...Child Development: Early Childhood Shaniela Jarrett DEP2004 Child Development: Early Childhood From the immediate beginning of every human beings life they develop in one way or another. The beginning of a human beings development and all its aspects starts with infancy and progresses for the duration of one’s life span. Toddlers and young children are thought to be influenced by their everyday surroundings. An adolescent’s cognitive and social aspects of development are formed and shaped from an early age, along with their perception, language, motor skills, and speech. A young adolescent’s lifecycle is heavy influenced by the involvement of their parents and family members, this is crucial to a young child’s life. Once an adolescent becomes of age to attend school, they will also start to adjust to the atmosphere of the school they are attending as well as the instructive setting in the school; this will also play a role in an adolescent’s cognitive development and social skills. The body’s growth in the first couple years of early childhood stage with attenuate into a slower growth pattern. A child adds approximately 2 to 3 inches in stature and around 5 pounds in weight each year, girls will be slightly smaller than boys. From Infancy to Early childhood, one with experience skeletal growth, between the ages of 2 and 6 will grow approximately 45 new pineal, where cartilage will strengthen forming various parts of the skeletons. Children start losing their primary tooth...
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...2009). Development is not growth as in when a child increases in size, but it is the growth of behavior;”development is also influenced by heredity, environmental factors, culture, and family values unique to each individual” (Allen, 2009). Growth is measured by charts whereas there are domains of development that are met to measure the growth of development. In this paper I am going to discuss the six major areas of development domains, an analysis of developmental milestones, and explain factors of what can contribute to atypical development. There are six major areas of developmental domains: physical, motor, perceptual, cognitive, speech and language, and social-emotional. Allen (2009) states, “Each is integrally related to and interdependent with each of the others in the overall developmental process” (pg. 35). Basically, one area of development is influenced by another area of development and so on and so forth. For example: If Liana is not growing properly throughout infancy she is not going to hit certain milestones of development that may require gross motor skills such as walking, running, etc. Physical development and growth is generally based by genetics and a child’s environment that is more personalized; physical growth and development can actually have a direct influence on whether a...
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...falling; Babinski, fans out toes in response to stroke on outside of foot; function unknown; Startle, in response to noise, fling out arms, arch back and spread fingers; protection is the function; Eye-blink, with exposure to light, rapidly open and shut eyes; function is to protect eye from exposure; Sucking, tendency to suck when lips are touched; related to function of food intake; Gag, reaction to clear the throat; related to function of prevention of choking. And the developmental milestones in motor development are: gross motor is rolling over, grasping a rattle, sitting without support, standing while holding on, grasping with thumb and forefinger, standing alone well, walking well, building tower of two cubes, walking up steps, jumping in place; fine motor opens hand prominently, grasps rattle, grasps thumb and finger, holds crayon adaptively, builds tower of two cubes, places pegs in a board, imitates strokes on a paper, copies circle. While there is a consistency to the timing of developmental milestones, individual and cultural variations occur. Without proper nutrition, risks for malnutrition, under nutrition, and obesity increase: Malnutrition—more common among children in developing countries; show slower growth rate by 6 months, by 2 years of age, height and weight is 95% that of well-nourished children; score lower on IQ tests and they tend to do less well in...
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...spectrum disorder (ASD) is a known to be a complex brain disorder found among children during their brain development stages. An individual having difficulties in social interactions, verbal and nonverbal communications, and behavioral challenges can characterize autism spectrum disorder. The Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has estimated the “1 and 68 children has been identified with an autism spectrum disorder and about 1 in 6 children aged 13-17 has developmental disability” (CDC, n.d.). Several children are not recognized to have a developmental disability until after entering grade school. The signs children that may not have been identified with developmental disability are shown when they have...
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...his first book, Cognitive Psychology (1967). Cognitive psychology is the study of the mind and the way it works. It is the study of the mental processes, such as problem solving, perception, speaking, thinking, and remembering. It includes mental representations and the use of abstract hypotheses to find relationships between brain structures and their functions. To help us understand how cognitive theories grew into a psychological science, it is essential to understand what milestones assisted in the development of its establishment. One key milestone for the development of cognitive psychology is neuroscience. It can examine how the brain and nervous system regulates behaviors, it can also account for intelligent behavior through the use of abstract constructs, hypothetical representations, and processes (Whitaker, 2013). Neuroscientist also established absolute links between structures of the brain and functioning. Through neuroscience, cognitive psychologist use methods of localization in identifying brain areas that enable functioning. The research of neuroscientists enables the understanding of states of consciousness, emotion, sensory experiences, development through life spans, motivation, and physical and psychological health. Information processing model is another key milestone. It is a method for studying the human mind....
