...Quantitive and qualitative studies in research are an important aspect of the nursing profession. Researching and reviewing quantitive and qualitative articles is a process of systematic examination of materials to enhance, validate and learn new knowledge (Schmidt and Brown, 2012, p. 67). As Schmidt and Brown (2012) state, quantitive research design is used to predict relationships and explain relationships and causality whereas qualitative research design gives meaning to events of phenomenon’s (p.72). The purpose of this paper is to identify and interpret research questions, study designs, sample sizes and representativeness, the strengths and weakness of the designs, as well as results of data analysis of both quantitive and qualitative research designs. Overview of Quantitive Design Using the Research Study “A Bundle Strategy Including Patient Hand Hygiene to Decrease Clostridium difficile Infections.” Research Question The basis of a research question is to pose an interrogatory question that describes the variables and population of the research study (Schmidt & Brown, 2012, p. 72). In the article “A Bundle Strategy Including Patient Hand Hygiene to Decrease Clostridium difficile Infections.”, (Pokrywka et al., 2014), Pokrywka et al. (2014) present the research question; will the effect of an expanded bundle strategy, to include patient hand hygiene, make an impact on the rate of Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) of hospitalized patients? This question can be...
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... Analysis and methods section 3 Do charges incurred by a patient depend on the type of insurance the patient has? If so how? 5 Do charges incurred by patients depend on which doctor treats them? If so how? 5 Bibliography 7 Appendix 8 Executive Summary Hospital are required to bill for individual items or services provided to a patient. Patients admitted to hospitals are charged for their room, supplies, drugs, labs, x-rays, operating room time and other care. It is important to know that hospitals submit a bill to the insurance company for all the services provided to the patient and the payor determines the amount owed to the hospital based upon the insurance company’s contract with the hospital for specific services [ (Henry Ford Health) ]. Introduction The purpose of this case study is to understand the relationship between hospital charges for certain physicians and insurance carriers. Cost finding and cost analysis are the techniques of allocating data that we were provided as part of the case study. The information that we are going to use to analyze cost between Commercial Care and Manage Care insurance includes: * DAYS the number of days the patient spent in the hospital. * CHRGS is the total expenses charged to that patient. * PHYS is a code identifying the physician. * PAYOR indicates the type of insurance the patient carried. The fundamental items for this study focus on financial data related to normal...
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...whether the evaluated group is a population or a sample. a) Based on a randomly selected group of 500 patients with high cholesterol, it was found that 67% have heart disease. Is this a population or a sample; explain your answer. Sample is made up of of the raw data collected from 500 patients which is the sample and 67% is the sample statistics. Bennett, Briggis, & Triola (2009) the raw data is collected from a subnet of patient with high cholesterol (p.3). Which indicate this as a sample from the raw data and sample statistics. b) An investigation of 150 randomly selected local restaurants concluded that 42% of local...
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...and how was it effective? In order to investigate the different views and opinions that patients have in regards to patient- centered care, interpersonal interviews, a research methodology, was utilized. Interpersonal interviews were conducted in this phenomenological study in order to inquire about the “lived experience” or phenomena of patient’s experience of patient- centered care. This methodology ensured reliability and validity. Reliability was achieved through the interpersonal interview technique by using the same interview framework and the same researcher to conduct all of the interviews. This allowed the data that was being extracted to have consistency. All interviews were applied in a ‘coherent and consistent manner’ through the use of open and in depth discussions about the phenomena of patient centered care. This ensured validity and provided a further insight into the participant’s views of patient centered care. The interviews were accurately recorded and interpreted by two researchers separately to identify different meanings of the data. The methodology used was definitely effective, as it allowed data saturation to occur, which meant that no new themes were forthcoming and the data was repeating itself. This signified that all data that was required on the study of patient centered care was collected. How is the study unbiased? The study or phenomena of patient centered care appears to be unbiased. The concept of phenomenology encourages the researcher...
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...conducting quantitative, clinical research. However, the general concepts are applicable to most areas of inquiry. Writing an Effective Research Proposal 2 ELEMENTS OF A RESEARCH PROPOSAL ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ Title Abstract Study Problem Rationale/Relevance of the Project Literature Review Specific Study Objectives Research Methods I. Study design II. Subjects Inclusion/exclusion criteria Sampling Recruitment plans Method of assignment to study groups III. Data collection Variables: outcomes, predictors, confounders Measures/instruments Procedures IV. Intervention V. Statistical considerations Sample size Data analysis Ethical Considerations Consent form Privacy of information Work Plan Budget Research team Dissemination Plan 3 ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ Writing an Effective Research Proposal KEYS TO SUCCESS TO WRITING A GOOD PROPOSAL Overall Quality of the Study ∗ Good research question ∗ Appropriate research design ∗ Rigorous and feasible methods ∗ Qualified research team ∗ Research questions matches data collection/data analysis Quality of the Proposal ∗ Informative title ∗ Self-sufficient and convincing abstract ∗ Clear research questions ∗ Scholarly and pertinent background and rationale ∗ Relevant previous work ∗ Appropriate population and sample ∗ Appropriate...
