...HAWAII Contents Introduction 2 The Historical Context 2 Recent developments in Epidemiology 2 Definition, scope and use of epidemiology 4 Distribution 5 Determinants 5 Health- related states or events 6 Specified populations 6 Application 7 Scope 7 Epidemiology versus Public Health 7 Causation of diseases 8 Achievements in Epidemiology 9 Small pox 9 Methyl Mercury Poisoning 10 Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease 11 Iodine Deficiency Disease 11 Tobacco use, Asbestos and Lung Cancer 12 Hip Fractures 12 HIV/AIDS 13 Global AIDS epidemic 1990–2003 13 SARS 14 Conclusion 15 Bibliography 16 Introduction This essay provides a brief summary of what epidemiology is, what it is used for and discusses the major successes epidemiologist have contributed towards control and eradication of major epidemics. The discussion will also touch on the historical context and development of the emergency of epidemiology as a science and art, and give example of some of the people that greatly contributed to the achievement scored in epidemiology studies and applications. The Historical Context Epidemiology originated from the Hippocrates` observation more than 200 years ago who identified environmental factors to have an influence on the occurrence of diseases. It was until the nineteenth century when the distribution of the disease specific in human population group was measured to a large extent as beginnings of epidemiology and road...
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...Research Essay Effects Of Media On Teenagers In the last 10 to 15 years, the influence of media has grown exponentially with the advancement of technology. Starting from 1990s, the majority of our population did not have cable, teenagers back then relied more on news papers, magazines as internet was considered a luxury for the ordinary population at that time. With the passage of time, trends changed. Technological advancements and an economic boom have lead to increases in the standard of living. Teenagers have been exposed to media like never before. Cable networks and internet that were once luxuries have now become necessities. Media has a great influence in the development of a teenager’s personality and character. “The media is the most powerful entity on earth. They have the power to make the innocent guilty and to make the guilty innocent, and that’s power. Because they control the minds of the masses,” said the American black militant leader Malcolm X (qtd. in Krishna). The power or influence of media can easily alter or change a teenager’s opinion. This means that media can depict an ordinary thing so negatively that it may compel people to believe or act in quite the opposite way. So it is necessary to analyze the effects of media on teenagers because of the influence it has on them. Media can be both helpful and harmful to teenagers. But the negative effects of Media on teenagers clearly outweigh the positive ones which is becoming a great worry for the...
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...Some researchers such as Dan Olmsted credit the theory that the mercury found in many vaccines could be contributing to an increase of autism diagnoses in children (30). However, no test has suggested such a connection. The basis for many arguments that vaccines contribute to autism come from the idea that there is a slightly higher rate of autism in children who have been vaccinated. As mentioned by Olmsted, a telephone survey by “advocacy group Generation Rescue” seems to support such findings (26). However, even if it is assumed that the survey was accurate at all, one must not necessarily assume that the rates are connected. Autism presents itself in many forms, some of which can only be accurately diagnosed by trained medical professionals. Therefore, it is a reasonable conclusion that children who...
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...9 April 2013 Examining the Health Effects of Tattoos A tattoo is classified as a form of body modification. Tattooing is presently under strict hygiene rules because of the risk of infection. Tattoo artists must wear gloves and it is mandatory that the ink and needles be on single use. There are several forms of hepatitis that can be transmitted among the most severe of infections. According to theory, of all infections, HIV can even be transmitted. By inserting ink into the dermis layer of the skin that is just about impossible to rub out or remove, the tattoo is made. But only through the change of the pigment. Through this entire process, the blood becomes tainted. Tattoos are really a form of art, more specifically body art. Many of them have significant meaning while many do not. People of all lifestyles enjoy it. While tattooing is a hobby and/or done for beautification, it is vital to recognize that it is a decision and life-long commitment where health must also be taken into consideration. Tattoos are popular, and some people experience the need for meaningful ones in certain groups of society. Minor to major health effects are sometimes brought about and there is proof. The existing fact is that there is health effects involved in tattooing. Continually becoming popular is tattooing. This is especially true among adolescents. Aside from the direct health effects, associated with tattoos commonly are participation in satanic rituals, delinquency, drug abuse...
