...of compassion to the world of Psychology. Dissimilar to prominent philosophers of his day, Binswanger did not find the significance of utilizing the three schools of thought. Instead, he established an approach that assimilated Phenomenology, Existentialism, and Psychoanalysis. Ludwig Binswanger came from a family of well-known Psychiatrists. His grandfather, also named Ludwig Binswanger, in 1857 founded the Sanatorium of Bellevue in Kreuzlingen, Switzerland. Also, his uncle, Otto Binswanger was a professor of Psychiatry at the University of Jena. Ludwig Binswanger studied at the Universities of Lausanne, Heidelberg, and Zurich. He established his Medical Degree from the University of Zurich in 1907. After receiving his Medical Degree, he trained at Burghlzli Hospital in Zurich. Binswanger later became the medical director of Clinical Psychology at Belluvue Sanatorium in 1910, handed down from his grandfather. In 1907, Binswanger developed a thirty year friendship with Sigmund Freud until Freud’s death. It was recognized that Freud had a arduous time befriending individuals whom did not share similar beliefs and attitudes of his own. Although Binswanger and Freud had diverse opinions about Psychoanalysis, they maintained an extended friendship. According to International Dictionary of Psychoanalysis (2005), “Binswanger sought to fight for the acceptance of a new theory under Freud’s paternal control” (p.1). After Freud’s death, Binswanger dedicated his first book, Introduction...
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...the Stoic stage of Hegel's dialectic. Beauvoir calls the practice of stoic indifference in reaction to life's disappointments a condemnation of "that whole part of ourselves which we had engaged in the effort" to accomplish something. In such a reluctance to make oneself vulnerable, "one manages only to save an abstract notion of freedom . . . emptied of all content and all truth" (1948, 29). The phrase "emptied of all content and all truth" echoes Beauvoir's claim that, for Hegel, particularity is always vacated in favor of universality, ambiguity in favor of conclusiveness. [End Page 125] Recall that stoicism is the form of consciousness that resolves Hegel's master/slave confrontation in the section "Self-Consciousness" of the Phenomenology of Spirit. For Hegel, stoicism results from the internalization of the conflict between master and slave, the reconciliation of these two opposing modes of consciousness in the inwardly oriented person of reflection who is master of his or her own desire and who can rise above suffering and despair. An existentialist ethics, by contrast, retains a sense of particularity that refuses to be absorbed into a higher moment: "This conversion is sharply distinguished from the Stoic conversion in that it does not claim to oppose to the sensible universe a formal freedom which is without content. To exist genuinely is not to deny this spontaneous movement of my transcendence but only to refuse to lose myself in it" (Beauvoir 1948, 13-14). Nevertheless...
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...Action Theories - Theory and methods This is not a structural theory. Action theories focus on individual behaviour in everyday social situations. This is a bottom up approach – looking at meanings and interpretations of actions. There are many branches of action theories; Symbolic interactionism, Labelling theory, Dramturgical model, Phenomenology, Ethnomethodology, Structuration theory and Webe’rs integrated approaches Key features: 1. Society and social structures/ institutions are socially constructed (family does not exist externally to our daily lives) 2. People have free will to do things and form their own identities 3. Prefer to research on small groups of individuals (micro) 4. People’s behaviour is driven by their beliefs, meaning and emotions gives to a situation. e.g how mother interprets crying of baby, meaning of the cry will affect her actions and the babies behaviour will affect the mother Symbolic interactionism This focuses on how we create the world through our interactions. Our interactions are based on the meaning we give to situations and we can convey this through symbols like language. G. H. Mead – The Role of Others – Symbols vs Instincts Symbols versus instincts: * Animals are guided through instinct whereas we are guided by our responses to the world in the form of meanings we attach to significant things. * We create the world by attaching symbols to meanings we have attached. The symbol of putting a finger to your...
