...Demographics The exact number of people in any country with anemia is difficult to determine because the disorder often goes undiagnosed. According to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), anemia affects more than 3 million Americans. Other sources estimate that 4% of men and 8% of women in the general populations of Canada, the United States, and Western Europe have mild anemia. It is thought that the rates of anemia are 2-5 times higher in the developing countries. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), iron deficiency is the most important nutritional disorder in the world. WHO, estimates that 80% of the world's population may be iron deficient. The prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency among the geriatric population is estimated at 5-15%. Although the prevalence of anemia is greater in women than men aged less than 75, by age 75, male prevalence surpasses female prevalence by about 5%. Anemia can be mild, moderate, or severe enough to lead to life-threatening complications. More than 400 different types of anemia have been identified, many of which are rare. Iron deficiency anemia The onset of iron deficiency anemia is gradual and, at first, there may not be any symptoms. The deficiency begins when the body loses more iron than it derives from food and other sources. Because depleted iron stores cannot meet the red blood cell's needs, fewer red blood cells develop. In this early stage of anemia, the red blood cells look normal but they are reduced...
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...Amanda Phillips Research Paper Professor Perry Fundamentals of Human Nutrition April 2, 2013 Vitamin B Complex is made up of several B vitamins. They are essential for the bodies normal functions. B vitamins can be referenced by many different names such as vitamins B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, and B12. There are also their scientific names: thiamin (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin, nicotinamide or nicotinic acide amide (B3), pantothenic acid (B5), pyridoxine (B6), biotin (B7), folic acid or folate (B9), and cobalamin (B12). Each vitamin B has its role in our health and is important for a healthy body. For example Vitamin B1, thiamin, plays many key roles in the body: metabolic cycle for generating energy, aids in the digestion of carbohydrates, essential for the normal functioning of the nervous system, muscles and heart; stabilizes the appetite; promotes growth and good muscle tone. Having a B1 deficiency may lead to mental depression and constipation; weakness and feeling tired; nervous irritability; insomnia; the loss of appetite; paralysis and loss of weight; or even heart and gastrointestinal problems. Vitamin B2, riboflavin, is necessary for carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism; aids in the formation of antibodies and red blood cells; maintains cell respiration; necessary for the maintenance of good vision, skin, nails, and hair; alleviates eye fatigue, promotes general health. Having a deficiency of B2 may result...
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...Homocysteine and The Cardiovascular System Abstract Cardiovascular disease is considered to be the leading cause of death to date. There are many factors that contribute to cardiovascular disease. Some factors are conventional and straightforward, while others are unconventional and overlooked (Dwivedi, Tripathi, Shukla, Khan, Chauhan, 2011). Homocysteine is an amino acid found in the body that helps to build and maintain tissue. High levels of homocysteine have been linked to endothelial damage to the blood vessels. This damage can lead to plaque formation, thus atherosclerosis can ensue (American Heart Association, 2012). Although there are many causes of hyperhomocysteinemia, research has shown that nutritional replacement has helped to lower the level. Folic acid and B vitamins have shown to decrease homocysteine levels and thus help decrease plaque formation. Patients with high levels of homocysteine are instructed to include folic acid and b vitamins in their diet, restrict methionine, and exercise. Homocysteine is an unconventional risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and can also be used as a risk marker (Milani & Lavi, 2008). Homocysteine and The Cardiovascular System Cardiovascular disease involves all the diseases that affect the heart and vessels. There are many different diseases that affect the cardiovascular system. Atherosclerosis is one of these diseases. Atherosclerosis is characterized by the accumulation of soft, fatty and fibrinous...
