...known as pervasive developmental disorders or PDD (Vaughn, 240). ASD’s or Autism spectrum disorders is the subgroup titles used to describe these different types of disorders. Autism is a developmental disability that usually appears during the first 3 years of a child’s life (Vaughn, 240). In order for someone to become diagnosed with this disability, they must have documented proof in three different areas. The first group deals with impairments in language and social interactions. The child or adult has an inability to establish relationships, poor eye contact and may have no formal spoken language. The next are is stereotypical behavior, which may include body rocking, hand flapping and fascination with certain objects. The last area usually begins before the age of three, and deals with a delay in skill development (Vaughn, 241). Now, Asperger’s is right up there with Autism, in the amount of people diagnosed per year. People with Asperger’s do usually have serious impairments with relationships, social skills, relaying and identifying emotions, but many have a normal IQ and great vocabulary (Vaughn, 242). These students can also have a fixation with certain subjects or objects. ASD’s also include Rett Syndrome, which can occur between 5-48 months. There is a deceleration of head growth, loss of hand skill and poor gait are just some of the deficits. The next two are Childhood Disintegrative Disorder and Pervasive Developmental Disorder (Not otherwise specified). CDD The...
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...Autism is part of a group of neurological disorders. There are two specified groups pertaining to autism. Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDD), and Pervasive Developmental Disorder - Not otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS). within PDD-NOS falls Rett Syndrome and Childhood Disintegrative Disorders. Autism is referred to in today’s medical field as Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). (NICHD.gov) Although there are different level of autism; levels referring to severity, everyone that has autism falls under the category of “ASD“, Autism Spectrum Disorder. Autism affects the normal development of the brain in the areas of social interaction and communication skills. Children and adults with autism have difficulties in verbal and non-verbal communication, social interactions and leisure or play activities. This disorder makes it hard for them to relate to the outside world. It is hard for them to communicate with others. Aggressive and/or self-injurious behavior may be present in some cases. (Autism Speaks, 2009) The word "Autism," which has used for the last one-hundred years, comes from the Greek word "autos," meaning "self." The term describes conditions in which a person is removed from social interaction (self removed). Eugene Bleuler, who was a Swiss psychiatrist, was the first person to use the term Autism in 1911 (Wikipedia ). Autism research and discovery is greatly in part to the research of Leo Kanner, a psychiatrist who became the first physician in the world to be titled...
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...Autism, a group of developmental brain disorders, is generally called autism spectrum disorder (ASD). A wide range of symptoms, skills, and severity of impairment or disability term the word “spectrum”. There are currently five disorders, sometime referred to as pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs), defined as ASD: autistic disorder (classic autism), Asperger’s disorder (Asperger syndrome), pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS), Rett’s disorder (Rett syndrome), and childhood disintegrative disorder (CDD) (A Parent’s Guide, 2011). Symptoms of ASD differ with every child, but in general fall into three areas: social impairment, communication difficulties, and repetitive or stereotyped behaviors. Additionally, individuals with ASD display deficits in cognition, and have abnormal sensory perceptions (Hallahan, Kauffman, & Pullen, 2012). The prevalence of ASD has been increasing for many years. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has reported a 78% increase in cases since 2007. Today, it is estimated that 1 in 88 children in the United States have been diagnosed with ASD (Why Are Autism, 2012). It is not completely clear what is causing these dramatic increases. The CDC suggests, “the increase is due to the way children are identified, diagnosed, and served in their local communities” (Why Are Autism, 2012). Better awareness by parents and professionals is also a likely source of increased cases. ASD is not bias to race, ethnicity...
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...3 Autism 4 Videogames and young people with Developmental disorders 10 Funding of Applied Behavior Analysis 11 Executive function in individuals with sub threshold Autism traits 12 Conclusion 14 References 15 Abstract The increasing number of individuals with Learning Disabilities (LD) and psychiatric disorders presents a key challenge to their assessment and treatment in mental health services. Children and young people with LD are more likely to experience mental health than the general population (Allington-Smith, 2006). There is a close relationship between autism spectrum disorder and learning disability. Epidemiological studies suggest that autism is more frequent in people with LD, nearly 40% of people with LD also have autism on the other hand, and nearly 70% of people with autism also have LD (La Mafa, 2004). The strong association between autism and LD (Bradley, 2004) also associates an increased risk of mental health problems. It is suggested that adults with LD and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may experience symptoms of anxiety at a greater level than the general population; however, this requires more conclusive evidence in relation to the prevalence of anxiety disorders in adults with LD and autism. Autism Autism is a complex developmental disability that typically appears during the first three years...
