...Chapter 2: Chemistry and molecules of life -Homeostasis- The maintenance of an internal environment -Energy- The ability to do work -Metabolism- Chemical reactions in a cell that allows it to use energy -Element- A chemically pure substance that cannot not be broken down -Matter- anything that takes of space -Atom- smallest unit of an element -Proton- positively charged particle inside nucleus -Electron- negatively charged particle around nucleus -Neutron- uncharged particle inside nucleus -Nucleus- core of an atom -Covalent Bond- strong bond from the sharing of electrons between two atoms -Molecule- atoms together by covalent bond -Organic Molecule- carbon based molecule with at least one C-H bond -Inorganic Molecule- lacks carbon and C-H bond -Carbohydrate- organic molecule made up of sugars -Protein- organic molecule made up of amino acid -Lipids- organic molecule that repels water -Nucleic Acids- organic molecule made of nucleotides DNA/RNA -Macromolecules- organic molecules made up of living organisms (carbohydrates,protiens,nucleic acids) -Monomer- one chemical subunit -Polymer- molecule made up of individual subunits -Monosaccharide- monomer of a carbohydrate -Amino Acid- monomer of a protein -Nucleotide- monomer of a nucleic acid -Cell- basic structure of living organisms -Phospholipid- lipid that forms a cell membrane -Phospholipid Bilayer- double layer lipid that characterizes biological...
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...around the glass closer to the side of the heavier substance (HCl, M = 36.4611 g/mole; dAve = 10.8 cm). The agar-water gel set up was composed of a petri dish of agar-water gel containing three wells. Drops of potassium permanganate (KMnO4), potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) and methylene blue were simultaneously introduced to each well. Methylene blue, having the largest molecular weight, displayed the smallest diameter (18 mm) and diffused at the slowest rate (0.3668 mm/min.). Thus, the higher the molecular weight, the slower the rate of diffusion. INTRODUCTION A substance in the gaseous or liquid state consists of molecules or atoms that are independent, rapid, and random in motion. These molecules frequently collide with each other and with the sides of the container. In a period of time, this movement results in a uniform distribution of the molecules throughout the system. This process is called diffusion (Everett and Everett, n.d.). Diffusion occurs naturally, with the net movement of particles flowing from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Net diffusion can be restated as the movement of particles along the concentration gradient. 3 According to Meyertholen (n.d.), there are several factors which may affect the rate of diffusion of a substance. These factors include the size of the particle or the molecular weight of the substance, temperature or availability of energy...
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...Chemistry 105 Spring, 2013 Unit 2 Summary 4/25 Outcomes: 1. To review air quality issues related to fossil fuel consumption and the limitations of this resource. 2. To define energy, work, heat, and temperature in scientific (thermodynamic) terms, and how the terms calorie, nutritional Calorie, joule, and kilojoule are related. 3. To describe the First Law of Thermodynamics as the conservation of energy, and the interplay of kinetic, potential, heat and work energy. To describe and apply the Second Law of Thermodynamics from several points of view: randomness, chaos, probability, distribution of matter and energy, energy efficiency. 4. To know that we measure energy only through change, such as with a calorimeter. 5. To use potential energy diagrams to represent changes that take place in reactions 6. To use the terms endothermic and exothermic to describe the entry or exit of heat from chemical systems (and that the opposite change must take place in the surroundings). 7. To know that energy changes in reactions come from changes in chemical bonds, and how they can be estimated from differences in bond energies of bonds broken vs. formed. 8. To express and interpret these changes in potential energy diagrams and apply these skills to the combustion of fuels. 9. To view and describe recent trends in energy source utilization. 10. To give specific details on the composition of coal and its impacts on environmental quality. Assignments: Read §4.1 – 4...
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... A theoretical approach to describe the mechanisms of the isomerization and reduction of a double bond, involved in the lanosterol conversion to cholesterol was undertaken. Also, the 14α-demethylation and 4α-demethylation in this biosynthesis were studied, and some similarities were found between the two; however they are different and their mechanisms have not been explained yet. Ab initio calculations were performed in order to prove these mechanisms. Two different characteristics involved in this biosynthesis were explained, namely (i) the stability of each molecule during this reaction using total energy, hardness and dipole moment, and (ii) the explanation of proposed mechanisms [Steroid Biochemistry and Pharmacology, 1970, p. 57] of the two different reactions, using frontier orbitals and atomic charges. For this sequence of reactions, the hardness and dipole moment indicate the hydro-solubility of the molecules, which means that carrying properties change through cell membrane. It is possible to explain the reaction mechanisms using frontier molecular orbitals theory and the atomic charge. The localization of highest occupied molecular orbital, lowest unoccupied molecular orbital and the flow of atomic charge are in agreement with reported mechanisms [Steroids 8 (1966) 353; Medicinal Natural Products, 1997, p. 218; Biochemistry of Steroid Hormones, 1975. 1. Introduction Cholesterol is the main sterol in animal tissues and is an important constituent of...