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...Water Soluble Vitamins and the Bodily Functions They Promote Vitamins and mineral supplements are items that most people would think are good for their bodies. Unfortunately, this is only a half truth. There are many people that are not aware of the full ramifications of vitamins, minerals, and other non-energy yielding nutrients. You need vitamins and minerals, but in excess they can be poison. Vitamin literally means “life, containing nitrogen.” (Rolfes, Pinna, Whitney 321). The first vitamins contained nitrogen, however vitamins that do not contain nitrogen are just as important to life. Vitamins, as well as minerals, are very important to living beings because they are the substances which assist in the metabolism of energy-yielding nutrients or the development of bodily structures. In the absence of vitamins, there is a wide variety of symptoms that can occur. These things are including, but not limited to, blindness, dementia, and the improper development of bodily structures. The assistance that is provided by vitamins is of high importance, but that is not the only function of vitamins. Vitamins prevent deficiency symptoms, but if the proper dosage is taken they also help your body perform optimally. Your bodily system stays healthy as a result. (Rolfes, Pinna, Whitney 322) Vitamins are not like carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. First of all, vitamins do not provide any energy to the body. (Rolfes, Pinna, Whitney 322) Vitamins are also individual...
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...culmination of years of my own research. And after careful thought, I put into the study guide what I feel are the most important concepts you need to know for the RD/DTR exam. If you notice, I spent much time teaching you in detail the concepts you need to know, not just “spitting” you questions with little or no explanation. I believe this is important. I know you might be thinking “oh, how am I going to absorb and learn all this material?” I say, just read and answer the questions at your own pace. Simply test yourself and of course take some breaks along the way. Just take it one concept at a time. After you have mastered one concept, then move on to the next. I know if you study whole-heartedly what I have outlined in this study guide, you are sure to pass! GOOD LUCK! YOU CAN DO IT! ϑ Your nutrition friend, -Jonathan Brown, B.S, DTR THE “NO FLUFF” RD/DTR STUDY GUIDE *Updated as of July 2011 The “NO FLUFF” RD/DTR STUDY GUIDE Tips for taking the RD/DTR exam 1. PERIODICALLY CHECK THE CLOCK TO MAKE SURE YOU’RE GOOD ON TIME! If you wish, get a basic digital watch with a timer for extra precaution. Let it “beep” a warning mark prior to the end of the timed test. 2. WEAR EAR PLUGS (if a little noise distracts you). 3. ORGANIZE YOUR “CHEAT SHEET” (you get 1 sheet of scrap paper during your test) SO SAVE ROOM FOR YOUR SCRAP PAPER. DON’T BE SLOPPY! ...
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...00_078973706x_fm.qxd 1/14/08 2:42 PM Page i NCLEX-PN ® SECOND EDITION Wilda Rinehart Diann Sloan Clara Hurd 00_078973706x_fm.qxd 1/14/08 2:42 PM Page ii NCLEX-PN® Exam Cram, Second Edition Copyright © 2008 by Pearson Education All rights reserved. No part of this book shall be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. No patent liability is assumed with respect to the use of the information contained herein. Although every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and author assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. Nor is any liability assumed for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein. ISBN-13:978-0-7897-2706-9 ISBN-10: 0-7897-3706-x Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Rinehart, Wilda. NCLEX-PN exam cram / Wilda Rinehart, Diann Sloan, Clara Hurd. -- 2nd ed. p. cm. ISBN 978-0-7897-3706-9 (pbk. w/cd) 1. Practical nursing--Examinations, questions, etc. 2. Nursing--Examinations, questions, etc. 3. National Council Licensure Examination for Practical/Vocational Nurses--Study guides. I. Sloan, Diann. II. Hurd, Clara. III. Title. RT62.R55 2008 610.73'076--dc22 2008000133 Printed in the United States of America First Printing: February 2008 Trademarks All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately...
