...Kawasaki Disease Bilitis Rangel Chamberlain College of Nursing NR281: Pathophysiology September 2015 Kawasaki Disease (KD) Introduction Many people in the United States are not aware of Kawasaki Disease (KD) as it mainly affects children under the age of five of Asian descent, however in the United States there have been cases in the African American community (Saguil, A.; Fargo, M; and Grogan, S.; 2015). The first case of Kawasaki Disease (KD) presented itself in Japan in 1961, to a 4 year old boy who had the following symptoms high fever, bleeding lips, strawberry tongue and diffuse erythematous of the oral cavity and mucous membrane (Kawasaki, T., Naoe, S. 2014). Kawasaki Disease affects the coronary, small and medium-sized arteries in the body, affecting the blood supply to the muscles in the heart. Kawasaki Disease (KD) is the leading cause of heart disease in children (Laurito, M; Stazi, A; Delogu, A; … and Crea, F; 2014). Kawasaki disease is also known as Kawasaki Syndrome (KS) and mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome as it affects the skin, lymph nodes and mucous membranes in the mouth, nose and throat. The disease starts of with a high fever and a skin rash that results in peeling and while this can be scary to parents, it is treatable and most children recover without any side effects. Etiology The etiology of Kawasaki Disease (KD) is unknown, but epidemiological and clinical characteristics show that infectious agents in its pathogenesis are involved. There...
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...physiology and how this may manifest in patients. Concept maps are constructs that assist students with understanding complex material. They are graphical representations of concepts that deal with specific subject matter (Novak and Canas, 2008; All and Havens, 1997). The word ‘concept’ means ‘a general notion or idea, or scheme or plan’. With this in mind, concept maps are constructions of successive concepts that assist in developing a compendium for developing knowledge and understanding about a more complex concept or concepts. Concept maps are especially helpful for health professional student learning by providing a visual ‘road map’ of patient conditions. They may be used to understand the underlying altered physiology and pathophysiological processes that have occurred in patients, or used to develop management strategies, such as nursing practice. For instance, when patients develop an increase in core temperature often they have an increase in heart rate that coincides with the hyperthermic state. The relationship between one concept (increased core temperature - hyperthermia) and others, (such as an increased heart rate – tachycardia) can be understood using concept maps. At the completion of this module, students will have had the opportunity to: • understand the philosophy of concept maps • outline the steps required to construct a concept map, • have an understanding of the key features of a concept map. Concept Maps •...
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...care setting. The essay will begin with a definition of acute care, followed by the introduction of my patient and predisposing factors. This essay will include an explanation of the significant pathophysiological changes and related clinical manifestations and a critical analysis of the nursing interventions implemented during the acute episode of care, focusing on holistic care, rationale and evidence base. It will then describe the actual deterioration in the patient’s condition, and discuss the nurse’s role in the recognition and assessment of the actual deteriorating condition following the trusts policies. Assessment tools, monitoring, detecting and reporting will be considered. Finally this essay will include a discussion of the importance of multidisciplinary team collaboration in the diagnosis and provision of care during the acute episode, and a discussion on whether the deterioration could have been prevented by identifying any areas of practice which could change in relation to evidence based practice. For the purposes of privacy and confidentiality, in accordance with NMC (2008) code of conduct, the name of the patient will be changed to Peter and the placement area will remain as an acute care setting. According to McFerran (2008) the term “acute” is described as a disease of rapid onset, severe symptoms, and brief duration. Acute Care refers to riding at a crossroads of "coming sharply to a crisis; severe, not chronic" (Allen, 2000). Acute problems may appear precipitously...
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...INTRODUCTION The incidence of out-of –hospital cardiac arrest is a common event, particularly in the Western world. There are 110,000 deaths from coronary disease in the United Kingdom each year, of which 75% are due to sudden cardiac death (Schilling et al., 1998; DoH 2005). Despite nearly 40 years of pre-hospital advance life support, the survival rate of hospital discharge following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest is very poor. Among the few survivors to hospital discharge, neurologic impairment often remains a lasting morbidity (Becker et al., 1993). A large body of evidence from animal models indicate that hyperthermia (a temperature higher than the threshold value of 37C) due to brain injury or ischemia can exacerbate the degree of permanent neurological damage following cardiac arrest. Each degree Celsius higher than 37C can cause cerebral destruction through increased metabolic expenditure, excitatory neurotransmitters resulting in calcium cellular reflux and accumulation of oxygen free radicals (Busto et al., 1987). To improve the outcome of patients who survive cardiac arrest requires not only reducing the ischemic process as quickly as possible, caused by cardiac arrest, but also preventing post resuscitation syndrome caused from reperfusion (Safar, 1993). Cerebral reperfusion after successful resuscitation can trigger harmful chemical cascades such as oxygen free radical production which can result in multifocal brain damage. Therapeutic hypothermia (TH) is considered...
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...specialized soldiers who at the end of battle returned to the outposts to care for the sick and injured * Army nursing service – organize nurses and hospitals and coordinate supplies for the soldiers during the Civil War * Clara Barton a. Provided care in tents set up close to the fighting b. Did not discriminate c. Establishment of the American Red Cross * Harriet Tubman – helped slaves escape to freedom on the underground railroad * Walt Whitman – a poet * Louisa May Alcott – an author * Dorothea Dix – union’s superintendent of female nurses during the Civil War B. Nurses fighting diseases * Florence Nightingale d. Epidemiology – the study of the distribution and origins of disease e. Air, light, nutrition, and adequate ventilation and space assist the patient to recuperate * Lillian Wald & Mary Brewster f. Founded the Henry Street Settlement in NY to improve the health and social conditions of poor immigrants g. Improve health and prevent illness by promoting safe drinking water, adequate sewage facilities, and proper sanitation Florence Nightingale (1820-1910) * “Lady of the Lamp” * Walked through the camp at night providing care to the sick and wounded during the Crimean War * Major contributions: * Establishment of nursing as a distinct profession * Introduction of a broad-based...
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...00_078973706x_fm.qxd 1/14/08 2:42 PM Page i NCLEX-PN ® SECOND EDITION Wilda Rinehart Diann Sloan Clara Hurd 00_078973706x_fm.qxd 1/14/08 2:42 PM Page ii NCLEX-PN® Exam Cram, Second Edition Copyright © 2008 by Pearson Education All rights reserved. No part of this book shall be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. No patent liability is assumed with respect to the use of the information contained herein. Although every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and author assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. Nor is any liability assumed for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein. ISBN-13:978-0-7897-2706-9 ISBN-10: 0-7897-3706-x Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Rinehart, Wilda. NCLEX-PN exam cram / Wilda Rinehart, Diann Sloan, Clara Hurd. -- 2nd ed. p. cm. ISBN 978-0-7897-3706-9 (pbk. w/cd) 1. Practical nursing--Examinations, questions, etc. 2. Nursing--Examinations, questions, etc. 3. National Council Licensure Examination for Practical/Vocational Nurses--Study guides. I. Sloan, Diann. II. Hurd, Clara. III. Title. RT62.R55 2008 610.73'076--dc22 2008000133 Printed in the United States of America First Printing: February 2008 Trademarks All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately...
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