...investigated the issue of prejudice and race. Social psychology has a long tradition of empirical and theoretical research in this field and currently there are many social psychologists in Australia engaged in significant and timely research. This is no accident given the regions long and chequered history regarding race relations with the treatment of the Australian Aborigines has been likened to genocide. Currently there are a number of theoretical and conceptual psychological approaches, which both define and explain prejudice. Personality theories primarily locate race and prejudice within the intro-psychic domain of the individual. From this perspective, authoritarian-rearing practices, intolerance and intro psychic defence mechanisms are isolated as casual agents to a significant problem. There are several theories as to why people are prejudiced. The exploitation theory keeps a racial group in a subordinate social position. The scapegoating theory says that prejudice people believe that they are society’s victims. In this sense, exploiters abuse others and scapegoats feel they are being abused. Dr. Vance Locke and Dr. Lucy Johnston at the University of Canterbury have recently...
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...prophecy process. 6. Discuss three types of diversity initiatives. 7. Explain how the Johari Window can help improve our perceptions. 8. Identify the ‘Big Five’ personality dimensions. 9. Discuss the psychological dimensions identified by Jung and measured in the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. Perception and personality in organisations Why do so few women opt for careers in Engineering and Information Technology? •Sex-role stereotyping •Fewer role models •Low self-confidence •Image of industry Perceptual process model Environmental stimuli Feeling Hearing Seeing Smelling Tasting Selective attention Organisation and interpretation Emotions and behaviour © Ian Cugley/News Limited Selective attention • Characteristics of the object –size, intensity, motion, repetition, novelty Perceptual organisation/interpretation • Perceptual grouping principles –trends –similarity/proximity –closure • Perceptual context • Characteristics of the perceiver –values and attitudes –perceptual defence –expectations − condition us to expect events • Mental models –broad world-views or ‘theories-in-use’ –can blind people to potentially better perspectives 1 Social identity theory ACME widget employee Employees at other firms People living in other countries Graduates from other schools Social identity theory features • Comparative process –compare characteristics of our groups with other groups • Homogenisation process Live in Australia An individual ’s social...
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...Gender Stereotyping in Children Alisha Gordon English 111 Tracey Johnson May 3, 2012 Gender Stereotyping in Children Outline Delaying exposure to gender stereotyping in young children helps avoid disapproving gender views that limit children’s behavior and learning abilities, which plays a vital role in their social and cognitive development. I. Beliefs and Behaviors II. Influences a. Biological b. Environment 1. Family 2. Teachers 3. Peers III. Identity a. Emergence of gender identity IV. Gender Schema V. Conclusion After researching and learning about this topic, children who hold a flexible gender view of what boys and girls can do tend to see the world in a less gender biased fashion and increases their social and cognitive development, which helps prepare them for entering society. Gender Stereotyping in Children Parents play the role of nurturing their children and preparing them for society, and somewhere in between they unintentionally introduce their children to gender stereotyping (beliefs and behaviors acceptable for girls and boys). As children grow they start to learn gender typing on their own through biological and environmental influences. Then through observation children develop their own identity towards male or female, and they start to organize their experiences through gender schemas. This is how children interpret what’s happening in their world. Piaget’s cognitive...
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...Sexism in Politics As far as the politics goes, there has been, without fail, discrimination, sexism and stereotyping. Many of those that do not fit into the desires of the mainstream, for example, women who have endeavoured to break that handicap in society as well as the political sphere. Modern times have shown greater acceptance and tolerance towards groups that do not meet requirements of circumscribed circles. In this essay, the issue addressed is the lack of equality in this particular circumscribed circle called politics on an international level. There is still the need to define discrimination, stereotyping and prejudice among groups and race. In modern times, psychologists and scholars have focused their attention to human behaviour, the human mind as well as gender based issues within the political sphere and even within that area, issues of discrimination, stereotyping, prejudice especially gender do not cease to exist. Sexism has, in the modern era, gained much academic and social legitimacy. Scholars and feminists have thoroughly examined the politics of identification as follows: (a) Gender shapes not only who we are but the world(s) we live in (b) Resistance to changing our personal (gender) identities obstructs feminist movement (c) The identity of the modern subject is not gender neutral but masculine (and typically European) (d) Feminist identity is itself problematic given the diversity (non-identity) among women. (e) Identity...
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...identities. By stereotyping people we somewhat categorize the group as a whole which can end bias views. But if we know that ignoring individualism in a group of people is ignorant, then why do we still do it? I will answer this question by analyzing Kory Floyd and Susan Fiske’s concepts of stereotypes while applying them to the growing co-culture of cannabis users using a High Times magazine article as my...
