...print/1087-0415 online DOI: 10.1080/10810730802412248 Interrupting a Narrative Transportation Experience: Program Placement Effects on Responses to Antismoking Advertising SARAH DURKIN AND MELANIE WAKEFIELD Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, The Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia It is thought that ‘‘transportation’’—absorption into the narrative flow of a story— may play a role in influencing resistance to persuasion. We hypothesized that advertising that disrupts the experience of narrative transportation may be adversely appraised by audiences. This study aimed to explore the influence of two types of television programs: narratives (dramas, comedies, and soap operas) versus nonnarratives (light entertainment, sports, documentaries, and news), on smokers’ reactions to antismoking advertisements. In preexposure interviews, daily smokers (n ¼ 779) were asked to watch a particular television program they usually watched. Postexposure interviews were conducted within 3 days of exposure. Results indicated that placing an antismoking ad within a program in which the viewer is focused on the narrative flow of a story may lead to reduced immediate cognitive and emotional impact of the ad and reduced intentions to quit, especially among those for whom the ad is most relevant, such as those preparing to quit smoking. Placing antismoking advertising in light entertainment, sports, documentaries, and news programs may make scarce public health dollars...
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...seem to be the most common. From the day a child is born societal norms are placed on them. For example a young boy’s room will be probably be blue and filled with sports items, while a young girls room will be pink and be filled with dolls and a play kitchen set. These small details, along with expectations, begin to shape their role in society. “Barbie Q” by Sandra Cisneros is a perfect example of societal expectations. In this short story Cisneros introduces two young girls who are playing with their Barbie dolls. The girls go into great detail when describing their dolls and the outfits the dolls are wearing. One can conclude that the girls are poor when the main character tells the reader that they only have one outfit for their dolls. They even had to make a dress from a sock because they could not afford other outfits. This is further illustrated when the girls begin describing how they will play with the dolls. Everyday the two girls play out the same story with the two Barbies fighting over an invisible Ken doll. One day when walking through a market, the young girls discover a set of dolls that have been damaged by a fire in the toy warehouse. Although the dolls are not clean and still smell of smoke, the girls do not mind. As long as they can dress their Barbies with the outfits and continue to play...
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...lessons on proper dieting, resting, how to use new equipment, and appropriate ways to play sports for optimum benefits. After gathering general information, I started making more specific...
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...HOW TO WRITE A RESUME FOR BUSINESS SCHOOL: The resume you use to get a job is different from the resume you should submit to your schools. The two serve different purposes and should be written in different formats. For instance, a job resume often begins with "career objectives." That's inappropriate for business school. You'll cover that issue in your application essays, so leave it out your resume. The business schools want you to use a certain format when writing your resume. Don't write a "narrative" resume. That is, don't try to explain your background in the form of a story. Instead, use "bullet items" to explain your accomplishments. I actually like the narrative format better when it's done well. It gives applicants a chance to tell their story in a conversational manner. The problem is that the narrative resume is rarely done well (because most people aren't particularly good writers). So it's best to play the game and use the bullet format that business schools are looking for. The Order in Which You Want to Address Your Personal History Don't start your resume with your educational information. Doing so makes you look like a recent college grad who lacks significant work experience. The schools want worker bees, not college students. Start your resume with work, then included community involvement and activities, and finally address your education. You also want to make it easy for the admissions people to find the information they're looking...
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...microcosm of Americans’ selective application of the American Dream, the tendency to view those who come from underprivileged neighborhoods as inherently and genetically unequipped with the cognitive tools required for academic and professional success. On January 19th, 2014, the day of the NFL NFC Championshp, the stakes could not have been greater; Richard Sherman was just thirty seconds away from his first Super Bowl. Sherman’s Seattle Seahawks led the San Francisco 49ers 23-17, leaving the 49ers with a final opportunity to win the game. The 49ers ran a play for Michael Crabtree, whom Sherman was guarding, who was making his way into the end zone. Sherman, the NFL’s best cornerback, leaped with Crabtree and tipped the pass towards a teammate in a historic play that ended the 49ers season and, in turn, catapulted both Richard Sherman and the Seattle Seahawks into the history books. Sherman, who has had publicized personal problems with Crabtree in the past, made an emphatic choking motion before sprinting over to a deflated Crabtree and extending his hand in a sarcastic attempt to wish his opponent a good game, to which Crabtree responded to by shoving Sherman away. What happened next...