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...Developmental Psychology refers to the scientific study of human beings throughout their growth period in life from birth to old age. While much of development occurs in stages during childhood, our brain and body continue to develop throughout our adolescence and into adulthood. Although children develop in different ways and at different rates, the order in which they develop is usually similar for every child. Milestones are defined as moments in our life where we reach specific goals and/or achievements in our development. They provide important information that relates to a child's development and help us understand the general patterns that exist in the development. Typically, one specific milestone occurs before another one can develop....
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...To preface this section, neurodevelopmental disorders are not mental illness. They are different cognitively than neurotypical minds, but not “illness” in any shape or form. Differences are judged, feared, or aggrandized in human societies; it does not make them wrong. “Neurodevelopmental disorders are a group of conditions with onset in the developmental period. The disorders typically manifest early in development, often before the child enters grade school, and are characterized by developmental deficits that produce impairments of personal, social, academic, or occupational functioning. The range of developmental deficits varies from very specific limitations of learning or control of executive functions to global impairments of social...
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...focuses on the way human’s process information, looking at how we treat information that comes in to the person, better known as stimuli, and how this treatment leads to responses (McLeod, 2007). Cognitive psychologists study internal processes including perception, attention, language, memory and thinking. In ancient Greece, cognitive psychology created the need to understand how the mind works and what processes are involved in learning. Philosophers and early psychologists studied the mind, however the ancient Greeks knew little about the human mind and the mental process. Cognitive psychology is the field of psychology that emphasizes the study of mental processes (Galotti, 2014). These processes include thinking, language, problem solving, knowing, reasoning, judging and decision making. Cognitive psychology concluded that humans were not pushed or pulled by environmental factors. Cognitive psychology also studied how people view and understand the world. Subjects wanted to describe the patterns and irregularities during the operation of his or her mind. There were several key milestones in the development of cognitive psychology. Key Milestones in the Development of Cognitive Psychology Developmental milestones began in ancient Greek times have set a precedent in today’s views of cognitive psychology. Descartes, believed the origin of knowledge did not come from experienced in life alone but believed ideas are also innate. This means normal or natural, and all humans...
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...diagnosis has gone up". 3. The autism spectrum is a disability and anything that can be done to make children 'less autistic' should be done" Introduction: 1. Autistic spectrum disorder. 2. About 1 in 68 child has been identified with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) according to estimates from CDC's Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) Network. 3. ASD is reported to occur in all racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic groups. 4. ASD is almost 5 times more common among boys (1 in 42) than among girls (1 in 189). 5. Studies in Asia, Europe, and North America have identified individuals with ASD with an average Prevalence of about 1%. A study in South Korea reported a prevalence of 2.6%. 6. About 1 in 6 children in the United States had a developmental disability in 2006-2008, ranging from mild disabilities such as speech and language impairments to serious developmental disabilities, such as intellectual disabilities, cerebral palsy, and autism. BODY Main Point 1: 1. The autism spectrum represents a different way for minds to operate but it is not a defective way. Autism, also known as Autism Spectrum Disorder, or ASD, is a complex developmental disability. I happen to have two nephews with autism, one who I am very close to and interact with a lot. A child is usually diagnosed with autism during the first three years of life. It is a result of a neurological disorder...
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...Though often discussed as though it were a discrete event, puberty comprises one segment of a larger developmental continuum and is notable for rapid transformation across a multitude of domains. Research suggests that an earlier rate of pubertal maturation in girls correlates with a number of detrimental outcomes compared with on-time or later maturation. The present review synthesizes the research on negative psychological sequelae of early pubertal timing in adolescent girls. Emphasis is on three theoretical perspectives by which precocious development is believed to affect the emergence of adverse outcomes: biological, psychosocial, and selection effects. Consequences of early pubertal timing As a developmental milestone, puberty is notable for its rapid and near-simultaneous transformation across biological, social, and psychological domains. As physical appearance matures, individuals must navigate changing social norms and expectations. This often necessitates a confrontation and, perhaps, reorganization of identity and self-perception. Aberrance in maturational timing seems to increase risk for emotional and behavioral problems during adolescence and early adulthood (Peterson & Taylor, 1980). In particular, girls who mature earlier than their peers seem to find pubertal adjustment especially challenging and are more likely to experience detrimental sequelae (e.g., Caspi & Moffitt, 1991; Ge, Conger & Elder, 1996). Just as puberty itself is multiply determined, the negative...
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...Cognitive Developmental Milestones Cognitive milestones represent important steps forward in a child's development. Throughout human history, babies were often thought of as simple, passive beings. Prior to the 20th-century, children were often seen simply as miniature versions of adults. It wasn't until psychologists like Jean Piaget proposed that children actually think differently that adults do that people began to view childhood and adolescence as a unique period of growth and development. Adults often dismissed the remarkable intellectual skills of infants and very young children, but modern thinkers and researchers have discovered that babies are in fact always learning, thinking and exploring the world around them. Even newborn infants are actively taking in information and learning new things. In addition to gathering new information about the people around and world around them, babies are also constantly discovering new things about themselves. From Birth to 3 Months The first three months of a child's life are a time of wonder. Major developmental milestones at this age are centered on exploring the basic senses and learning more about the body and the environment. During this period, most infants begin to: * See objects more clearly within a distance of 13 inches * Focus on moving objects, including the faces of caregivers * Tell between sweet, salty, bitter and sour tastes * Detect differences in pitch and volume * See all colors in the human...