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...and stereotypic thinking among the elderly The term stereotype is often connected with ignorant beliefs such as “racism”, “homophobia”, and “sexism”. Despite the overtly negative connotation, stereotypes are simply expectations we hold about groups of people (Moskowitz, 2005, p.440). However, stereotyping can lead to prejudice. Although everyone stereotypes, some people are more prone to being prejudice than others, especially older individuals (Radvansky et al., 2010). It is widely held that the link between age and prejudice is attributed to the fact that older people grew up in a more prejudiced era, and their attitudes are a reflection of a less tolerant time. However, recent studies suggest otherwise. Inspired by Devine’s influential 1989 study showing that prejudice is caused by a failure to inhibit stereotypic thoughts, modern researchers theorize that a decline in inhibitory function causes older people to be more likely to make and maintain stereotypes. For years, the dominant belief was that prejudice is inevitable as long as stereotypes exist because it was thought that stereotypes are automatically applied to a social group (Devine, 1989). However, this theory does not explain why knowledge of a stereotype is not correlated with prejudice. A study conducted by Devine in 1989 resolved the discrepancy by proposing that while stereotypes are automatically activated, prejudice is due to a failure to inhibit stereotypic thoughts. In the first experiment,...
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...Consequences of Social Categorization and Social Identity Theories Vernon Smith BA426 Managing Cultural Diversity vsmith003@regis.edu Consequences of Social Categorization and Social Identity Theories Introduction In the modern world, workforce diversity has developed to be among the most imperative elements. Many organizations including Apple Inc. and all over the world have employed diversity managers to help develop effective workforce diversification (Podsiadlowski et al., 2013). The increased interest in workforce diversity is not surprising. As organization move to develop organizational structures including teams and groups as well as multinational workforce, effective communication within diversified workforce becomes imperative for smooth functioning of organizations (Podsiadlowski et al., 2013). Diversity is often described in the context of the beneficial aspects of variety in the workforce. However, the definition of diversity still remains unclear. Van Ginkel and Homan (2013) state that the debate on diversity mostly confuses various forms of a variety of workforce. One way to achieve workforce variety is through social categorization, where group membership is determined by mutual characteristics such as race, sex, age, gender, and status. Legal provisions on diversity have continuously emphasized the creation of representative social categorization approach in the workforce of an organization (Podsiadlowski et al., 2013). In this context, the workforce demography...
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...Stereotypes: A vice or a Virtue There is something about within us as humans that causes us to categorize. It has be theorized that this stems from early learning as children. Categorizing information is a useful and efficient tool to learn about our environment and different concepts as we grow and attempt to increase our understanding of our surroundings. We associate traits and characteristics with Consider the Harvard Implicit tests, a series of tests designed to measure a level of unconscious bias in people. The theory is that we as humans have and innate desire to categorize people based on an unconscious bias we have, either through development or other learning patterns. What is interesting about this study and the comparable research, is that it differentiates between this unconscious bias and our concscious efforts to overcome it. The tests require associations between words and stimuli; one for example is the racism test It is though that we have strong prior association between categories for example Wendy, we consider automatically to be a female name, ad vice versa, Will would be thought of as a guys name. this is applicable to other situations as in the race test, where we seem to automatically associate positive terms, such as successful, good, with white faces and others such as bad, evil and hurt with black faces. The results are even more startling with over 80% of those who took the racism test deemed to have a strong pro-white association with white...
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...There is a constant pressure put on children for the way they behave, this in other words could be known as conditioning where boys and girls are rewarded for behaving appropriately. Few studies also revealed that gender stereotyping is linked to stress and behavior a child is weaved in rather that biological differences. However, in today’s time femininity is viewed differently, a working woman providing for her home along side a man is not criticized by society. Yet culture dwells in the human mind. This study on the first female Prime Minister of Australia proves how socially negative judgments were made, emphasizing on gender stereotyping, due to her gender ( Sorrentino, J., & Augoustinos, M.,...
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...psychological charactaristics Figure 3.1 Sources of personality Figure 3.2 Stability of personality characteristics Source: adapted from Mischel 1977 Idiographic Personality Theory: the Psychodynamic Perspective Figure 3.3 Freud’s conceptualisation of the structure of personality Figure 3.6 Hierarchical arrangement of bipolar constructs Trait Theory Figure 3.7 Cattell’s 16 personality factors Trait Theory (Continued) Figure 3.7 Cattell’s 16 personality factors (Continued) Jung’s Type Theory Figure 3.8 Jung’s personality types Eysenck’s Type Theory Figure 3.9 ‘Eysenck’s personality types’ Source: Eysenck, HJ (1965) Fact and Fiction in Psychology (pub Penguin Books Ltd), copyright © HJ Eysenck 1965 A Definition of Perception An active mental process which involves the selection, organisation, structuring and interpretation of information in order to make inferences and give meaning to the information Figure 4.1 The basic perceptual process Figure 4.2 The contrast principle Source: Organizational Behavior, 5th Edn by D Hellriegal, JW Slocum and RW Woodman, © 1989. Reprinted with permission of South-Western College Publishing, a division of Thomas Learning Figure 4.3 Figure-to-ground effect Figure 4.10 An impossible shape Figure 4.11 Analysis by synthesis (adapted from Neisser 1976) A Definition of Stereotyping Attributing to a person qualities or characteristics...
