...of Medicine (NEJM) entitled ‘Homocysteine Lowering and Cardiovascular Events after Acute Myocardial Infarction’ by Bonaa et. al (2006) (also known as The NORVIT study). NEJM’s most recent impact factor was 51.296 (in 2006). NEJM boasts the largest paid circulation among medical journals, with close to 200,000 paying subscribers. It is printed weekly in the United States, Canada, the Netherlands, and Japan, and a range of translated articles reaches approximately 140,000 (New England Journal of Medicine.org, 2006). The NORVIT study was designed as a randomized, controlled, double-blind, intervention study. It included 3,749 men and women who had suffered and acute myocardial infarction within the last 7 days. The rationale behind the study was that high homocysteine levels are considered a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (Bonaa et al, 2006). The aim was to measure how effective lowering blood serum homocysteine levels with B vitamins was in preventing a secondary event. A collaborative meta-analysis published in The Journal of the American Medical Association, states that homocysteine levels are an independent predictor of ischemic heart disease and that studies on disease risk of genetic variants affecting homocysteine may help establish whether homocysteine is causally linked to vascular disease (2002: cited by Bonaa et al, 2006). The meta-analysis suggests that a large randomized trial of vitamin supplementation to lower homocysteine levels and the effect on heart...
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...The Future of Cardiovascular Diagnostics THE MARKET, TRENDS & FUTURE DIRECTIONS Extracted on: 20 Apr 2011 Reference Code: BI00021-008 Publication Date: 02 Mar 2010 Publisher: Datamonitor © Datamonitor This content is a licensed product, no part of this publication shall be reproduced, sold, modified or stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of Datamonitor. The information in this document has been extracted from published research by a registered user of the Datamonitor360 platform. Datamonitor shall not be responsible for any loss of original context and for any changes made to information following its extraction. All information was current at the time of extraction although the original content may have been subsequently updated. Please refer back to the website http://360.datamonitor.com/ to view the most recent content and the original source of the information. To the maximum extent permitted by applicable law we exclude all representations, warranties and conditions relating to the facts of all publications. At time of publication no guarantee of accuracy or suitability, whether express or implied, shall attach to this publication (including, without limitation, any warranties implied by law of satisfactory quality, fitness for purpose and/or the use of reasonable care and skill). Please note that the findings, conclusions and recommendations...
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...Chapter 1 PROJECT BACKGROUND Introduction The purpose of this study is to come-up a new product which is distinctive in a form that the proponents examined the concept of inventing and adding a new ingredient in making pizza which is instead of using beef, pepperoni, sausage and ham the proponents choose fish sardines (in tomato sauce) as the main ingredient of the product and this is called “pizza ala sardines”. Chapter one is designed to study the project background of the proponents about their chosen product including the history, brief description of the project which pertains to the proposed name of the business, kind of business being pursued, the members of the group which refers as the proponents with their individual share of capital and the planned location where the business will put-up and operate. Historical Background Pizza is one of the most favorite foods of many Filipino. They love to eat pizza with their family, friends and peers. It is considered the most popular meal in the world, and definitely one of the favorites in the Philippines. A “pizza” is a round, open pie made with yeast dough and topped with tomato sauce, cheese, and a variety of other ingredients. Flatbreads or rounds of dough with various toppings can be found throughout the history of civilization. What is known as pizza today can be traced to Naples, Italy in the middle Ages. The Italians are also credited with coining the term pizza, although its origin is not clear. It could have derived...
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...LSeven Steps to A More Youthful Life By Al Sears, MD When you were young, you probably said you never wanted to get old. I can understand why. As you age, you are ever more likely to get cancer, heart disease, Alzheimer’s, deafness, blindness, incontinence, osteoporosis, arthritis, and impotence. Aging conjures up fears of becoming a weak and feeble invalid, a burden to your loved ones because you can no longer take care of yourself. Imagine though, if you could live to a ripe old age of 100 or so, yet retain the same body you had at say, 35. Imagine if you recaptured all the energy, strength, and resistance to disease that you had when you were young. Fortunately, medical science is currently discovering how and why the human body ages. Within the next few decades, it looks like science will learn how to put an end to the suffering of old age. And right now, there is enough known to significantly stall or even reverse certain aspects of the process of aging. In this report, I’m going to show you some very advanced tools you can use to slow down the rate at which you age. The more slowly you age, the more youthful you remain. This can not only extend your life but also save you from suffering from “old age” disease and disability. It will also help you look and feel years younger. How and Why You Age When I lecture on Anti-aging, I have learned from the audience to clarify one thing first. Anti-aging is not the same thing as life...