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...Chapter 10 Outline The Shapes of Molecules Introduction Whether we consider the details of simple reactions, the properties of synthetic material, or the intricate life-sustaining processes of living cells, molecular shape is a crucial factor. 10.1 Depicting Molecules and Ions with Lewis Structures Lewis structures, also called electron-dot structures or electron-dot diagrams, are diagrams that show the bonding between atoms of a molecule, and the lone pairs of electrons that may exist in the molecule. A Lewis structure can be drawn for any covalently-bonded molecule, as well as coordination compounds. Using the Octet Rule to Write Lewis Structures The octet rule tells us that all atoms want eight valence electrons (except for hydrogen, which wants only two), so they can be like the nearest noble gas. Use the octet rule to figure out how many electrons each atom in the molecule should have, and add them up. The only weird element is boron - it wants six electrons. Lewis Structures for Molecules with Single Bonds The atoms share a pair of electrons, and that pair is referred to as a bonding pair. The pairs of electrons which do not participate in the bond have traditionally been called "lone pairs". A single bond can be represented by the two dots of the bonding pair, or by a single line which represents that pair. The single line representation for a bond is commonly used in drawing Lewis structures for molecules. · Hydrogen atoms form one bond. · Carbon...
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...Biology 10 Study Guide #1 1. List some of the characteristics that distinguish living from non-living things. 2. Outline the basic steps of inquiry included in the scientific method. 3. What is the difference between a hypothesis, a theory and an opinion? 4. What is homeostasis? 5. Be able to summarize the basic idea represented by each of the 10 majors themes that form the cornerstones for understanding Biology. Be able to provide an example for each of these. The Chemistry of Life: 1. If you were probing for life on a distant planet, what could you look for to determine whether it was even possible for life to exist, or to have existed, there. Why is each of things you’ve identified important to life. 2. Review the definition of an atom. What is meant by the idea that it is “the smallest unit of a pure substance that retains properties of that substance”? 3. Understand the nature and arrangement of the subatomic structure of atoms. Where are the subatomic particles found? 4. Why are we concerned about whether atoms are reactive or not? 5. What determines whether a particular element (type of atom) is reactive? 6. Understand the difference between inert elements and those that are reactive and capable of forming chemical bonds. What is the significance of the valance shell of electrons? 7. Why do atoms seek to form bonds with other atoms? How does this correlate with their stability? 8. Understand the nature of...
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...Pure chemical substances are classified as ionic, metallic, covalent molecular and covalent network. In this essay I will describe the nature of each bonding present in these different types of substances and use this to explain the physical properties they exhibit and their structures. Ionic compounds are compounds that are composed of positive and negative ions. An ionic compound is a chemical compound in which ions are held together in a lattice structure by ionic bonds. Usually, the positively charged portion consists of metal (cations) and the negatively charged portion is an (anion) or polyatomic ion. Ions in ionic compounds are held together by the electrostatic forces between oppositely charged bodies. The positive and negative ions in these compounds are thought to be arranged in an orderly three-dimensional lattice. For example, the structure of sodium chloride is shown. In the lattice, each positive sodium ion is surrounded by six negative chloride ions and each negative chloride ion is surrounded by six positive sodium ions. The position of the ions is fixed and apart from vibration about these fixed positions no other movement of the ions occurs in the solid compound. Each ion in an ionic solid is held in the crystal lattice by strong electrostatic attractions to the oppositely charged ions around it. These electrostatic forces between the positive and negative ions are called ionic bonds. Because ionic compounds have high melting points, in other words considerable...