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...Student ID:1200407 | Student Name: Howard Mulamba | Course Code: MGT401 | Course Title: Business and Personal Ethics | Instructor Name: Dr. B. Sichone | Essay/Assignment Title: Unethical Business Practices and Solutions to Unethical Practices | Due Date: | Declaration:I understand that by completing this form I am bound by the following:To the best of my knowledge and belief no part of this assignment for the above subject has been copied from any other student’s work or from any other source except where due acknowledgement is made in the text, or has been written for me by another person except where such collaboration has been authorized by the lecturer concerned. H. MulambaSIGNATURE | Instructor’s Comments: GRADE [ ] | In this assignment we are going to look at the effects of poor ethical standards of an organization in the way it deals with the community of the environment in which it operates. And then suggesting solutions in which to the problems that may arise from poor ethical standards of an organization. According to the Business Dictionary, ethics are the basic concepts and fundamental principles of decent human conduct. Ethics includes the study of universal values as the essential equality of all men and women, human or natural rights, and obedience to the law of the land, concern for health and safety...
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...Mag Fos English 2 Research essay 11/30/11 What Is Autism, What Can Cause It, and What Treatments Are There? I remember the first time I watched my two year old niece Melody. It was the middle of July so I decided to take her to the local swimming pool. I thought we would have a blast but I was quickly met with the realization that the day was going to be very challenging. Melody was not at all entertained by the company of all the other children there. She was quite content in her own company. She also seemed to have trouble understanding me, which made it extremely hard for me to comfort her, or persuade her to stay in the pool area where we were set up, or pretty much anything that I wanted her to do. Melody was constantly walking away to the other end of swimming pool, when I tried to get her to come back she screamed, and not any old scream it was a horrific scream, like I was really hurting her. Since then I have been over to my brother’s house several times to see Melody but I am yet to take her on my own again. After observing Melody on those few occasions I decided to do some research on autism and other associated disorders. What is Autism? Autism is a disorder that affects brain development that impairs social interaction and communication (Autism-Help.Org, 2000-2010). Autism is not fully understood by doctors and scientist but is often referred to as one of the disorders listed under the autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Autism spectrum disorders have...
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...UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Master‟s Degree Programme in Science and Bioengineering Vasilenko Maria: Feasibility of using biosensors for heavy metal detection in complex matrices such as bio-slurries. Seminar paper, 97 pages November 2012 Major: Biotechnology Examiners: Matti Karp, Raghida Lepisto Keywords: environmental pollution, heavy metals, biosensors, slurries The quality of bioslurries that are used in industrial production and agriculture need to be watched very closely to avoid spreading of contaminants on area and poisoning of humans and animals. Because heavy metals are very stable and toxic in many chemical compositions, their amount should be estimated very thoroughly. A new approach that involved biosensors was tested in this study. Because the slurries are complex non-unified matrices which composed of two phases – solid and liquid, the cell behavior can varies a lot from the one that explained in water and so the estimation of ion concentration can be not reliable. It was shown that the cell actually behave different in the slurries. Normally the dissolved compounds suppress the biosensor activity and, in the same time, the ions in the particles can released during the tests and interfere with the signal. So the concentration and the pretreatment of the samples should be chosen for every particular biosensor. Additionally, there was an attempt to measure the heavy metal amount and to compare it with the results that were obtained on AAS. The data declares that the...
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...Chapter 1: AWA Introduction | To download section click button or click on “File Save as..” in the upper left-corner of your browser | | The Analytical Writing Assessment (AWA) consists of two 30-minute sections, the Analysis of Issue essay and the Analysis of Argument essay. You will receive a grade from 1 to 6, which will be sent with your GRE scores.The good news is that the AWA can be beaten.The essay topics are available for you to review beforehand. The structures for the AWA answers are simple and may be learned. In addition, while much GRE preparation may appear "useless" and without any merit beyond test day, the skills, reasoning tools, and techniques you learn for the AWA may be applied to any essay or persuasive writing. These skills will help you throughout business school and beyond. 800score has graded thousands of essays from GRE candidates and we have an unparalleled knowledge of where students go wrong. Here are some tips before we get started: * Grammar and spelling is, by-and-large, less important than structure and content. Focus on structure and your argument formation. * Take plenty of timed practice tests on a computer. Our sample essays on the site are designed for you to take timed practice essays and be evaluated. * Do not procrastinate AWA preparation. Students tend to put off the AWA until it is too late and then they cannot adequately prepare. | Chapter 2 - Section 1: Analysis of Issue | The Analysis of Issue question...