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...Autism Autism is a complex developmental disability that causes problems with social interaction and communication. It appears in the first 3 years of life causing problems in many different skills that develop from infancy to adulthood. Autism is one of a serious group of developmental problems called Autism Spectrum Disorders. There are different types of Autism; these are the three primary kinds: Autistic Disorder “classic autism” is what most people think of when they hear the word autism. People with this autistic disorder usually have social and communication challenges, usual behaviors and interests and significant language delays. Most people with this disorder also have intellectual disabilities. Asperger Syndrome, people with this type of autism have milder symptoms. They have social challenges and usual behaviors and interest but don’t typically have problems with language and are not intellectual challenged. Pervasive Developmental Disorder-Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS) is also known as atypical autism. People with this type of autism meet some but not all of the symptoms to be diagnosed with Autistic Disorder or Asperger Syndrome. These people have some or fewer but definitely milder symptoms. Children with autism generally have problems in three crucial areas; social interaction, language and behavior. Because autism symptoms and severity vary greatly there are no two cases that are the same even if the children have the same...
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...Abstract Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), also known as Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDD), is defined as a disorder of neural development characterized by impaired social interaction and communication, and by restricted and repetitive behavior. Autism Spectrum Disorder affects information processing in the brain by altering how nerve cells and their synapses connect and organize, however, how this occurs is not well understood. Autistic Disorder is only one of four recognized disorders in the autism spectrum. The others included in the spectrum are Asperger Syndrome(AS), Childhood Disintegrative Disorder, Rett Syndrome, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder-Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS), which is diagnosed when the full set of criteria for Autistic Disorder or Asperger Syndrome are not met. In an article from the American Academy of Pediatrics (2011), over the last twelve years, prevalence of developmental disabilities has increased 17.1% which equals about 1.8 million more children in 2006 through 2008 as compared to a decade earlier. Additionally, prevalence of Autism increased 289.5% while the prevalence of ADHD increased 33.0%. With this increase, more research and studies are being done to learn more about a disorder that is relatively recent. Specifically, the focus of this paper is on Asperger Syndrome, which is defined as a pervasive developmental disorder characterized by deficits in social interaction and motor coordination, and unusual or restricted patterns...
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...Disorders (DSM) is a manual which contains classifications of mental disorders which is specifically used in America. Autism is a diagnosis within the DSM, and was in the DSM IV and DSM V. Autism, currently, is described as a developmental disability which can cause a person to have difficulties in socialization, communication, and challenges with behavior. The DSM IV took a categorical approach which meant that the clinician had to figure out whether the client had the disorder or not; whereas the DSM V has a more dimensional approach which means that severity of the condition is taken into hand instead of just whether a person has the condition or not. The DSM V also is more oriented on considering...
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...Abstract Autism is a developmental disorder characterized by the inability to relate and perceive the environment in a realistic manner. Brain development is affected in the areas of communication, cognition, and social interaction. There is a great variability in the disorder from person to person. There has been evidence to show that 60-90% of autism can be considered hereditary. Many researchers are attempting to understand the genetic determinism of the disease in order to pinpoint treatment. There are gene mutations and variants that have been discovered but due to the disease being heterogeneous and complex it is difficult to find consistency. There is also research indicating that the cause is neurological. The gap between genetics and neurology concerning autism is where the connection needs to be made in order to understand the disability wholly. Autism is a complex developmental disability as the result of a neurological disorder that affects the functioning of the brain. The onset of the disability is in infancy or early childhood with males being affected four times as often as females. Autism shows no racial, ethnic or social boundaries. The term Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is used because it is covering a group of disabilities with similar features. There are three categories of autism spectrum disorder known as Autistic Disorder, Asperger Syndrome, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified. Autism affects the...