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...early on? ✓ What are overextension and underextension? ✓ Know the evidence for language-like capacities in nonhuman animals Development ✓ What is the evidence that nature and nurture contribute to development? When does nurture begin? ✓ What are some problems associated with studying development? ✓ Know the basic stages of prenatal development. What is the developmental trend in brain size? When is your brain the largest? When do most changes in the brain occur? ✓ What are the four major steps in prenatal brain development? Which occur(s) after birth? ✓ What are teratogens? What is one example? ✓ Know who Piaget was, what he studied, and how his four stages of development contribute to our knowledge of development. Know the major developmental milestones (and deficits) for each of Piaget’s 4 developmental stages. ✓ What are some problems associated with Piaget’s conclusions or studies? ✓ When are we done developing? ✓ What is attachment? ✓ What were Harlow’s studies of monkeys, and how have the results from these studies changed our perception of the importance of attachment? ✓ How is attachment measured? What are the four types of attachment styles? What is problematic about this type of study? ✓ What is autism? What are the symptoms? Likely causes?...
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...Additionally, a helping professional should be culturally competent and exhibit comprehension of the general systems theory because that knowledge will further contribute to assessing what is an appropriate course of action for a client. Interaction between the Bio-Psycho-Social Dimensions The developmental experiences of humans come as a trifecta; biological, psychological and social. George Engel is credited with coining the term “biopsychosocial” and along with the term he was also passionate about helping professionals understanding that “diseases could not be adequately treated by professionals who considered them to be entirely the result of biophysical causes independent of social behavior” (Downey, 2012). Proper knowledge of all three would produce the best results when assessing a client. Each of these dimensions interact cohesively to create the individuality of a person. The biological dimension focuses on one’s ability to physically be involved in one’s surroundings. If there is a developmental lag biologically then it could inhibit the client from participating with the world at the capacity of other people. The psychological dimension consists of a person’s perception of their surroundings which is vital in observing whether or not one has a healthy state of mind and is mentally capable of functioning on their own or in society. Finally, the social dimension examines how the...
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...2008)(Edwards, Lewis's Medical-Surgical Nursing, 2005). Appendicitis is a common disease process amongst paediatric population amongst many and awareness of growth and developmental theories will enable nurses to better cater for the nursing requirements of the patient. A major aspect of a patient’s perception of the illness experience involves the concept of pain. Understanding the theories behind a child’s perception of pain will enable health professionals to address it in a more appropriate manner. (Greenberg, 2013) The first step in managing pain is to assess pain appropriately. When assessing the child for pain, it is important to choose appropriate tools to facilitate their functioning level and be assertive with verbal and non-verbal cues (e.g., breathing, movement and facial expressions). The “pain ladder” approach can be used to decide the correct medication class to use depending on the severity of pain. The approach involves firstly using non-opioid analgesics (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), then weak opioid drugs, and finally step three with strong opioids. (Farrell, 2011). An appropriate form of delivering strong opioids includes utilisation of a PCA. Jean Paget’s third stage is a major cognitive development milestone as it marks the beginning of logical operational thought. During this developmental period, the child can self-report and describe to health care professionals pain levels (Ludwig, 2010, ), (Edwards, 2008). It is necessary to educate the family...
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...Human Development Nature and nurture both play a role in developmental outcomes – How much of who we are as humans is hardwired in our genes, and how much is the result of experience? – What is human nature when it is stripped of society and culture? Genie’s extreme case provided the opportunity to witness and record the potential consequences of extreme social isolation. What Shapes our Behavior? • Describe how the prenatal environment can affect development. • Explain how dynamic systems theory illuminates the ways biology and environment work together to shape development. • Describe key processes in infant brain development and how these processes affect learning. • Describe the types of attachment infants have to their caregivers. • Explain how attachment and emotion regulation are related. 9.1 What Shapes Us During Childhood? Biological and social forces combine to shape the path of human development. – developmental psychology: the study of changes, over the life span, in physiology, cognition, emotion, and social behavior Physically, each human grows and matures at about the same periods in the life span: 9.1 What Shapes Us During Childhood? Biological and social forces combine to shape the path of human development. – developmental psychology: the study of changes, over the life span, in physiology, cognition, emotion, and social behavior Physically, each human grows and matures at about the same periods in the life span: 9.1 What Shapes...
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