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...[pic] Official TCC Course Syllabus |Discipline Prefix: CHM |Course Number: 111 |Course Title: College Chemistry I | | |Course Section: D04B | | |Credit Hours: 4 |Lecture Hours: 3 |Clinical Hours: |Lab Hours: 3 | |Contact Hours: 6 |Studio Hours: N/A |Semester: Fall | |Meeting Days/Time/Location: Fridays/1:30pm-4:20pm/Science Building | Instructor Information Name: Dr. Shahin Maaref Office Location: JD-30 Office Hours: TRF 9:00am-11:00am, TR 4:30pm-5:30pm & by appointment Contact Information: 822-7692 Blackboard site: http://learn.vccs.edu Instructor email address: smaaref@tcc.edu Course Information Course Description Explores the fundamental laws, theories, and mathematical concepts of chemistry. Designed primarily for science and engineering majors. Requires a strong background in mathematics. Part I of II. Prerequisites and/or Co-requisites Prequisites - None Corequisites – None It is recommended to have H.S. chemistry or CHM01 as prerequisites and MTH 03 or MTE 06 level or higher. ...
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... |Iron (11) | |Cr+3 |1s22s22p63s23p63d54s2 |Chromium (111) | |Sr+2 |1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p64d105s2 |Scandium | |Ni+2 |1s22s22p63s23p64s23d8 |Nickel (11) | |Cu+2 |1s22s22p63s23p63d104s1 |Copper (11) | 2. What is a molecule? Give 3 examples for diatomic molecules and draw their Lewis dot structures. In your structures, show the lone pair of electrons (unshared) and shared pair of electrons. A molecule is a neutral group of atoms joined together by covalent bonds. 3) Cobalt, a...
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...University of Phoenix Material Week 4 Exercises Prepare written answers to the following exercises: 1. Imagine that you are an environmental scientist. Working in collaboration with a university chemist, you were able to determine from mass spectrometry that four elements exist in your soil samples. They are Se, Sn, Pb, and Cd. You need to determine which elements will most likely combine with oxygen to produce oxides that are present in your sample. To do so, refer to the periodic table to determine the electron configuration and ionization energy of each element. This will show the number of valence electrons for each element. • What are the electron configurations for Se, Sn, Pb, and Cd? Selenium=[Ar]3d 10 4s2 4p4, Tin=[Kr]4d10 5s2 5p2, Lead=[Xe]4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2, Cadmium=[Kr]4d10 5s2 • What are the valence electrons for Se, Sn, Pb, and Cd? Selenium=Valence 6, Tin=Valence 4, Lead=Valence 4, Cadmium=Valence 2 • Rank the elements in increasing ionization energy. Selenium=941.2045, 2973.7, 4144, 6590, 7880, 14990 kj/mol. Cadmium=867.8, 1631.4, 3616 kj/mol, Lead=715.6, 1450.5, 3081.5, 4083, 6640 kj/mol. Tin=708.6, 1411.8, 2943, 3930.3, 7456 kj/mol • Which element will form oxides? Lead. 2. Imagine that, as an employee of a pharmaceutical company, you are working on an H-K-ATPase. It is the enzyme that pumps acid into the stomach to help in digestion. You are trying to determine whether a compound will fit inside the pocket of...
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...Final Project Report: 1. Problem Statement: Making improvement in Foldit from a gamer’s perspective The problem is to be able to model and design proteins and other molecules using a Graphical User Interface. The Solution to this problem is: The Rosetta Molecular Modeling suite is a command-line-only collection of applications that enable high-resolution modeling and design of proteins and other molecules. Although extremely useful, Rosetta can be difficult to learn for scientists with little computational or programming experience. To that end, we can use a Graphical User Interface (GUI) for Rosetta, called the PyRosetta Toolkit, for creating and running protocols in Rosetta for common molecular modeling and protein design tasks and for...
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...species with an odd number of electrons. When a bond is broken both electrons of that bond remained with one of the atoms but for the formation of radicals, one electron of the bond remains with each of the atoms called hemolytic bond cleavage. Our body generates free radicals reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species by various endogenous systems, exposure to different physiochemical conditions or pathological states. A balance between free radicals and antioxidants is necessary for proper physiological function. Free radicals thus adversely alter lipids, proteins, and DNA and trigger a number of human diseases. Formed in the body during oxidation, a normal by-product of metabolism, they can bind with electrons from other molecules and cause cellular damage by disrupting normal cellular processes. They can be kept in check by antioxidants such as certain enzymes or vitamins C and E. Standard chemical reactions involving bond cleavage are known as heterolytic cleavages. In this common form of bond breaking, one of the species participating in the bond assumes both of the electrons from the broken bond. Heterolytic cleavage leads to the formation of ions. This cleavage causes the formation of a positively charged cation from the atom that gave up the electron and a negatively charged anion from the atom that received the extra electron. Curved arrows represent the direction of the movement of the electrons from the bond to the atom that gains the electrons. The most...
