...CASE STUDY “Joel is a 36 year old man who has come to counselling because he feels unhappy and unsatisfied in his life. Joel’s mother died when he was 12 and Joel grew up with his Father, who he describes as a good man, who worked hard to support his son, but struggled with anger and alcohol issues and was never able to fully recover from the death of Joel’s mother. Joel felt that his father was distant and so caught up in his own grief that he was never able to love Joel. Joel describes himself as a rebel in his teens, who gave his father a hard time but that he worked hard and went to university, which he saw as a way out of the small town he grew up in and a way to escape his father. He now has a successful career in corporate law and is married with a young son, Oliver, who has just had his first birthday. Joel was initially happy in his career, as he enjoyed the challenge and the money that came with his job. He has been able to give his wife, Anna, all the things that he missed out on as a child: they have a big home in a good suburb and Oliver will go to private school. Anna does not have to work and they plan to try for a second child next year. Despite all of the positives in his life, Joel still feels unhappy. He loves his wife and son, but is feeling oppressed by the constant demands of parenthood and feels that is work is suffering because he has to commit more time at home. He enjoys work less than he did and he feels that his relationship with Anna is also suffering...
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...most important aspects in life today. There are many different ways, and different forms of helping people. Helping others could make another person feel better either inside, or about them self. ‘Helping’ is one of those taken for granted words. It is a familiar part of our vocabulary. Traditionally, for example, social workers, youth workers and support workers, guidance counsellors and psychologist have been talked about as members of the helping professions. The question, do you need some help? Should be part of our daily business as informal and formal educators and guidance counsellors. Yet what we mean by ‘helping’ is not that obvious and the qualities we look for in ‘helping relationships’ need some thinking about. Here we try to clear away some of the confusion. What do we mean by helping? For many people within the social professions, such as social work, counsellors, community workers and psychologist. The notion of helping is tied up with counselling and guidance. Many students such as myself major in psychology and or guidance and counselling because I am fascinated by people. I want to learn more about why people behave as they do and are motivated to help people improve their lives. However, there are key ingredients of a helping relationship in helping anyone includes acceptance, this is the act of relating to another person without judging him or her. Respect which is also an attitude of giving dignity to each individual by being open and non-judgemental. Understanding...
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...Client-centered Counselling Counselling has developed significantly since the 1950's . Carl Rogers, a pivotal player in the growth of counselling, developed an approach to counselling called "non-directive" (Barker, 2009 ) which is now known as client- centered counselling. Client-centered counselling involves three key concepts: empathy, genuineness and unconditional positive regard. Each play an important role in connecting with the client to help them achieve empowerment to resolve their issues. When all three of these key concepts are used, Rogers (Shebib, 2014) suggests, counselling has the best possible chance of success. This paper will define each concept, discuss the importance of each concept to the counselling relationship, and give a personal reflect view on how the three concepts relate to this writer's personal life experiences. This writer will begin with the definition of empathy. Discussion Description This writer's view of empathy, is having the ability to not judge, and to put yourself in someone else's shoes and to see experiences from their eyes and not your own. This writer found support in both the Oxford dictionary (2002) and Carl Rogers (Shebib, 2014, p. 47). They define empathy as "the ability to understand and share the feelings of another", and "being able to see the world through the eyes of the client", respectively. When a counsellor is unable to understand a client's concern, and lacks the ability to see through the eyes of the client, the...
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...Learning Group Posting Person Centred Therapy 1. The Goals of the therapy Developed by humanist psychologist Carl Rogers as a non-directive form of talk therapy in the 1940’s and 1950’s.The goals of the person-centred approach are different to many traditional approaches to therapy. “Its focus is on the person, not on the person’s presenting problem. The main goal of the therapy is for the client to realise their capacity for self-actualisation” (Davis).To achieve this goal therapists would work on developing an” increased self-esteem within the client and create an environment whereas the client is more open to experience(Person Centered Therapy,2012)” Rogers (1977) did not believe that the aim of therapy was to solve problems. Rather, it was to assist clients in their growth process so clients could better cope with their current and future problems.”(Corey, 2009, p170). Person centred therapists do not set goals for their clients, but assist clients through facilitative therapy to achieve their own goals. As self-concept develops goals would be expected to change. This therapy could not be applied to all clients as some would not possess the natural inclination towards the self-actualisation process even within the context of the supportive, facilitative client-therapist relationship. 2. A description of the processes and procedures of the therapy Person centred therapy differs from other therapies in that it is not technique orientated and the therapist does not assume...