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...A kid with Hepatitis A can return to school 1 week within the onset of jaundice. 2. After a patient has dialysis they may have a slight fever...this is normal due to the fact that the dialysis solution is warmed by the machine. 3. Hyperkalemia presents on an EKG as tall peaked T-waves 4. The antidote for Mag Sulfate toxicity is ---Calcium Gluconate 5. Impetigo is a CONTAGEOUS skin disorder and the person needs to wash ALL linens and dishes seperate from the family. They also need to wash their hands frequently and avoid contact. positive sweat test. indicative of cystic fibrosis 1. Herbs: Black Cohosh is used to treat menopausal symptoms. When taken with an antihypertensive, it may cause hypotension. Licorice can increase potassium loss and may cause dig toxicity. 2. With acute appendicitis, expect to see pain first then nausea and vomiting. With gastroenitis, you will see nausea and vomiting first then pain. 3. If a patient is allergic to latex, they should avoid apricots, cherries, grapes, kiwi, passion fruit, bananas, avocados, chestnuts, tomatoes and peaches. 4. Do not elevate the stump after an AKA after the first 24 hours, as this may cause flexion contracture. 5. Beta Blockers and ACEI are less effective in African Americans than Caucasians. 1. for the myelogram postop positions. water based dye (lighter) bed elevated. oil based dye heavier bed flat. 2.autonomic dysreflexia- elevated bed first....then check foley...
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...contents critical thinking thinking critically about ethical issues 1 ETHICAL REASONING 3 2 VALUES-BASED ETHICAL REASONING 9 3 RIGHTS-BASED ETHICAL REASONING 15 4 CONSEQUENCE-BASED ETHICAL REASONING 20 5 ERRORS IN ETHICAL REASONING 25 5.1 THE IS/OUGHT FALLACY 25 5.2 THE ARBITRARY LINE FALLACY 27 REVIEW OF TERMS 29 THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT WHAT YOU SEE 29 THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT WHAT YOU HEAR 30 THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT WHAT YOU READ 30 THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT WHAT YOU WRITE 35 THINKING CRITICALLY WHEN YOU DISCUSS 36 REASONING TEST QUESTIONS 36 T H I N K I N G C R I T I C A L L Y A B O U T E T H I C A L I S S U E S We don’t cover any particular step or steps in this section—you can, and should, apply all of your critical thinking skills when you think about ethical issues (hence, the entire template is bolded)! Template for critical analysis of arguments 1. What’s the point (claim/opinion/conclusion)? s Look for subconclusions as well. 2. What are the reasons/what is the evidence? s s Articulate all unstated premises. Articulate connections. 3. What exactly is meant by . . .? s s s Define terms. Clarify all imprecise language. Eliminate or replace “loaded” language and other manipulations. 4. Assess the reasoning/evidence: s s If deductive, check for truth/acceptability and validity. If inductive, check for truth/acceptability...
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...doctor. Hesperian encourages others to copy, reproduce, or adapt to meet local needs, any or all parts of this book, including the illustrations, provided the parts reproduced are distributed free or at cost—not for profit. Any organization or person who wishes to copy, reproduce, or adapt any or all parts of this book for commercial purposes, must first obtain permission to do so from Hesperian. Please contact Hesperian before beginning any translation or adaptation to avoid duplication of efforts, and for suggestions about adapting the information in this book. The Foundation would appreciate receiving a copy of any materials in which text or illustrations from this book have been used. This book has been printed in the USA on 100% recycled paper by Worldcolor. THIS REVISED EDITION CAN BE IMPROVED WITH YOUR...
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...|Environmental Research | | | |Natural Science 1 | | | |1/29/2015 | | | |April S. Domingo 1st Year BSBA Economics | | | | | |Atty. Vicente T. Peña | Environmental pollution is “the contamination of the physical and biological components of the earth/atmosphere system to such an extent that normal environmental processes are adversely affected” Pollution is the introduction...