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...and others which were never informed and consented. The case was settled out of court and recognized that researchers illegally used tissue samples outside the scope of authorized use (NCIA 2010). In the case of Moore v. Regents of the University of California (Dorney 1990), the subject was treated for leukemia and had his infected spleen removed. He had blood, bone marrow, skin and sperm extracted and thought they were necessary to monitor his condition. His physician then patented and commercialized his cell line from those extractions. Moore sued the UCLA and physician for lack of informed consent and breach of their duty. In this case, the court ruled in favor of the physician and University of California that Moore had no initial interest in property and financial profit of the samples taken from his body, so he could not share the commercial profit of the research....
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...Evidence-Based Practice March 17, 2015 Overview of Quantitative vs. Qualitative Articles Using two research studies selected from the list of articles provided. I choose A Bundle Strategy Including Patient Hand Hygiene to Decrease Clostridium difficile Infections (2014) and Impact of a Smoking Cessation Educational Program on Nurses' Interventions (2014). The purpose of this paper is to do an overview of both a quantitative and qualitative article. Review each selected article on learning about study design, by identifying information from each component of the study. Then evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of each study. Overview of Quantitative Article Research Question According to the article, A Bundle Strategy Including Patient Hand Hygiene to Decrease Clostridium difficile Infections (2014), the research question is, does patient hand hygiene included in the bundle strategy help decrease Clostridium difficile infections? According to information found in Chapter 3 (Adams, 2012), using the abstract of problem-solving, nursing process and research process, the information found in this study was impertinent to the outcome. Determining that hand washing does help decrease c-diff infections. Study Design The article, A Bundle Strategy Including Patient Hand Hygiene to Decrease Clostridium difficile Infections (2014), is a quantitative study, and non-experimental design gathers the information. Non-experimental design as defined in Chapter 6 (Adams,...
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...Care Unit, visiting hours are restricted in a guise to allow patients to rest and nurses to provide care in a setting that guarantees modesty and patient privacy. Over the years, though, perceptions have changed and practitioners believe that family presence plays is crucial for improved patient outcomes (Kable, Chenoweth, Pond, & Hullick, 2015). Research, however is necessary to assess whether this new perception is realistic or influenced by certain unrealistic factors. However, further research is always necessary before making such major changes in the healthcare sector. Possibly, nurses are expressing interests in the change without a consideration of the initial factors that were considered when the policy was adopted. Random sampling is necessary to avoid biasness, include all crucial participants, and for certainty of reliable findings (Sawbridge & Hewison, 2013), which is necessary for the evaluation of the validity of the new perceptions before instituting any change is necessary. Since the study ought to capture a diverse group of nurses, patients, and family members, then sampling is appropriate. Researchers will gather information from three samples; nurses, patients, and family members. With a properly structures research question, hypotheses, and questionnaires relevant to the three groups, it will be easy to gather enough data from the three groups. Usually, data collected from a sample during a study is interpreted as a representative of the entire population...
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...water Uric acid Standard (S) Sample 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.02 -- -- -- 0.02 -- -- -- 0.02 Mix well and incubate at 37oC for 5 min. or at R.T. (25oC) for 15 min. Measure the absorbance of the standard (Abs.S), and Test Sample (Abs.T) against the Blank, within 30 min. Calculations Uric Acid in mg/dl = Abs.T X 8 Abs.S 2. MICROALBUMINURIA Albumin refers generally to any protein that is water soluble, which is moderately soluble in concentrated salt solutions, and experiences heat coagulation (protein denaturation). They are unique...
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...Introduction The samples below are papers by students, unless specifically noted. They are examples of "A" level undergraduate writing or entry-level professional work. To get a better idea of how this type of paper is written, you will want to look at all the samples. Then compare the samples to each other and to what the "Basics" part of this chapter says. The authors of all sample student papers in this Web site have given their permission in writing to have their work included in WritingforCollege.org. All samples remain copyrighted by their original authors. Other than showing it on this website, none should be used without the explicit permission of the author. If you do not have time to read every sample below, word for word, then use a form of skim reading: read the entire introduction and conclusion paragraph of a sample, and then read just the first and last sentence of all the other paragraphs in the sample. This method of skimming often provides an understanding of the basic contents and of the paper's form or structure. Another method of faster reading is to choose just one or two of the samples that are most like the paper you will be required to write; then read, either fully or using skim reading as described here. Unless otherwise noted, sample papers do not necessarily meet all requirements an individual instructor or professional supervisor may have: ask your instructor or supervisor. In addition, the samples single spaced to save room; however...