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...EXOPLANET ATMOSPHERES Year 3 Term 2 Essay Project for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Physics with Theoretical Physics Ho Yin Desmond YUEN Department of Physics, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom Submitted Version: Summer Term, 4th May 2015 ABSTRACT The objective in studying exoplanet atmospheres is to understand their atmospheric composition and properties, thus, to deduce the planets’ habitability. Favoured by their close proximity, studying the atmospheres within our own Solar System and seeking for resemblance is a fundamental first step before we proceed off to extra-solar systems. While the ultimate goal of detecting a true Earth twin is some time off, we are busy trying to understand the atmospheres of hot Jupiters and hot Neptunes through observing primary and secondary transits of these exoplanets. During the past decade, conflicting observations between ground- and space-based facilities, different methods of data treatment, and resolving limitations of measuring instruments have been a source of debate in the astronomy community. Controversies over the atmospheres of two of the most extensively studied exoplanets, HD 189733b and GJ 436b, are discussed here. Through a series of investigation and evaluation, the hot Jupiter, HD 189733b, is believed to possess a carbon-monoxide-rich atmosphere with a sodium-abundant troposphere, topped with high-altitude haze. The hot Neptune...
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...the night of December 2–3, 1984 at the Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL) pesticide plant in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India. A leak of methyl isocyanate gas and other chemicals from the plant resulted in the exposure of hundreds of thousands of people. The toxic substance made its way in and around the shantytowns located near the plant.[2] Estimates vary on the death toll. The official immediate death toll was 2,259 and the government of Madhya Pradesh has confirmed a total of 3,787 deaths related to the gas release.[3] Others estimate 3,000 died within weeks and another 8,000 have since died from gas- related diseases.[4][5] A government affidavit in 2006 stated the leak caused 558,125 injuries including 38,478 temporary partial and approximately 3,900 severely and permanently disabling injuries.[6] UCIL was the Indian subsidiary of Union Carbide Corporation (UCC), with Indian Government controlled banks and the Indian public holding a 49.1 percent stake. In 1994, the Supreme Court of India allowed UCC to sell its 50.9 percent share. Union Carbide sold UCIL, the Bhopal plant operator, to Eveready Industries India Limited in 1994. The Bhopal plant was later sold to McLeod Russel (India) Ltd. Dow Chemical Company purchased UCC in 2001. Civil and criminal cases are pending in the United States District Court, Manhattan and the District Court of Bhopal, India, involving UCC, UCIL employees, and Warren Anderson, UCC CEO at the time of the disaster.[7][8] In June 2010,...
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...students’ study habit in volumetric analysis in the senior secondary provision: A case study in Ondo State, Nigeria Orimogunje Tunde1, Oloruntegbe Kunle Oke2 and Gazi Mahabubul Alam3* 1 Science and Technical Education Department, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Nigeria. 2 Mathematics and Science Education Department, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 3 University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Accepted 14 May, 2010 An investigation was carried out on students’ study habit in volumetric analysis at the senior secondary school level in Ondo State. A descriptive research design was adopted in the study. Questionnaire on study habit inventory was adapted and used to collect information from the respondents at various sampled schools. The sample comprised 240 senior secondary II chemistry students drawn from six schools in Akure South Local Government Area of Ondo State. The hypotheses investigated with respect to students’ study habit problems such as home work/ assignment, reading and note-taking, students’ concentration, time allocation, teachers’ consultation as human variables were analyzed using chi-square statistics at 0.05 level of significance. The results indicated that the main sources of students’ study problems have strong influence on students’ study habit which is causally related to the performance and consequently the efficiency of the students during the practical lesson in volumetric analysis. Based on the findings of this study, it was...