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...Part II POLICIES AND PROCEDURES FOR THE PHYSICIANS’ INJECTABLE DRUG LIST GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNITY HEALTH DIVISION OF MEDICAL ASSISTANCE PLANS Published October 1, 2013 PREFACE The Physicians’ Injectable Drug List (PIDL) manual contains basic information regarding Georgia’s Fee for Service (FFS) Medicaid and PeachCare for Kids programs and should be used in conjunction with Policies and Procedures Manual for Medicaid and PeachCare for Kids Part I, Part II Policies and Procedures Manual for Physician Services, and other applicable program manuals. We urge you and your office staff to familiarize yourselves with the contents of this manual and refer to it when questions arise. Use of the manuals will assist in the elimination of misunderstandings concerning the coverage levels and billing procedures that can result in delays of claims processing or payments, inaccuracies and/or denials. The PIDL is reviewed and updated quarterly, it is re-priced annually. Drugs that are not re-priced by the manufacturer or are no longer manufactured, or obsolete may not be re-priced or changed— refer to the Schedule of Maximum Allowable Payments (Appendix A) in this manual. For quality purposes, the PIDL is periodically purged of drugs with no or low (fewer than 50 units of service annually) utilization over a three (3) year period; except for orphan drugs and certain chemotherapeutic agents. Requests for coverage of purged drugs will be considered on a case-bycase...
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...Media History Contents 1 Introduction 1.1 Mass media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.1 1.1.2 1.1.3 1.1.4 1.1.5 1.1.6 1.1.7 1.1.8 1.1.9 Issues with definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Forms of mass media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Purposes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Professions involving mass media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Influence and sociology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ethical issues and criticism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 2 6 6 7 8 10 10 10 10 11 11 12 12 12 12 16 16 17 17 17 17 17 17 18 19 20 21 21 21 1.1.10 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.11 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.12 Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.13 External links . . . . . . . . ....
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...PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND GLOBALIZATION: ENHANCING PUBLIC-PRIVATE COLLABORATION IN PUBLIC SERVICE DELIVERY New Delhi, India 7 October 2003 In cooperation with the Eastern Regional Organization for Public Administration United Nations Division for Public Administration and Development Management Department of Economic and Social Affairs Public Administration and Globalization: Enhancing Public-Private Collaboration in Public Service Delivery New Delhi, India 7 October 2003 In cooperation with the Eastern Regional Organization for Public Administration United Nations New York The opinions expressed herein are the responsibilities of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations nor the Eastern Regional Organization for Public Administration All rights reserved. Table of Contents Foreword Pro-Poor Policy Processes and Institutions: A Political Economic Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. ADIL KHAN The Dilemma of Governance in Latin America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . JOSE GPE. VARGAS HERNANDEZ Institutional Mechanisms for Monitoring International Commitments to Social Development: The Philippine Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MA. CONCEPCION P. ALFILER Globalization and Social Development: Capacity Building for Public-Private Collaboration for Public Service Delivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . AMARA PONGSAPICH Trade Liberalization and the Poor: A Framework for Poverty...
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...CONDITIONAL CASH TRANSFERS A World Bank Policy Research Report CONDITIONAL CASH TRANSFERS REDUCING PRESENT AND FUTURE POVERTY Ariel Fiszbein and Norbert Schady with Francisco H.G. Ferreira, Margaret Grosh, Nial Kelleher, Pedro Olinto, and Emmanuel Skoufias ©2009 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org E-mail: feedback@worldbank.org All rights reserved 1 2 3 4 5 12 11 10 09 This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgement on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions...
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...Rosebank, Johannesburg 2196, South Africa Penguin Books Ltd, Registered Offices: 80 Strand, London WC2R ORL, England First published in 2005 by The Penguin Press, a member of Penguin Group (USA) Inc. Copyright ©Jeffrey D. Sachs, 2005 All rights reserved Page 397 constitutes an extension of this copyright page, LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING IN PUBLICATION DATA Sachs, Jeffrey. The e n d of poverty / Jeffrey Sachs. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-59420-045-9 1. Poverty—Developing countries. 2. Developing countries—Economic policy. 3. Developing countries—Economic conditions. 4. Economic assistance—Developing countries. I. title. HC59.72.P6S225 2005 339.4'6'091724—dc22 2004065942 This book is printed on acid-free paper. @ Printed in the United States of America 13 5 79 BY 10 MAUNA 8 6 4 2 EICHNER DESIGNED Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication maybe...
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