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...Evaluate the claim that Person-Centered Therapy offers the therapist all that he/she will need to treat clients Person-centered therapy, which is also known as client-centered, non-directive, or Rogerian therapy, is an approach to counseling and psychotherapy that places much of the responsibility for the treatment process on the client, with the therapist taking a nondirective role. Developed in the 1930s by the American psychologist Carl Rogers, client-centered therapy departed from the typically formal, detached role of the therapist emphasized in psychoanalysis and other forms of treatment. Rogers believed that therapy should take place in a supportive environment created by a close personal relationship between client and therapist. Rogers's introduction of the term "client" rather than "patient" expresses his rejection of the traditionally hierarchical relationship between therapist and client and his view of them as equals. In person-centered therapy, the client determines the general direction of therapy, while the therapist seeks to increase the client's insight and self-understanding through informal clarifying questions. This essay will evaluate this type of therapy to establish if it is the only therapy needed by therapist to treat their clients. Rogers was a humanistic therapist which differed greatly from other approaches at that time which were based on the psychodynamic ideas of Freud, Carl Yung, Alfred Adler and others. Person Centred Therapy is not active...
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...most essential in order for a therapist to be authentic and client centered? According to Wampold (2010), authenticity refers to communication to the client that the therapist truly wants to know how the client is doing. While Rogers (1980) described client centered is primarily about relationship. He also shared that the more authentic the therapist is, the more they are engaged with clients and the more beneficial it will be for the client. The first most essential personal characteristic is empathetic. An empathetic therapist will be able to understand him or herself in another person's situation and truly want to know how client is managing. It refers to the therapist’s...
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...Person centered and Gestalt Therapy The Gestalt approach to therapy emerged during the 1950’s and was developed by Frederick Perls (1893-1970). The aim of Gestalt therapy is to increase awareness, so that the client comes to resolution of unfinished business and the integration of the thinking, feeling and sensing processes. In Gestalt therapy the emphasis is placed on the present experience, the perception of the individual as a whole and the direct awareness of emotions and action. Gestalt therapists believe that the emotional problems and frustrations that are experienced by individuals are attributed to the lack of recognition and understanding of their own feelings. In addition to this Gestaltist believe that many individuals lose parts of themselves when they are confronted with the overpowering task of coping in society. The role of therapist in Gestalt therapy is to encourage the client to acknowledge their emotions. This is by the therapist supporting the client to express their current feeling and experiences. The main focus for the client in Gestalt therapy is to stay in the ‘here and now.’ This is very important because it allows client to stay focused in the present when it comes to their feelings and experiences. Looking at past situations, experiences and future goals is not permitted in therapy because it can cause anxieties that bring forth excessive problems. This is why the ‘here and now’ is emphasized. Also within gestalt therapy the therapist helps the...
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...GREAT LAKES UNIVERSITY OF KISUMU FACULTY OF HEALTH SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF NURSING COURSE CODE: EPS 121 COURSE NAME: COUNSELLING NAME OF STUDENT: EDWIN VICTOR ODHIAMBO ADMISSION NO: BSN/12 – M/01 DATE: 8TH NOVEMBER 2012 HOME WORK COUNSELLING ASSIGNMENT ASSIGNMENT 1: CONTRAST BETWEEN PSYCHOANALYTIC THERAPY AND HUMANISTIC COUNSELLING ASSIGNMENT 2: WHAT IS THE FOCUS ON HUMANISTIC COUNSELLING? LECTURER: PASTOR OWINO PSYCHOANALYTIC THERAPY Sigmund Freud is credited as the founder of psychoanalysis and psychoanalytic theory. There have been a multitude of variations that have evolved and the term most often used to broadly encompass these approaches is "Psychodynamic." Terms such as: neurosis, conflict, attachment, object relations, unconscious, defense mechanisms, id, ego, superego, drives, libido, transference, counter-transference, and countless more have emerged from this approach. Some of the major approaches within the psychodynamic category are: Psychoanalysis (Sigmund Freud), Adlerian Psychotherapy (Alfred Adler), Analytical Psychotherapy(Carl Jung), Object Relations (Mahler, Winnicott, Fairbairn, Klein, Gutrip, Kernberg and others), and Self Psychology (Heinz Kohut). Freud's original theories were based on the conflicts that he believed were at the core of human existence. These conflicts emerge from attempts to reconcile our biological selves with our social selves. Aspects of these conflicts...