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...Constructing the Public Perception of Sports Mass media has become a dominant factor on sports culture in today’s society. “Mass media serve as a dominant hegemonic force in American culture, resulting in the construction and reinforcement of narratives, particularly in professional sports” (Berg & Harthcock). The media can be held responsible for creating the majority of the public’s perception of sports to this day. The heavy dosage of sports communication, in every aspect thinkable, has altered and constructed the influence of sports on millions of people. The sports communication field has become a vast entity and proved to be a profitable market. However, the communicative process regarding sports information has lately cannibalized the true essentials of sports coverage. Sports in general have grown dramatically along with the growth of media. Growth is normally good, but the growth of sports communication in general is so massive that it has become over saturated with inadequate information. The focus of what the media communicates with audiences today is hardly ever statistical information like how many runs Kansas City pitcher, Yordano Ventura, allowed but more on his instigating attitude and why he throws 100mph fuzz balls at guys’ heads so often. After all, Major League Baseball is known as “the show” for a reason. It is easier for the media to narrate exaggerated, unexpected events. These narrations often exclude the true sports coverage essentials. However, they...
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...anniversary, its policies and impacts on both men’s and women’s sports is still greatly debated and argued. While it is proven fact that it was tremendously successful at providing women far greater opportunities both in sports and outside of sports, the topic of how it is negatively affecting men’s sport is often debated. The five articles that I gathered advocate for Title IX. They express its positive impacts through narrative accounts and personal experiences of well-known female athletes who prospered due to Title IX not just in sports, but in their educational and professional careers. They also disprove the myths commonly associated with Title IX that lack evidence about how it is responsible for negatively affecting men’s sport opportunities and potentially ruining the programs currently in existence. Title IX is generally associated with women’s opportunity in sports to the point where its other positive implications tend to be forgotten. Title IX isn’t just about providing an opportunity for women to participate in sports in high school and at the college level, it is about providing young women the skills needed to achieve greater successes later on in life. Pugmire’s (2013) article quotes Women’s basketball legend Anne Meyers Drysdale saying the following: “According to the Women's Sports Foundation, 80% of women in Fortune 500 companies played sports. It teaches you so much -- confidence, failure, success, courage, how to get along. That's the business world. That's life...
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...another. In Stephan Mays’ article, “What about Gender Roles in Same-Sex relationships” he states that right away that “imposing gender roles on gay couples is even more ridiculous than doing so with a straight couple” (Mays 718). In this short article Mays talks mostly about traditional gender roles that society has drilled into our heads; gender roles such as men are tall and women are petite and thin, men can only play masculine sports and woman should not, and my personal favorite, men earn all the money and the woman stay at home to clean and take care of the kids. Throughout this article Mays talks passionately about how we need to, as a society, overcome these stereotypes and accept the person as they are. Overall, I think that Stephan May’s article has the perfect blend of pathos, logos, and ethos to make his article effective and efficient. In Stephan Mays’ article “What about Gender Roles in Same-Sex Relationships” he talks about how society should not look at people by their sexual orientation but look at them as a person. He opens his article with a personal experience he had walking on the sidewalk. He listened in on two people having a conversation about spotting two gay men walking together. While listening closely he heard the two girls comment on the gay couple’s gender roles; “Who do you think is the girl in the relationship?” He then goes on to explain his disappointment in the two girls by saying, “I couldn’t help but frown at the girl and shake my head” (Mays...
