...only became widespread in the United States just before the American Revolution, though penal incarceration efforts had been ongoing in England since as early as the 1500s, and prisons in the form of dungeons and various detention facilities had existed since long before then. Prison building efforts in the United States came in three major waves. The first began during the Jacksonian Era and led to widespread use of imprisonment and rehabilitative labor as the primary penalty for most crimes in nearly all states by the time of the American Civil War. The second began after the Civil War and gained momentum during the Progressive Era, bringing a number of new mechanisms—such as parole, probation, and indeterminate sentencing—into the mainstream of American penal practice. Finally, since the early 1970s, the United States has engaged in a historically unprecedented expansion of its imprisonment systems at both the federal and state level. Since 1973, the number of incarcerated persons in the United States has increased five fold, and in a given year 7 million persons are under the supervision or control of correctional services in the United States. These periods of prison construction and reform produced major changes in the structure of prison systems and their missions, the responsibilities of federal and state agencies for administering and supervising them, as well as the legal and political status of prisoners themselves. To compare the Pennsylvania system to the Auburn system...
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...MADE IN PRISON: SOCIAL JUSTICE OR INJUSTICE by CLASS TITLE CLASS NO. # PROFESSOR NAME SCHOOL NAME DATE TABLE OF CONTENTS SUMMARY 3 PROBLEM 3 BACKGROUND 4 DISCUSSION 5 CONCLUSIONS 7 WORKS CITED AND REFERNECES 8 SUMMARY MADE IN PRISON! How would you like to see this stamped on the bottom of one of your kids toys? This is reality. For thousands of years prisoners throughout the world have been subjected to prison labor. Whether it is the building of the Egyptian Pyramids or the chain gangs of the Deep South, the convenience of prison labor has not been overlooked. In our current social dilemma, we see a labor force that is being bolstered behind the heavy-steel gates, mountainous walls, and razor-sharp bobbed wire fences. More and more, private industry along with public-and-private correctional facilities are joining forces to create jobs for inmates, while at the same time increasing profits for private organizations. Some may argue that prison labor is a legitimate form of retribution to society, but there are the others that believe that a forced or coerced prison labor force is a sign of modern day slavery. PROBLEM What exists here is a dilemma between justice and the perception of justice. Prisons and jails continue to overcrowd and the population of inmates is now somewhere in the two million range (Atkinson p. 1). Society is seeking retribution for the crimes...
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...AFGE 2013 Issue Papers Table of Contents Another Manufactured Crisis: What’s Next in the Fiscal Showdown………1 Federal Pay……………………………………………………………….…..…..4 Federal Employees’ Health Benefits Program……………………………….15 Official Time for Federal Employee Union Representatives………….........22 Arbitrary Cuts in Civil Servants………………………………………………..26 Sourcing: Complying with the Law……………………………………….......31 Capping Taxpayer-Funded Service Contractor Compensation……………43 Transportation Security Administration and TSOs…………………………..46 Domestic Partnership Benefits……………………………..………………….49 Employment Non-Discrimination Act……………………………………..…..55 Paid Parental Leave………………………………………………..…………..57 One America, Many Voices Act………………………………………….…....60 Department of Veterans Affairs…………………………………..……………62 Department of Defense……………………………...……….………………...71 Federal Prisons………………………………………………………………….90 Social Security Administration ……………………………………….…...…103 National Guard/Reserve Technicians ………………………...……….……108 D.C. Workers’ Issues …………………...……………………………..…..…117 Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. ……………………..……...120 Another Manufactured Crisis: What’s Next in the Fiscal Showdown? Background At the beginning of January, President Obama signed a tax deal that restored higher Clinton-era rates to those making over $450,000, and funded an extension of unemployment insurance benefits to the long-term unemployed, extended for another year the $240 monthly transit subsidy, but did not...
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...An Overview of Federal Prisons Stephen Hayden CRJ 101: Intro to Criminal Justice Post University 4/19/15 Abstract Federal Prisons in the United States have evolved since 1930. The United States Federal Prisons range in security levels to house inmates that have been incarcerated on a federal level. Based upon the security level in a facility, inmates are given more freedom and have lower staff to inmate ratios. Inmates are required to work so long as their health is cleared, and some prisons offer inmate labor that can contribute to them returning to society. Prisoners are required to have their basic needs met while housed in a federal correction facility, which includes education, health care, and religious demeanor. While federal prisons are trying to maintain standards they face issues such as overcrowding, which can largely effect how the facilities are ran. Recommendations to overcome overcrowding and better facilitate a prisoners release to society will be provided. History of Prisons in the United States “Pursuant to Pub. L. No. 71-218, 46 Stat. 325 (1930), the Bureau of Prisons was established within the Department of Justice and charged with the "management and regulation of all Federal penal and correctional institutions." This responsibility covered the administration of the 11 Federal prisons in operation at the time.” (Federal Bureau of Prisons, n.d.). Since correctional facilities were mandated they have grown and evolved to this current day, and still...