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...Compare and contrast person centered and cognitive behavioural approaches understanding and making use of the counseling relationship Introduction This assignment is an attempt to discuss two different types of therapy, cognitive behavioural therapy and person centered therapy and highlight some important similarities and differences between them. Cognitive behavioural therapy John Watson (1957) believed psychology should be concerned with the observable, as behaviour could be measured and influenced (McLeod, 2008). Skinner, (1953) cited in McLeod (2008), believed a person has a repitior of possible responses to a stimuli and they exhibits the response that is reinforces or rewarded (operant conditioning). The central theme of Cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) is that thoughts connect (mediate) an event (stimuli) with an emotion. In other words it’s not the stimuli itself that elicits an emotional response but the interpretation (belief) of the stimuli. Ellis’s (1962) ABC model can be used to monitor reactions to an event. (McLeod 2008), A = activating event (actual event, attitude or action of an individual), B = beliefs about the event, C = the emotion or behavioral consequences; Ellis suggests, that C is determined by B. i.e. one person not being successful at an interview may think the competition must have been strong, another may think they don’t deserve a good job, they are stupid etc (McLeod 2008). CBT suggests that distress is caused...
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...Outline the primary skills used in counselling relationships This essay intends to introduce the reader to the most important skills involved within developing and maintaining a therapeutic relationship between a client and the therapist or counsellor. The onus will be on Humanistic counselling but many of these skills are central to all counselling types. Humanistic counselling is a process whereby the eventual goal is to facilitate the client in developing a personal understanding of self, and form a realisation of their own psychological needs and desires. It is, in essence, a route to empowerment for the client. Carl Rogers, father of client-centred therapy, described the client as an ‘organism’ whose natural tendency is a need to grow and develop: "The organism has one basic tendency and striving - to actualize, maintain, and enhance the experiencing organism” (Rogers, 1951, p. 487). This ‘actualisation tendency’ can only happen with the help of the therapist and their establishment of the perfect growing conditions. It is these that help launch the therapeutic relationship between the counsellor and client: “If I can provide a certain type of relationship, the other person will discover within himself the capacity to use the relationship for growth and change, and personal development will occur” (Rogers, 2004, p. 33). There are six conditions involved in a therapist-client relationship. The first involves the client and therapist entering into a psychological contract...
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...PA theoretical exploration, both of the philosophy underpinning the Person-Centred Approach and of ‘the Approach in action in a psychotherapeutic context. Introduction Carl Rogers (1902 – 1987) is the pioneer of Person-Centred therapy. In this essay, I will discuss the approach, which revolved over 70 years of his life. His necessary and sufficient conditions which he said was all that was needed to self-actualize and become a fully functioning person. I will also talk about contributions from others and expansion of his theory and lastly, I will discuss the limitations of person-centred approach that may result in ineffective therapy. Philosophy of person-centred approach Carl Rogers developed person-centred therapy in the 1940s. He wanted to move away from therapist reliant to a therapeutic relationship where he had a more humanistic philosophy which is captured nicely by the metaphor of “how an acorn, if provided with the appropriate conditions will “automatically” grow in positive ways, pushed naturally towards its actualization as an oak.” Rogers was born in Illinois to a very strict religions family. He originally studied agriculture, then theology and finally psychology. Rogers approach was developed over four periods. The first being in the 1940s which saw the birth of “non-directive counselling”. Rogers became the leading figure in the third force of psychology known as the Humanistic psychology movement. His philosophy was that people are essentially...