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...The Promise of the New South: Life after Reconstruction, written by Edward Ayers does not deal predominantly with one overall thesis. Instead Ayers writes in a narrative tone and depicts the story of how the south began to grow after the Civil War through Reconstruction. He uses a very optimistic tone when discussing the growth and movement of the south, never really taking a side when it comes to topics such as segregation or the movement towards a more industrialized nation. He uses personal stories and quotes from people of the time period to show the hard times and events that people had to endure during the end of the 19th century going into the 20th. Ayers touches on subjects such as the rise in industrialization, segregation and the political turmoil that in turn shape the new south. Ayers focuses on the time period from about 1877 to 1910. He begins by talking about the railroads and how they are the driving force behind the growing south. Along with rough working conditions they brought glamour and new technology to fuel the south. Stores and towns began to sprout up and the south began to become more mechanized and farms were beginning to be abandoned. After the war, railroads gave blacks an opportunity to leave plantations and find work all over the southwest. Political turmoil and corruption also affected the south early on. Segregation set in and the Democratic Party had a hold on the south. Black men were persuaded with money or violence in many cases to make...
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...York City, by a special unit of detectives of the police department known as the Special Victims Unit. These crimes are then passed on to the courtroom for prosecution. Description of Law and order In the criminal justice system, sexually based offenses such as rape, torture, pedophilia and child-abuse are dealt with in New York City, by a special unit of detectives of the police department known as the Special Victims Unit. These crimes are then passed on to the courtroom for prosecution. Law and order is a crime-based drama, with a mixture of ‘court-room’ and ‘detective’, TV series, mainly shown on channel five. By reading the description of the show, I immediately realised that this is a show that is based around the world of crime and how the crime is dealt with within the city of New York. It starts from finding who the criminal is and then we follow the story up to the prosecution in the court room. Words such as ‘courtroom, ‘rape’, ‘victim’, ‘detective’ immediately grabs the reader’s attention, giving us the impression of the type of genre this TV series is. The picture that accompanies the description also shows that the genre of this series is crime as the main detective is pulling out her police badge and is what the audience see’s first when looking at the image. From observing the TV schedules I have noticed that different genres have different schedule times. For example, genres like Game shows, Animation and children tend to have early daytime TV scheduling. In...
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...thousands of careers, ambitions and relationships, and on any given match day, weather, morale, skills and individual personal issues can contribute to moments of brilliance or abject failure. Talking to Sports Interactive’s director Miles Jacobson, I found that the simulation model is even more elaborate in some areas than I’d expected. Read on to find out about the game’s expanding narrative engine, how climate change is forcing the team to update the code that generates weather patterns, why the ugliest aspects of football have no place in FM and how a non-contract player’s family situation might prevent him from playing for your club. RPS: You’ve mentioned in previous interviews that you have a database of thousands of features to implement eventually. But do you have an overall vision of where the game is going to be in two or three years? Is there a shape that it’s taking? Jacobson: I tend to work two versions ahead. It used to be three but it’s two now because we’re managing to fit in a lot more each year, so there’s always an overall vision for the game. Whether that’s a year of revolution or of evolution – I think, certainly, the revolution years are going to be less and less because there’s so much in the game already that we’d rather look at evolving certain large chunks of the game each year. When you’re working on an annually iterative sports title that’s based on real life, it’s kind of difficult to turn around and say ‘the whole match engine is going to be 5d...