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...Question 1 List and provide a brief discussion of the seven categories of toxic responses that a biological system may have. . There are seven categories of toxic responses: • Acute toxicity. This category is related to the immediate toxic responses that every biological system may have. This exposure of toxic substances for shorter duration and the diverse effect is high • Sub-chronic toxicity. This group results from exposure that is recurring numerous times. It is an ordinary human exposure type that occurs due to some pharmaceuticals or environmental agents. • Chronic toxicity. This relates to exposure of toxic substances for longer duration and the diverse effects are low. For instance, chronic bronchitis for tobacco addict and cirrhosis for alcohol addict • Carcinogenicity. This group refers to a complex abnormal process in cells which leads to cancer. • Developmental toxicity. This group refers to toxic responses to the developing embryo. This occurs due to the exposure of toxic substances to your partners prior to the act of conception. This leads to the death of cells of the fetus. • Genetic toxicity. The major cause of this kind of toxicity is a severe damage of DNA. This process is known as mutagenesis. It leads to cancer, or death of the cell. • Organ toxicity. This group is associated to toxic responses to different organs. It involves blood and cardiovascular toxicity, eye toxicity, dermal toxicity, reproductive toxicity, respiratory toxicity and various forms. (Hodgson...
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...fuel the active lives. Eating well and being active is significant for everyone. This study shall focus on the dietary and meal plan for adulthood stage (Ebersole, 2008). During senior or elderly years from age fifty until the end of life, a collection of both physiological and emotional changes occur in this stage. Many adults both men and women face serious health challenges such as diabetes, cancer and heart diseases during this particular stage of life. Both men and women experience a lot of loss of strength and muscle mass (Larsen, 2011). Fat deposits accumulate in the abdominal area increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease and type two diabetes. The skin becomes thinner and in case of an injury it takes a longer period to heal. At around the age of seventy, men begin to experience bone loss since estrogen and testosterone levels begin to decline. Nervous system disorders with profound effects become common and physiological conditions such as depression make adults pay less attention to foods. Due to the reductions in the metabolic rate and lean body mass, adults require little energy than young adults. The requirement of a person of age fifty-one and above are 1600 to 1200 calories for women and 200 to 2800 for men depending on the activity level....
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...A Functional Approach: Vitamins and Minerals Understanding Nutrition, 11e Prepared by Michele Grodner, EdD, CHEs NUTRITION STUDENTS: IGNORE THE CHAPTER REFERENCE, THIS INFORMATION IS TAKEN FROM A DIFFERENT BOOK THAN “NUTRITION AND YOU”. BONE HEALTH Bone is active living tissue. Blood travels in capillaries through the bone, bringing nutrients to the cells that maintain the bone structure while carrying away waste materials from those cells. It picks up and deposits minerals as instructed by hormones and vitamin D. Several vitamins and minerals are essential to the growth and maintenance of healthy bones. Vitamin D directs the mineralization of bones, while vitamins K and A participate in bone protein synthesis. There would be no bone at all without deposits from the major minerals calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium that give the soft protein bone structure its density and strength. The trace mineral fluoride hardens and stabilizes the bone to maintain bone integrity. |Vitamin* |Function |Food Source |Deficiency Effect |Toxicity Effect |Chapter/Page Reference | |Vitamin K (fat-soluble) |Synthesis of proteins for bone |Green leafy vegetables, |Poor skeletal mineralization, |Interference with anticlotting |Chapter 11, pp. 383-85, 386 | | |mineralization and |cabbage-type vegetables, milk, |hemorrhage...