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...Carl Rogers (1902- 1987), theory is described as a humanistic personality theory, that there is always an emphasis on personal growth. Rogers believed that all living organisms are born well and that they are motivated to grow and develop in a positive way (Atkinson, 1981). A concise description in this essay will explain Rogers’s theory of personality, and the difference approaches that he uses to define between a fully functioning individual and low functioning individual. It will then describe the approaches Rogers used in his client-centered –therapy. Rogers gives a detailed account of what he thought to be the most beneficial part of therapy, which is the relationship between client and therapist. It will give an account of both strengths and weaknesses found in both his theory and therapy. Carl Rogers’s theory of personality is a clinical theory based on years of dealing with clients (Pecitelli, 1996). In Rogers opinion the core of a “man’s nature is essentially positive”, and he is a “trustworthy organism” (Pecitelli, 1996). These beliefs are reflected in his theory of personality. His entire theory is built on a “single force of life”, in which he calls the actualising tendencies. It can be defined as the built in motivation present in every life form to develop its potentials to the fullest extent possible. The tendency is constructive, directional and is present in every living being (Atkinson, 1981). The key structural concept of his theory is the self. The self...
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...Student Learning Guide Counselling Methods 1 © South African College of Applied Psychology (Pty) Ltd Developed and produced by the South African College of Applied Psychology Sunclare building, Claremont, Cape Town, 7708, South Africa. 2012. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by means of electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher. Copyrighted materials reproduced herein are used under the provision of the South African Copyright Act 98 of 1978 section 12 (1) (a)(b) (3), for private study only by students. STUDENT LEARNING GUIDE: COUNSELLING METHODS 1 2 Table of contents How this guide works ........................................................................................................................ 10 Module Readings .............................................................................................................................. 11 Prescribed text book ......................................................................................................................... 11 Prescribed and recommended readings ........................................................................................... 11 Session One: An Overview of Theories of Psychotherapy and Counselling ..................................... 14 Reading for the session .....................................................................
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...iNTEGRATIVE Perpetual evolution: A dynamic integrative approach to developing praxis in counselling psychology Table of Contents Table of Contents 1 Theory Building in Counselling Psychology 2 The Impulse Toward Eclecticism 4 My Bohartian History 6 Adlerian Psychotherapy as Structured Eclecticism 10 My Adlerian Roots 11 Beyond Adler: Robertsonian Meme Therapy 13 The Nature of Self 13 The Potential for Using Memes in Counselling 15 A Use of Meme Theory in Counselling a Suicidal Youth 17 Holistic, Dynamic and Integrative: Looking Forward in Our Profession 21 Summarizing the Foundational Principles of My Practice 21 Revisiting Holism 23 Future directions 25 Footnotes 27 Theory Building in Counselling Psychology An early text lamented, “A good theory is clear, comprehensive, explicit, parsimonious, and useful. We appear to have a paucity of good theories in psychology” (Stefflre & Matheny, 1968). Lent attempted to reduce this paucity by formulating his own theory: Wellness is intended to capture the notion of health as a dynamic state or process rather than a static endpoint; psychosocial wellness acknowledges the importance of both intrapersonal and interpersonal functioning. The multiple aspects of wellness would include a) self-perceived (domain and/or global) satisfaction (hedonic well-being), b) domain/role satisfactoriness, c) presence of prosocial versus antisocial behavior, and d) low levels of psychologistical...
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...Using ‘Person Centred’ Communication Skills and Models to Help Clients Admitted for the First Time to a Mental Health Hospital Introduction Communication is one way of exchanging information and feelings from one person to another (Bach and Grant 2009). It is transmitted through verbal and non-verbal behaviour. Communication is an essential and fundamental aspect of nursing care (Timmins 2011). It is a major and important part of daily nursing practice in the nurse-client relationship (Sheldon et al. 2006). Communication in nursing is unique and it is different from communication between healthcare providers because nurses are at the start of the healthcare service as they spend more time with the client than other healthcare professionals (McCabe and Timmins 2006). Therefore, nurses have to pay more attention to improving their communication skills for better client care. In order to establish a positive relationship with the client, it is necessary to communicate effectively and subsequently improve the quality of nursing care (McCabe and Timmins 2006). Effective communication is key to a therapeutic relationship with the client. It is defined as a ''purposeful form of communication used in the helping relationship'' (Ruesch 1961 cited in Arnold and Boggs 2007, p18). It is developed by the nurse for the purpose of assessing, planning, implementing and evaluating client care (Arnold and Boggs 2007). The establishment of a nurse-client relationship was a key element...
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