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...Environmental Studies For Undergraduate Courses Erach Bharucha Textbook for Environmental Studies For Undergraduate Courses of all Branches of Higher Education Erach Bharucha for University Grants Commission Natural Resources i Preliminary Pages.p65 1 4/9/2004, 5:06 PM Credits Principal author and editor – Erach Bharucha Unit 1 – Erach Bharucha Unit 2 – Erach Bharucha, Behafrid Patel Unit 3 – Erach Bharucha Unit 4 – Erach Bharucha Unit 5 – Shamita Kumar Unit 6 – Erach Bharucha, Shalini Nair, Behafrid Patel Unit 7 – Erach Bharucha, Shalini Nair, Behafrid Patel Unit 8 – Erach Bharucha, Shambhvi Joshi Case Studies – Prasanna Kolte Co-ordination and compilation – Behafrid Patel Textbook Design – Narendra Kulkarni (Mudra), Sushma Durve Manuscript review and editing – Chinmaya Dunster, Behafrid Patel Artists – Sushma Durve and Anagha Deshpande CD ROM – Jaya Rai and Prasanna Kolte © Copyright Text – Erach Bharucha/ UGC, 2004. Photographs – Erach Bharucha Drawings – Bharati Vidyapeeth Institute of Environment Education and Research All rights reserved. Distributed by University Grants Commission, New Delhi. 2004. ii Environmental Studies for Undergraduate Courses Preliminary Pages.p65 2 4/9/2004, 5:06 PM Vision The importance of Environmental Studies cannot be disputed. The need for sustainable development is a key to the future of mankind. The degradation of our environment is linked to continuing problems of pollution, loss...
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...1/22/07 3:37 PM Page i RP OS T ElletFM.qxp THE DO N OT C OP YO CASE STUDY HANDBOOK 1/22/07 3:37 PM Page ii DO N OT C OP YO RP OS T ElletFM.qxp 1/22/07 3:37 PM Page iii RP OS T ElletFM.qxp YO THE OP CASE STUDY HANDBOOK How to Read, Discuss, and OT C Write Persuasively About Cases DO N William Ellet Harvard Business School Press Boston, Massachusetts 1/22/07 3:37 PM Page iv RP OS T ElletFM.qxp Copyright 2007 William Ellet YO All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America 11 10 09 08 07 5 4 3 2 1 OP No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of the publisher. Requests for permission should be directed to permissions@hbsp.harvard.edu, or mailed to Permissions, Harvard Business School Publishing, 60 Harvard Way, Boston, Massachusetts 02163. The copyright on each case in this book unless otherwise noted is held by the President and Fellows of Harvard College and they are published herein by express permission. Permission requests to use individual Harvard copyrighted cases should be directed to permissions@hbsp.harvard.edu, or mailed to the Permissions Editor, Harvard Business School Publishing, 60 Harvard Way, Boston, MA 02163. OT C Case material of the Harvard Graduate School of Business Administration is made possible by the...
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...THE ON OT C OP YO CASE STUDY HANDBOOK RP OS T ON OP YO RP OT C OS T THE ON OT C Write Persuasively About Cases OP CASE STUDY HANDBOOK How to Read, Discuss, and William Ellet Harvard Business School Press Boston, Massachusetts YO RP OS T Copyright 2007 William Ellet All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America 11 10 09 08 07 5 4 3 2 1 No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of the publisher. Requests for permission should be directed to permissions@hbsp.harvard.edu, or mailed to Permissions, Harvard Business School Publishing, 60 Harvard Way, Boston, Massachusetts 02163. The copyright on each case in this book unless otherwise noted is held by the President and Fellows of Harvard College and they are published herein by express permission. Permission requests to use individual Harvard copyrighted cases should be directed to permissions@hbsp.harvard.edu, or mailed to the Permissions Editor, Harvard Business School Publishing, 60 Harvard Way, Boston, MA 02163. ON OT C Case material of the Harvard Graduate School of Business Administration is made possible by the cooperation of business firms and other organizations which may wish to remain anonymous by having names, quantities, and other...
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...the significant benefits of the Principle for risk decision making, with the aim of rescuing the Principle from its dismissive critics. The Principle sends a clear message that firms must research the health and environmental risks of their products, before harm occurs. It does not call for the elimination of all risk, nor does it ignore tradeoffs, as Sunstein has alleged. Rather, through burden shifting, the Principle legitimately requires risk creators to research and justify the risks they impose on society. By exploring where the Principle already operates successfully in U.S. law—examples often overlooked by the critics—I highlight the Principle’s flexibility and utility in regulatory law. This Article uses chemical regulation as a case study in how the Principle can guide Congress in an ongoing controversy. Congress is considering a major overhaul of the flawed Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976 (TSCA), and this change could be one of the most significant developments in environmental law in a generation. This Article advocates implementing the Strong Precautionary Principle in a replacement statute for TSCA. Under my proposed licensing system, chemical manufacturers would carry the burden to demonstrate that their products do not pose significant risks to human health or the en* Associate Professor, University of Richmond School of...
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