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...REGULATION OF PHYSIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS BY NUTRIENTS Free Radicals, Antioxidants, and Nutrition Yun-Zhong Fang, Sheng Yang, and Guoyao Wu, PhD From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China; the Division of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; and the Department of Animal Science and Faculty of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA Radiation hazards in outer space present an enormous challenge for the biological safety of astronauts. A deleterious effect of radiation is the production of reactive oxygen species, which result in damage to biomolecules (e.g., lipid, protein, amino acids, and DNA). Understanding free radical biology is necessary for designing an optimal nutritional countermeasure against space radiation–induced cytotoxicity. Free radicals (e.g., superoxide, nitric oxide, and hydroxyl radicals) and other reactive species (e.g., hydrogen peroxide, peroxynitrite, and hypochlorous acid) are produced in the body, primarily as a result of aerobic metabolism. Antioxidants (e.g., glutathione, arginine, citrulline, taurine, creatine, selenium, zinc, vitamin E, vitamin C, vitamin A, and tea polyphenols) and antioxidant enzymes (e.g., superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione peroxidases) exert synergistic actions in scavenging free radicals. There has been growing evidence over the past three decades...
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...Waffle A waffle is a leavened batter or dough cooked between two plates, patterned to give a characteristic size, shape and surface impression. Etymology The word “waffle” first appears in the English language in 1725: "Waffles. Take flower, cream..."[2] It is directly derived from the Dutch wafel, which itself derives from the Middle Dutch wafele.[3] While the Middle Dutch wafele is first attested to at the end of the 13th century, it is preceded by the French walfre in 1185; both are considered to share the same Frankish etymological rootwafla.[4] Depending on the context of the use of wafla, it either means honeycomb or cake. History Medieval origins Waffles are preceded, in the early Middle Ages, around the period of the 9th–10th centuries, with the simultaneous emergence of fer à hosties /hostieijzers (communion wafer irons) and moule à oublies (wafer irons).[7][8] While the communion wafer irons typically depicted imagery of Jesus and his crucifixion, the moule à oublies featured more trivial Biblical scenes or simple, emblematic designs.[7] The format of the iron itself was almost always round and considerably larger than those used for communion.[9][10] The oublie was, in its basic form, composed only of grain flour and water – just as was the communion wafer.[11] It took until the 11th century, as a product of The Crusades bringing new culinary ingredients to Western Europe, for flavorings such as orange blossom water to be added to the oublies; however, locally-sourced...
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...| | |[pic] | |RE: Physical Activity | |Professor Reiterman [pic] | |7/16/2014 8:45:21 PM | | | | | |Mary, you are not alone...I'm sure many of us can attest to feeling the same way. What do you think would be a more successful jump start | |to your "healthier living" regimen: making healthier food choices and incorporating regular exercise, beginning an exercise program that | |motivates you to want to eat healthier, or begin to do BOTH at the same time? There is no right or wrong answer, just "food for thought" | |for anyone wanting to think about it. ...
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... Functional Systems Approach to Central Nervous System Evaluation Richard Belli, D.C., D.A.C.N.B. ABSTRACT Objective: This study investigates the clinical utility of testing functional systems within the central nervous system, compared to testing individual motor nerves with manual muscle testing. Design: Private practice. Study Subjects: Patients were examined by the treating chiropractor from his existing patient pool. Methods: Chiropractic management was decided on by the treating chiropractor. A series of twelve tests were designed to discover disorders of functional systems within the CNS. The tests described were to evaluate the function of 12 systems: 1) spinal cord, 2) myelencephalon/reticular formation, 3) vagal system, 4) trigeminal motor system-muscles of mastication, 5) vestibulospinal system, and bulbo reticular area, 6) reticular formation, 7) diencephalons and gait locomotion system, 8) mesencephalon, 9) cardiac sympathetic autonomic system, 10) pyramidal system, 11) limbic system, 12) sensory system. Results: This chiropractic approach tests the nervous system after provocation of functional systems instead of sensory challenges to more discreet portions of the body. Conclusion: For chiropractic patients who are not responding to discreet treatment programs, this method of evaluation may be valuable as it tests underlying system problems within the CNS. Nearly all the functional systems have a related motor activity...