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...invention Commercial Break!!: Creative Play With Media Influence Purpose: Works well to introduce a personal visual media paper, or other media analysis paper, because it encourages students to think critically about their childhood experiences with TV, etc in a personal, creative way. The exercise may become an early paper draft, or simply stimulate their thinking about the programs and commercials they have watched, and how these media affected them. Description: Students will write creative narratives about a childhood TV experience, then trade papers with another classmate, who will assess the program, the narrator, and then complete the narrative with a commercial break description suited to the program and audience. You may want to have your own example written up to read to them before each step, just to get them thinking about what’s possible. Suggested Time: 20 minutes to a full class period Procedure: Ask the class what their favorite shows were as kids: cartoons, sitcoms, even documentaries. You may want to bring in a few stills or uTube clips to project (in a tech class), as a memory jogger (ex. The Cosby Show, Ren & Stimpy, etc). Once you’ve discussed a nice variety of TV programs, ask the class to freewrite for 5-10 minutes (however long you wish to tell them) in first-person P.O.V. about their experience watching a show like these as a kid. They should be specific and detailed, writing whatever comes to memory about what’s going on in the program and their thoughts/reactions/and...
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...science moves away from description of behaviour as enduring social fact to attempting to understand how behaviour is produced, thus recasting behaviour as “the effects of contingent and contested processes of change” (Churchman, 2000, p.100 citing Scott). Feminists and those working within a social constructionist paradigm have debated whether there are research methods specific to such approaches. In other words, is there a social constructionist or feminist method? Schwandt (1994), in discussing constructivist, interpretivist approaches to human enquiry, commented that “what is unusual about the approaches cannot be explained through an examination of their methods. They are principally concerned with matters of knowing and being, not method per se” (p.118). Feminists have also considered that it is the methodology and outcomes rather than the methods which define the research as being feminist. Nonetheless, while feminists have adopted a variety of methods, they have tended to prefer qualitative methods. It is generally agreed that a method for women needs to be one in which women can present their thoughts and feelings in their own words rather than the words of the researcher. As Graham (1984) argues regarding the use of narrative in survey research, the emphasis is on the telling rather than the asking; participants can choose what and how much to tell. The traditional...
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...Comparing and Contrasting Essentialist Approaches to Social Psychology with Social Constructionist Approaches to Social Psychology. A widely recognised definition of social psychology is “an effort to understand and explain how the thought, feeling, and behaviour of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others” (Allport, 1985). However, how to measure this, the research methods to be used and what constitutes useful evidence has caused much debate in the history of social psychology. This essay will compare and contrast the two epistemologies of essentialist and social constructionist approaches to social psychology and the research methods of quantitative and qualitative used in each approach. Essentialists’ view of the world is that the properties possessed by a group are universal in that group and do not depend on context. However, a member of a group may possess other characteristics that are not required to include it as a group member but, it must not have characteristics that preclude it from being a member of the group (Burr, 1995). For example, essentialists believe that personality consists of a number of traits and personality of an individual is established by the level of each of these traits. Essentialists also believe that these traits remain more or less stable over time and it is our personality that influences behaviour (Maltby, 2010). As essentialists are able to classify groups as such, they use quantitative research...
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...or boyfriend, a good friend, a good brother, a good sister. You have to be good at math, chemistry, social science and biology. You have to wear the right clothes, and be good at sports. You have to be popular and have the coolest friends. The pressure nowadays is enormous. There is no wonder why so many young people want to run away sometimes, so they can get away from the huge amount of pressure that they are dealing with. This huge pressure can make people feel very lonely, even though they are surrounded by lots of people, and this is exactly what the short story “A Gap of Sky”, written by Anna Hope, is about. In this short story we hear about a nineteen year old girl called Ellie, who is afraid of not living up to her teachers’ and parents’ expectations and this is what has driven her into a drug abuse. The short story gives us a portrait of a young girl, who is caught in between her desires and what is being expected of her. She is struggling with her inner demons and she is having an inner fight with herself about which decisions are ethically right or wrong. The short story is written as a 3rd person narrative. The point of view is limited to the main character Ellie and the text only describes Ellie’s thoughts e.g: “She remembers going out for booze. Did she get booze?” . The narrative technique that’s being used makes the reader come very close to Ellie’s personality and her feelings. This is also one of the reasons why there’s mainly one character throughout...
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