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...Until Every Piece Fits Autism: a pervasive developmental brain disorder, has taken over controversial issue debates, and impacted families all across the globe. Autism has been a part of my life beginning at age five, before I could even conceptualize what a complex disorder it truly is. I was in kindergarten and like any other five year-old, I was curious about how other people acted. I noticed that some kids were more socially isolated than others, had trouble making friends or even playing with others. I noticed that when it got really loud, or whenever we were doing an activity involving a lot of tactile input, certain kids would pull away and repeat certain behaviors. One particular kid would hunch his back, hyper-extend his fingers, shake them vigorously, as if to dry them off in absence of paper towels, and rock back and forth on his heels. These types of behaviors were relatively commonplace in my experience and I accepted them as absolutely harmless. I had seen the calming affect these rituals had on my classmate. My five year-old self was unknowingly picking up on behaviors that were the hallmark of autism. I attended an elementary school that was located in the autism hub of the county; so several students with autism were mainstreamed, or assimilated, into my classes. These students were not the majority. Rather, neurotypical students, a term used to describe children without a diagnosis of an autism spectrum disorder, composed the majority of our school’s population...
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...more common in our everyday society, despite a lack of everyday knowledge on this multifaceted disorder. Children are diagnosed with a range of autism disorders, fearing the consequences that come with it. In a short amount of time, the fields of medicine and psychology have advanced tremendously in their knowledge of this disorder and how it affects the development of children. In this paper, we will explore aspects of autism, from the different causes offered by researchers, common symptoms, and the latest treatments to combat this complex disorder. Overview Autism is not one disorder, but rather a group of developmental brain disorders, collectively referred to as autism spectrum disorder (ASD). According to the National Institute of Health (NIH) (2011) the term “spectrum” refers to the wide range of symptoms, skills, and levels of impairment, or disability that children with ASD can have. As indicated by Johnson and Myers, Leo Kanner, a psychiatrist at Johns Hopkins University first described autism in a small group of children in 1943 (as cited in Kanner, 1943). Kanner documented that they showed extreme aloofness and total indifference to other people. In 1944, Hans Asperger, an Austrian pediatrician published an article that demonstrated symptoms similar to those of Janner’s patients, with the exception that verbal and cognitive skills were much higher (Johnson & Myers, 2007). The term “infantile autism” first appeared as a diagnostic label in the Diagnostic and Statistical...
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...What is autism? Definition Autism is a severely incapacitating developmental disorder of brain function characterized by three major types of symptoms: impaired social interaction, problems with verbal and nonverbal communication, and unusual or severely limited activities and interests. The definition of Autism and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is provided by the Diagnostic and Statistical manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). Children with autism are less able to interact with the world as other children do. To provide a comprehensive definition of Autism Spectrum Disorder, there are separate labels given to children with autism for different points on the Autism spectrum. At the least affected end, you may find labels such as "Asperger's Syndrome", "High Functioning Autism" and "Pervasive Developmental Disorder - Not Otherwise Specified" (PDD-NOS). At the other end of the spectrum you may find labels such as "Autism", "Classic Autism" and "Kanner Autism". Description Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impaired social interaction, verbal and non-verbal communication, and by restricted and repetitive behavior. The diagnostic criteria require that symptoms become apparent before a child is three years old. Autism affects information processing in the brain by altering how nerve cells and their synapses connect and organize; how this occurs is not well understood. It is one of three recognized disorders in the autism spectrum (ASDs), the other two...
