems existing in subsistence marketplaces demand the attention and involvement of responsible businesses and that doing business with consumers in such marketplaces can be both socially responsible and profitable. This research explores the strategies and tactics currently being used across commercial and social enterprises engaged in subsistence marketplaces. The analysis leads to recommendations about marketing practices currently used by companies and organizations that are successfully operating in subsistence marketplaces. © 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction Of the 6.5 billion members of the human community, approximately 800 million are at the top of the economic pyramid...
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...WORKING PAPER USING ENVIRONMENTAL COMMUNICATION AND LEADERSHIP TO LEVERAGE ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: LESSONS FROM GHANA Mr. Isaac Kwasi Egyir Human Ecology Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, BELGIUM Email: iegyir@vub.ac.be CONTENT PAGE ACRONYMS 3 ABSTRACT 4 1. Introduction 5 1.1 The Definition and Concept of Communication 5 1.1.1 Concept of Environmental Communication 6 1.2 The Definition and Concept of Leadership 8 1.2.1 Concept of Environmental Leadership 9 1.3 Link between Environmental Communication and Leadeship 10 2. Statement of Research the Problem 10 2.1 Objectives of the Paper 11 2.2 Guiding Hypotheses 11 3. Conceptual Framework of the Paper 11 4. Materials and Methods 13 4.1 The Study Location 13 4.2 Data Collection Analysis 13 5. Results and Discussion 15 5.1 The State of Ghana's Environment 16 5.1.1 Perception of Environmental Problems in Ghana 16 5.2 Environmental Policy and Implementing Instituitions in Ghana 17 5.2.1 Economic Recovery Programme (ERP) 18 5.2.2 National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP) 18 5.2.3 Ghana Environmental REsources Management systems (GERMS) 19 5.2.4 Forest and Wildlife Policy 20 5.2.5 Environment Sanitation Policy (ESP) 20 5.2.6 Strategic Environment Assessment (SEA) 20 5.3 Environmental Implementing...
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...and continue to be politically contentious. However, since the mid-1990s there has been an increasing interest in advocacy on the part of both NGOs and Northern donor agencies. Firstly, influencing macro-level policy and regulatory frameworks is now seen as essential to increasing opportunities and removing constraints at the micro-level for both enterprise programmes and entrepreneurs themselves. Secondly, multilateral and bilateral donor agencies have increasingly emphasised civil society development and democratisation as a means of effecting this macro-level change. Underpinning both these trends are related debates about rights-based approaches to development and pro-poor growth. Advocacy organizations have also used advances in communications and information technology to increase global as well as national visibility and influence. Impact assessment has had a two-fold role in these trends: • • Firstly action research and impact assessments of the effects of macro-level policies, legislation and regulatory environments have been used to support advocacy campaigns. Secondly donors, NGOs and advocates themselves have been concerned to assess the impacts of their advocacy strategies either to justify funding them and/or to improve future strategies and campaigns. There are now a number of manuals by NGOs and donors presenting models, tools and frameworks for both advocacy itself and advocacy impact assessment.1 There is also now general official agreement that advocacy...
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...Context: The existing top-down approach of the training is not appropriate to empower the community health volunteers to produce a sustainable change in their performance. Objective: To propose a conceptual model that relies on Freire’s theory of empowerment education and the participatory action research methodology to empower the female community health volunteers (FCHVs) to increase their consciousness, competence and confidence in performing their job responsibilities. Method: The model explains the empowerment phenomenon as a process and outcome. As a process it occurs in the form of repeated reinforcement cycles with alternating activities of action and reflection and includes developing awareness, skills and confidence among FCHVs through small group activities. As an outcome, it results in the change in FCHVs’ performance in increasing contraceptive acceptance among the rural women of reproductive age group. Conclusion: It is hoped that empowerment of FCHVs will bring sustainable change in their performance and will consequently produce notable improvement in the health of women and children in particular and in the community in general. KEYWORDS Empowerment, community health volunteer, participatory action research, contraceptive acceptance. Context The use of community health volunteers to provide basic health care to the community has now become a common practice in many countries. In fact, in Author for correspondence: Sarala Shrestha, Professor in Nursing, Maharajgunj...
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...TOPIC 1 INTRODUCTION This work equips Geography teachers with appropriate techniques of teaching Geography in secondary Schools and other institutions. It deals with methods and approaches used in teaching Geography. Be aware that each area of specialization has its own techniques though some are similar. Classes of Geographers – we have two classes of Geographers (a) Geographers with content - those who have learned Geography content from lower levels to the highest levels (primary to university). Some of them are reputable Geographers in teaching. (b) Geographers with content and methodology – Those that have learned Geography content right from primary to the University/Diploma level in some cases they have been classmates in group (a). They have an element of teaching methods for Geographers. In case two, content is integrated with methodology. NB – A teacher’s teaching methods will motivate or demotivate/discourage students from enrolling in Geography. Nature and Content of Geography Definition of Geography Geo – Greek word meaning the earth, graphia – meaning to write/describe Literally means – descriping of the earth/writing about the earth. Thus, there is no total consensus on the definition of Geography. Geography has diverse content leading to conflicting definitions, concepts and aims. Geography is a science of place/space (spatial characteristics). Geography as a science deals with description and explanation of the spatial distribution of...
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... TITLE: MANAGEMENT OF CAPITATION GRANTS IN PRIMARY SCHOOLS OF TANZANIA: A CASE OF KIGOMA DISTRICT COUNCIL PROPOSED SUPERVISOR: DR MBOGORO DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS –UDOM 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the Study Problem Sound Economic Governance is essential for the achievement of the desired reduction in poverty levels and improvements in economic growth in Tanzania. Good Public Financial Management (PFM) is important for efficient, effective and equitable utilization of scarce national resources (REF). Whilst the extent to which policy makers are held accountable to their constituents is an excellent indicator of good governance. Accountability and transparency go hand in hand in developing open and participatory decision-making processes. In 2005, the government of Tanzania reviewed the financial management practices and processes at the central government level. In 2006, the focus has shifted to local government, which now accounts for an increasing proportion of expenditures and is primarily responsible for service delivery in sectors such as primary education and primary health (URT, 2004). This kind of study is therefore wanting to provide a snapshot of how the resource allocation, resource management and control, resource utilization and accountability processes take place in primary schools of Tanzania and to make recommendations for improving the local Public Expenditure management (PEM) framework, institutional performance and capacity...
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...POlytecnic university of the philippines open university Lopez, quezon The School Improvement Plan of Maulawin National High School towards the Attainment of its Mission and Vision Statement –An example of OD in the 21st century A Term Paper Submitted to Professor Rufo N. Bueza In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement in Organizational Development and Leadership Effectiveness (MEM 643) Andrew C. Imperial October, 2013 ABSTRACT Every public school in the Philippines is mandated to have a three-year School Improvement Plan (SIP). It is a document which embodies what a school wants to achieve and the manner with which to achieve it. Mission and Vision, which the SIP contains, are one of the essential parts of the SIP. School Vision will provide the direction and leadership toward collaborative actions, steer the administration, teachers and the stakeholders to act in one course, serve as guide with the critical point such as dreams, goals and aspiration of the institution while the School Mission is something that describe the path that the school chooses to take to become what it wants to be as expressed in the vision statement. This term paper describes the issue on the process on school improvement planning that includes an instrument by which the community can hold a certain school accountable for student performance. The goal of every school improvement plan should be to reach every student. In order to accomplish this, school administrators and staff must focus on...
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