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...Method 3 Results 4 Calculation 4 Conclusion 5 Evaluation 5 Bibliography 6 Aim The aim of this experiment is to find the number of molecules of water of crystallisation combined with one molecule of magnesium sulphate and to ultimately find the formula of the hydrated salt. Introduction Within crystals of certain salts, there are a fixed number of water molecules, combined chemically in a fixed proportion. When a salt crystallises from a solution, it forms hydrated salts which contain water molecules that are loosely bonded together. The name for this is the water of crystallisation or water of hydration. Magnesium sulphate contains seven molecules of water (H2O) for each formula unit of MgSO4 and can be written like this: - MgSO4.7H2O The dot shows the weak salt/chemical bond in the formula. To determine the formula of a hydrated salt, it must be heated so that the water of crystallisation evaporates. When magnesium sulphate has been heated, the water is removed to form an anhydrous salt. This can be reversed by adding water to the anhydrous salt to make it hydrated which will cause the water to reattach itself to the salt. Other substances that act similarly to hydrates, but have distinct individual characteristics are:- * Hygroscopic – substances that are able to absorb moisture or water molecules from the air. These include ethanol, methanol and sulfuric acid. * Deliquescent – substances that melt or dissolve by absorbing moisture from...
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...0062) / 3 = 0.0062 2. To verify Avogadro's Law, calculate the average number of moles for the three gases along with the percent deviation for each gas, according to the formula: % deviation = |(moles of gas) - (average for all gases)| / (average for all gases) * 100% %deviation= (0.0062 -0.0062) mol / 0.0062mol *100% % deviation= 0% a Average number of moles in 100 mL for all three gases 0.0062moles b % deviation for each gas All 3 the same: 0% c Do your results confirm Avogadro's Law? Yes 4. Based on the calculated number of moles in one 1 atm of gas, how many molecules are in 1 atm of gas? (There are 6.022 x 1023 molecules/mole) Since all 3 gases have the same number of moles I will calculate 1 formula for all 3. 0.0062mol (6.022 x 1023 molecules/mol)= 0.0373364 →3.73 x 1022 molecules for each gas are in 1atm. 5. Even though the number of molecules in 1 atm of gas at constant pressure and temperature is identical, the number of atoms in the gas at STP can vary depending on the gas. How many atoms are there in one mole of methane (CH4) 1 mole of Methane CH4 = (6.022 x 1023 atoms/mole) = 6.022x1023 atoms of Methane in one mole 6. In this experiment, the pressure (P) was 1 atm, the temperature (T) was 295 K, the volume (V) was 0.150 L, and the number of moles (n)was 6.2 x 10-3 moles. The ideal gas law states that P*V =...
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...Study Guide for Exame 2 CHAPTER 3: Stoichiometry * Stoichiometry – study of quantitative aspects of formulas and relations * The mole – SI unit for the amount of a substance. * The amount of matter that contains the same number of atoms as 12.0g of carbon -> 6.022 x 10^23 (Avogadro’s number) * Avogadro’s number – 6.022 x 10^23 * How to determine how many atoms of each element is in a compound: * (moles or grams)(6.022x10^23)(Number of atoms/1molecule) * Molar mass - Molar mass is the weight of one mole (or 6.022 x 1023 molecules) of any chemical compounds. * Mass % of an element in a compound: * ((Number of atoms of element)(atomic weight))/(Formula weight) * Empirical formula – Gives the lowest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound (Grams)/(atomic weight) --- divide by lowest number on all * Molecular formula – gives actual whole number ratio of atoms of each element in each compound. (Molecular formula weight)/(Empirical formula weight) x compound * Formulas from analysis: * Structured formula – a formula that shows the atoms of a compound, their relative positions, and the bonds between them. * Isomers – compounds with the same molecular formula, but different properties and different arrangements of atoms * Writing chemical equations (symbols) : * + adding 2 or more chemicals together * -> Yields (Products) * (arrow forward and backward) reaction...
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