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...When this narrowing of arteries, from atherosclerosis, happens in the brain, an ischemic stroke can occur 4. Factors such as smoking, obesity and lack of exercise, aging and inherited genetics can all increase the chance of having a stroke. For example, smoking increases the risk of having a stroke by three times 5. More specifically, smoking 20 cigarettes a day increases the smoker’s risk by six times in comparison to the risk for a non-smoker. This is because the chemicals in the cigarettes, such as carbon monoxide and arsenic, can damage the blood vessel walls, causing the process of atherosclerosis to occur 6. Smoking also worsens the LDL: HDL balance in the body and increases the levels of LDL which leads to an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, such as strokes. Finally, smoking causes blood vessels to narrow and increases heart rate, raising the blood pressure in the body, which then increases the risk of damage to artery walls. The use of cilostazol to reduce the risk of strokes, as well as other conditions such as heart attacks, is being widely researched. It acts as a phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, meaning that it inhibits the action of phosphodiesterase enzymes, therefore allowing red blood cells to bend more easily 7. This will allow the blood to flow more easily through the narrowed lumen in the arteries, preventing the blood supply from being as restricted so brain cells will still be supplied with essential nutrients and oxygen. It also has vasodilating effects...
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...Dioecious. Having the male and female reproductive organs in separate individuals Plumerias are tropical trees famous for their gorgeous flowers which are used to make leis (floral garlands). 1. Axils. the upper angle between a leaf stalk or branch and the stem or trunk from which it is growing. 2. A transgenic is a gene or genetic material that has been transferred naturally  hermaphrodite is an organism that has reproductive organs normally associated with both male and female sexes. Many taxonomic groups of animals (mostly invertebrates) do not have separate sexes Pollen is a fine to coarse powder containing the microgametophytes of seed plants, which produce the male gametes (sperm cells stamen (plural stamina or stamens) is the pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower. Carica papaya. Scientific name of papaya Dietary fiber or roughage is the indigestible portion of food derived from plants. pulp is usually removed from the juice by filtering it out. Polyphenols are abundant micronutrients in our diet Carotenoids are organic pigments that are found in the chloroplasts and chromoplasts of plants  Pectin is a naturally-occurring thickening agent that is most often used by adding it to jams, jellies Edible. Something fit to be eaten Lozenge. Medicated Enzymes are biological molecules (proteins) that act as catalysts and help complex reactions occur everywhere in life. Antioxidants are chemicals that block the activity of other chemicals...
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... To better understand aspect of providing holistic nursing care one must have an in-depth understanding of primary body systems and their pathology. This paper will educate the prudent nurses who read it with detailed information about the specific cardiac pathology of atrial fibrillation. Written with a basic understanding of human heart function/structure as a prerequisite, this paper will first discuss key terms one must be familiar with before providing researched information explaining the pathophysiology of atrial fibrillation (AF). Next, it will discuss the etiology, clinical manifestations, common laboratory diagnostics, and interventions. Lastly, this paper continues by providing readers with nursing diagnoses and patient teachings associated with AF. Key Terms As a nurse one must become a scientist of sorts and must be familiar with technical nursing terminology. Atrial fibrillation, or AF, is a cardiac dysrhythmia in which “multiple rapid impulses from many atrial foci depolarize the atria in a totally disorganized manner at a rate of 350 to 600 times per minute” [ (Ignatavicius & Workman, 2010) ]. A dysrhythmia is a disorder of the heartbeat involving a disturbance in cardiac rhythm and an irregular heartbeat; whereas an arrhythmia is basically a fast or irregular heartbeat caused by a disorder in the heart's electrical system. Tachydysrhythmia is an abnormal heart rhythm with a rate greater than 100 beats per minute. Cardiac output refers to the...
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...ACTIVITIES RELATED TO NUTRITION & GASTRO INTESTINAL (GIT) SYSTEM. This section relates to activities on introduction to GIT. You are expected to consult the recommended physiology textbooks in your module study guide and the online textbook to gain adequate knowledge on these topics. Activity 1 Identify the anatomical structure of the GIT? * Mouth * Pharynx * Oesophagus * Stomach * Small intestine * Large intestine 1.2 – Explain the functions of the features identify in activity 1.1? * Mouth: Food begins its journey through digestive system in the mouth; inside the mouth are many organs that aid in the digestion of food –the tongue, teeth, and salivary glands. Teeth chop food into small pieces, which are moistened by saliva before the tongue and other muscles push the food into the pharynx. * Pharynx: the throat; a tube that starts at the internal nares and runs partway down the neck where it opens into the oesophagus posteriorly and the larynx anteriorly. It functions as a passage way for both the digestive and respiratory systems. The pharynx receives the food after being swallowed and pushes it to the oesophagus. * Oesophagus: The hollow muscular tube that connects the pharynx and the stomach. The oesophagus contracts to produce wavelike motions, it receives food from the mouth when you...
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