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...due to globalisation having a significant impact on the personal characteristic in the workforce because of the increasing cultural diversity (Lloyd and Hartel, 2010). Ferraro (2005) argues that globalisation is not just a passing trend but has submerged acting as a replacement for the cold war system. Therefore this reflective portfolio aims to explore some of the theories surrounding cross-cultural behaviour in order to relate and understand the behaviours of the cultures in respectively Denmark and the US. However in order to do so, a definition of the meaning culture will be primarily discussed and what stereotypes Denmark and the US the authors carries toward both countries. Through the analysis and the information gathered from the theories, potential opportunities and difficulties will be identified between the two countries cultural diversity in relation to motivation, teams, communication channels and conflict and dispute resolution. Lastly, the essay will evaluate to author’s personal development and learning in the context of her own cross-cultural behaviour and understanding by comparing her stereotyping to the findings identified above, and to which areas she still needs to develop, into becoming an effective leader of today’s global society and hospitality industry. 1.2. Defining the Meaning of Culture The impact of culture...
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...University of Phoenix Material Appendix B Part I Define the following terms: |Term |Definition | |Stereotypes |The need for humanity to make the world a smaller more manageable place. To use a phrase to describe| | |groups, etc. | |Prejudice |Negative attitude, thoughts or beliefs, rejecting a group or depriving them of opportunities. | |Labeling theory |If someone is stereotyped as a deviant, than regardless of original intent. One may become a | | |deviant. | Part II Select three of the identity categories below and name or describe at least 3 related stereotypes for each: • Race • Ethnicity • Religion • Gender • Sexual orientation • Age • Disability |Category |Stereotype 1 |Stereotype 2 |Stereotype 3 | |Sexual Orientation |Dike: A gay female that dresses |Fag: A gay male that dresses or |Recruiter: All gay people try | | |or acts more masculine. |acts more feminine. ...
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...Question 1(a) Personality is an enduring characteristic that describe a uniqueness of individual behaviors when reacting to and interacting with others. It will affect how people adjust differently to the particular situation and environment. According to Robbins and Judge (2010, p171-172) The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and the Big Five Model are the two main frameworks that used to examine a person’s personality traits. The study on personality traits in the past 20 years explains that people are most likely to exhibit relatively consistent behaviors over time and across situations depending on what personality traits they posses. Based on the given case study, Ronald is a Machiavellian. He is very practical and aggressive person at work and maintains emotional distances with his subordinates in order to be impartial and to have control over them. Moreover, he only focuses on company’s objective of making profit and his own personal interests while neglecting the importance of engaging his subordinates. Due to such personality at work, he is most likely to have good individual work performance in pursuit of the goals. Based on the big five factor, it has also concluded that Ronald is an antagonistic person as he is very low in agreeableness. As Ronald is one who values feedbacks the least and believes that all right decisions lie within him at all times, his team members have to follow what he suggests. He does not believe that by interacting, negotiating and agreeing...
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...decision making in organizations are not completely rational. Person perception is the main issue in organizational behavior and decision making for the fact that based on M.J. Martinko et al.’s (2007) assertion the limited information or immediate impressions of employee performance could result in an inaccurate perceptual judgment made by the employers. In an attempt to explain the ways in which people form perceptions about each other, this essay will examine the influence of the attribution theory towards decision-making and illustrate three common biases and errors that distort the attribution formation through the application of three mini-case. This essay will also discuss the importance of attribution theory in relation to organizational behavior as well as decision-makers in organizations. Attribution theory is concerned with how individuals perceive and infer causality (Robert E. Ployhart and Crystal M. Harold, 2004). Johns et al. (2007) also state that the attribution theory is an attempt when individuals observe behavior to determine whether it is internally or externally caused. Internally caused behaviors refer to the behaviors which are under individual control while externally caused behaviors are the result of outside causes (Johns et al. 2007). To distinguish whether the behavior is one’s own outcomes or others’ actions, Robert E. et al. (2004) applied three pieces of information which originate from the Kelly model to infer causality: first of all, distinctiveness...
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...PERSONALITY AND PERCEPTION D07Q7 QUESTION Q2 (a) Identify the potential scope of the individual’s contribution to an organisation. (12 marks) (b) Using examples, explain how the following characteristics may affect the contribution of the individual to the organisation: (i) personality (ii) (ii) attitudes (13 marks) (Total 25 marks) ANSWER (a) The potential scope of the individual’s contribution to the organisation includes: ● Effort – managers expect employees to work and fulfil agreed objectives ● Time – individuals contribute their time and this may include unsocial hours ● Obedience – to company rules and policies ● Flexibility – organisations need to respond to changing situations and varying demands in effective and customer focused ways ● Adaptability – individuals are most effective where they adapt to change ● Skills – individuals bring a variety of skills that are essential to the effective performance of the organisation. These will include technical, conceptual and inter- personal skills ● Loyalty and commitment – to the organisation’s goals and their effective fulfilment ● Personality – this is important to internal relationships and group effectiveness ● Any organisation is more than the sum of its individual parts i.e. the individuals that compose it ● Creativity – the individual may contribute new ideas and the development of better methods and processes ● Individuality – this may be very important to the ongoing health and...
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