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...of autism in one’s child can shatter a parent. There is a substantial amount of confusion and controversy found in all areas of the disorder, from diagnosis to treatment. Most parents who seek treatment for a child labeled with autism face many dead-ends and obstacles concerning what are best for their child. . Having a child who is autistic will be a struggle throughout both of your lives. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ADS) adversely affects a child’s communication, socialization, and behavior. It has symptoms ranging from mild cognitive, social, and behavioral deficits to more severe symptoms where children may suffer from intellectual disabilities and be nonverbal. The five subtypes of ASD are: Autistic Disorder, Asperger’s Syndrome, Childhood Disintegrative Disorder (CDD), Rett Syndrome, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS). Because each are so broad, I narrowed down my research to Autism Disorder, a sever disorder that affects the development and function of the brain. It causes problems in such areas as social contact, emotional response, intelligence, language and speech impediments, along with ritualistic or compulsive behaviors, as well as different responses to the environment that an autistic individual may have that differ with individuals not having autism would exhibit. I will be talking generally about the history and description of autism, possible causes, early detection, risk factors, and treatment for autism. ...
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...Autism Spectrum Disorders Cristina Sanchez Introduction to Psychology Professor Hall April 23, 2011 Life is movement, flows spontaneously but requires ducts, follows the principle of inhibitory modification. Trunk stability is allowing us to sit and use hands. Is the control of hand movements which allows us to use each of our fingers voluntarily. Is the inhibitory tuning, which gradually sculpt the baby awkwardly finely controlled actions. The formation of character, like the movement involves voluntary choices based on self-control that gives us the discipline. The most important tools that we can give our children is the self-control, the ability to strive for their goals. When the child grows up with a disability, this tool becomes indispensable. His life, develop their abilities, fulfill their dreams, the construction of a daily life where you feel full, we require a double effort. Therefore, it’s essential not only learn to work hard but learn to enjoy this effort, the way of high performance athletes. The word “authority” comes etymologically from the Latin verb boom, which means among other things, to grow. We can not educate if we give up our authority as parents. The contradiction of all training is to learn to send ourselves in obedience to others. As ivy, children need to grow, a wall that gives, at once, support and resistance. So, to be truly nurturing, the authority has to go left, slowly, a space to another. Take over is a strong word, it means...
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...Life is movement, flows spontaneously but requires ducts, follows the principle of inhibitory modification. Trunk stability is allowing us to sit and use hands. Is the control of hand movements which allows us to use each of our fingers voluntarily. Is the inhibitory tuning, which gradually sculpt the baby awkwardly finely controlled actions. The formation of character, like the movement involves voluntary choices based on self-control that gives us the discipline. The most important tools that we can give our children is the self-control, the ability to strive for their goals. When the child grows up with a disability, this tool becomes indispensable. His life, develop their abilities, fulfill their dreams, the construction of a daily life where you feel full, we require a double effort. Therefore, it’s essential not only learn to work hard but learn to enjoy this effort, the way of high performance athletes. The word “authority” comes etymologically from the Latin verb boom, which means among other things, to grow. We can not educate if we give up our authority as parents. The contradiction of all training is to learn to send ourselves in obedience to others. As ivy, children need to grow, a wall that gives, at once, support and resistance. So, to be truly nurturing, the authority has to go left, slowly, a space to another. Take over is a strong word, it means take the place of one more, steal your identity. Overprotection and authoritarianism are usurping the authority...
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...ST. PAUL’S UNIVERSITY DEPT: COURSE: UNIT CODE: UNIT NAME: REG. NO: FULL NAMES: LECTURER: SUBMISSION DATE: Introduction It is right to say that autism is a disability and wrong to say that it is a mental disorder. However much people may think that autism appears to be a mental disorder, it is not. Autism occurs when there is a problem in the central nervous system. Autism is only a mental deficiency. Some autism victims clearly communicate and interact with the rest of the community while others need a lifetime of specialist support. It is a spectrum condition which means that while all people with autism share certain difficulties, their condition affect them in different ways. Autism victims experience over- or under-sensitivity to sounds, touch, tastes, smells, light or colors. People with autism are more likely than the general population to have accompanying problems such as dyslexia (difficulty with reading, spelling and/or writing), dyspraxia (severe difficulty with tasks requiring fine motor skills such as drawing or writing) and digestive problems. They are also vulnerable to developing mental health problems such as depression and anxiety. Causes of Autism Autism can be caused by a variety of physical factors all of which affect brain development. The abnormal blood vessels functioning in the body causes ineffectual oxidation throughout the nervous system and this causes autism. Genetics is another cause for autism. Evidence suggests that genetic factors generate...
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