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...The key factors that are present in prisons are that there have been 9 different eras in which different systems were used to punish prisoners(Schmalleger & Smykla, 2015). Since 1985 to present times the Just Desert Era was the last and final era and is still being used. Under this philosophy “offenders are punished because they deserve it”(Schmalleger & Smykla, 2015). Also, it is not concerned with inmate's rehabilitation, treatment, or reform(Schmalleger & Smykla, 2015). With the new changes dealing with issuing the punishments occurring has cause for the prison's population becoming overcrowded which push for supermax and no-frills prisons(Schmalleger & Smykla, 2015). The prisons today provide inmates with the opportunity of different kind...
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...FAR/DFARS/Class Deviations Research Exercise 43 Reading the FAR 45 FAR Reading Exercise 51 Interpreting the FAR 53 FAR Interpretation Exercise 55 Putting It All Together 57 Applying the Regulations .59 Appendix 63 This page intentionally left blank. CON 090 Course Syllabus A. Course Title: Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) Fundamentals B. Course Number: CON 090 C. Course Prerequisites: None D. CLPs/CEUs/Number of ACE-Recommended Credits: CLPs 141/CEUs 14.1/ 3 Graduate-Level Credits E. Course Manager: Don Mansfield, (619) 524-5474 a. Phone: (619) 524-5474 b. E-mail: donald.mansfield@dau.mil Performance Learning Director (HQ DAU): James W. Malloy, Jr. a. Phone: (703) 805-4365 b. E-mail: james.malloy@dau.mil F. Course Description: FAR Fundamentals (CON 090) is a resident Defense Acquisition Workforce Improvement Act (DAWIA) Level I contracting course for newly hired GS-1102 contracting personnel. This course is four (4) weeks in length and provides foundational knowledge of the Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) System. Specifically, the course provides immersion training into the FAR; Defense Federal Acquisition Regulation Supplement (DFARS); the DFARS Procedures, Guidance, and Information (PGI); and Department of Defense (DoD) class deviations from...
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...Contract Planning The Acquisition Environment The acquisition environment is influenced by each organization's mission support strategy, successful customer relationships, and core principles of decision making. This lesson provides you with an opportunity to guide your actions and to research and develop a strategy so you can recognize when your efforts support the mission. In this lesson, you will cite key components of successful customer relationships and describe how your office achieves success through the key relationship criteria it exhibits and apply these key components by choosing appropriate methods of dealing with your customers in a practice scenario. This lesson will help you build a foundation for good decision making based on the core principles of power and responsibility and give an opportunity to apply the Seven-step Path to Better Decisions in a practice scenario. Mission Support Strategy The mission support strategy is a systematic plan of action that aligns the organization's activities with its mission and objectives. The Terminal Learning Objective is: Given a customer need, reinforce areas of mutual interest within an acquisition environment (requiring activity, contractor, contracting office, others). The Enabling Learning Objectives are: * Apply the factors in development of your mission support strategy. * Apply the key characteristics for successful customer relationships. * Apply the Seven-step Path to Better Decisions...
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...International Business Exam Chapter 1 Notes Domestic vs International Business * Business: is the manufacturing of goods or services in order to make a profit * Term “trade” is used interchangeably with business * Transactions: exchange of things of value * Domestic Business: business that transacts mainly in the country it was base din * ie owned by Canadians, in Canada, selling to Canadians (Rare) * International Business: economic system of transactions conducted between businesses in different countries * Domestic Transaction: between 2 Canadian companies * International Transaction: between Canadian + non Canadian company * Domestic Market: the customers of a business who are in the same country as the business * Foreign Market: the customers of a business who are in a different country as the business * 5 Ways for businesses to must be international * MUST own retailers or distributors in another country * MUST own manufacturing plant in another country * MUST export to other countries * MUST import from others * MUST invest in other country businesses * Trading Partner: Canada businesses make relationship with businesses in another country, so they would be Canada’s trading partner. History of Canadian Trade * European Trade * 1700s – trades grew fast after permanent Canadian settlement * Demand for raw materials (beaver pelts, fish, lumber) ...
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