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...analysis will be used. The first step is to select a concept, which is comfort. The next step is determining the purpose of the analysis. The purpose is to define what comfort means and what comfort measures are and how they are used in nursing. The third step is to identify the uses of the concept of comfort. This includes definitions of term comfort and a literature search. The fourth step is to determine the defining attributes of comfort. This allows for insight into the concept and includes the characteristics of comfort. Comfort can mean many things to many people. Comfort can be caring words, caring touch, warm blankets, pain relief or encouragement. The fifth step is a model case or a real life example of the concept that includes the attributes of the concept and a borderline and related case. The sixth step is to identify consequences and antecedents and consequences. The final step is to define empirical referents or measurable ways to show the occurrence of comfort. Purpose The concept of comfort is used frequently in nursing practice; however, it is not always clearly defined. It is a basic value of nursing care and interventions and is frequently described as comfort measures. A basic understanding of the concept of comfort and the definitions is essential in understanding its use in bedside nursing practice. The purpose of this concept analysis is to explore and clarify the meaning of comfort. A concept analysis gives the framework and purpose and is essential...
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...1. Cross-sectional studies (also known as cross-sectional analyses, transversal studies, prevalence study) form a class of research methods that involve observation of all of a population, or a representative subset, at one specific point in time. They differ from case-control studies in that they aim to provide data on the entire population under study, whereas case-control studies typically include only individuals with a specific characteristic, with a sample, often a tiny minority, of the rest of the population. Cross-sectional studies are descriptive studies (neither longitudinal nor experimental). Unlike case-control studies, they can be used to describe, not only the Odds ratio, but also absolute risks and relative risks from prevalences (sometimes called prevalence risk ratio, or PRR).[1][2] They may be used to describe some feature of the population, such as prevalence of an illness, or they may support inferences of cause and effect. Longitudinal studies differ from both in making a series of observations more than once on members of the study population over a period of time. Cross-sectional studies in medicine Cross-sectional studies involve data collected at a defined time. They are often used to assess the prevalence of acute or chronic conditions, or to answer questions about the causes of disease or the results of medical intervention. They may also be described as censuses. Cross-sectional studies may involve special data collection, including questions about...
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...mercury vapor, as the case of one of the teens who smoked mercury laced cigarette can produce harmful effects on the nervous, digestive and immune systems, lungs and kidneys, and may be fatal if not properly treated. Mercury on its own is corrosive to the skin, eyes and even gastrointestinal tract, which could induce kidney toxicity if taken orally. For these reasons therefore, I...
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...notes that methadone treatment is deemed the best treatment for cocaine addiction. Methadone is a synthetic agent that occupies the receptors that have been occupied by cocaine in the brain to relieve euphoria, intoxication and withdrawal symptoms. The real issues arise from the length of methadone treatment. Even though researches show that, no ill effects arise from continual use. However, the Center for Disease Control (2002) shows that most patients under methadone abandon the treatment before a year is complete; the clinic sometimes encourages the patients to leave or the patients fail to comply with the program. Amore obvious reason is that taking methadone becomes difficult and unpleasant for most patients. In effect, most methadone patients relapse and start using cocaine again. In this light, the question of which treatment approach is best for treating cocaine addicts still remain. Considerably, other drug addiction treatments, such as CBT- cognitive-behavioral therapy and CM –contingency management show promise in helping patient dissuade from taking drug, even after the initial drug treatment is stopped. In this light, hypothesis for creating an effective cocaine treatment is draw from the use of CBT and CM after the initial treatment of methadone. Research Question What is the best approach to treating cocaine addiction? Hypothesis People taken off methadone treatment who continue their other treatments (CBT- cognitive-behavioral therapy and CM –contingency management)...
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...Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom; 5Department of Pediatrics, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany; 6Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany; 7Institute of Pharmacological Biology/DCAL, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany; and 8Onkogenetic Laboratory, Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Justus-Liebig-University, Gießen, Germany 1Children’s Approximately 25% of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemias carry the ETV6/RUNX1 fusion gene. Despite their excellent initial treatment response, up to 20% of patients relapse. To gain insight into the relapse mechanisms, we analyzed single nucleotide polymorphism arrays for DNA copy number aberrations (CNAs) in 18 matched diagnosis and relapse leukemias. CNAs were more abundant at relapse than at diagnosis (mean 12.5 vs 7.5 per case; P .01) with 5.3 shared on average. Their patterns revealed a direct clonal relationship with exclusively new ab- errations at relapse in only 21.4%, whereas 78.6% shared a common ancestor and subsequently acquired distinct CNA....
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