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...Chapter 13- Kelly * How is Kelly’s theory categorized? Phenomenology, cognitive, existential, and humanistic theories. * What is constructive alternativism? People are free to construe reality any way they want: no one is bound by one’s biography. * How is it related to Vaihinger and Adler? Propositional thinking * What is the fundamental postulate? A person’s processes are psychologically channelized by the ways in which he/she anticipates events. People as scientists. * What are the 11 corollaries? * Construction – a person anticipates events by construing their replications * Individuality – persons differ from each other in their construction of events * Organization – each person characteristically creates, for his or her convenience in anticipation of events, a construction system with a defined ordinal relationship. * Dichotomy – a person’s construction system is composed of a finite number of dichotomous constructs. * Choice – a person chooses for oneself that alternative in a dichotomized construct that promises the most growth for him or her. * Range – a construct is convenient for the anticipation of a finite number of events * Experience – a person’s construction system caries as he or she successfully construes the replication of events. * Modulation – the variation of a person’s construction system is limited by the permeability of the constructs within that range of convenience...
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...Chapter I The Problem and Review of Related Literature Introduction Man is a rational being who feels emotions. Our emotions make up a part if not most of our humanity. It can be also called passions like how it was used in antiquity. One of these emotions is love. To feel love and to reciprocate it is proper to rational beings such as the human person. But the term “love” has taken quite different meanings around the globe, a lot of persons even have their own notion of love. It is the one of the most elusive and abused term of mankind. It eludes definition for the reason that one really cannot exhaust love in one specific definition. As Benedict XVI said (2006, p. 7) “In our present context, the term “love” has become one of the most frequently used and misused of words, a word where we attach quite different meanings.” We human persons are capable of expressing and accepting love, since we are endowed with intellect and will aside from our passions. These faculties make it possible for a human to feel being loved and to love back in return. The faculty intellect is the one that perceives and comprehends love, where we can interpret it, while the faculty of the will is the one that is responsible for conveying and reciprocating love. Our acts as human beings such as loving are very much different from those of the animals’. This is because human acts require the use of both the intellect and the will. It requires knowing and willing a particular act, making...
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...review the background of this issue, the methods used, the researcher’s findings, ethical considerations, and the impact this study may have on nursing practice in schools. Background This research study focused on children who have tracheostomies and what their experience has been in the school setting. The researchers identified that most previous research focused on the child’s experience as interpreted by the parents or a child’s caregiver (Spratling et al., 2012). With the increase of the number of children who are able to attend school with medical conditions, it is important to understand their perspective to see if there are ways to improve their experience. Methods This study was qualitative design and used interpretive phenomenology to describe the experiences of school-age children who have a tracheostomy. The sample was made up of children ages 6 through 12; both males and females were included. The ethnicity of the participants included two White, two African American, and one Hispanic child. Three of the children require mechanical ventilation or continuous positive airway pressure at night only. The subject pool was drawn from a large pulmonary clinic. The children have all...
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...Phenomenological study describing the lived experience of nurses caring for prisoner-patients ABSTRACT There are close to five thousand prisoners in custody in Queensland prisons and this number is on the increase. Prisoners have complex health needs and it is the role of the correctional health nurse to care for prisoner-patients and their health needs. Yet there is a paucity of research surrounding this topic. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to describe the lived experience of nurses caring for prisoner-patients. Five registered nurses, employed in correctional centres in Southeast Queensland were interviewed to illuminate the experience of caring for prisoner-patients. Data was analyzed using Colaizzi’s (1978) method of phenomenology. Textual analysis revealed two themes with five corresponding sub-themes that depicted the meaning of nurses’ caring for prisonerpatients. The experience of nurses caring for prisoner-patients was described by nurse participants as ‘obstructive practices’ from the custodial officers, ‘decreased standards of care’ by nursing staff, ‘prejudice’ towards to prisoners, ‘increased level of mentally ill prisoners’ and a ‘lack of recognition’ for nurses working in the prisons. Amidst all these difficulties, nurses who cared for prisoner-patients demonstrated courage in the work they did and persevered for the sake of the their prisoner-patients and the specialty that is correctional health nursing. Communication must continue between ...
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...eight participants and the recurrence of information provided in case notes of three men and five women. This research is based on philosophical discipline originated by Edmund Husserl (1913). Husserl developed the phenomenological method to make possible a descriptive account of the essential structures of the directly given. Phenomenology emphasizes the immediacy of experience, the attempt to isolate it and set it off from all assumptions of existence or causal influence and lay bare its essential structure. (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2012) During my research I have gathered from this information why a father’s personality and behavior may effect a child’s social and emotional adjustment. Particularly, how children obtain and maintain healthy relationships with others in their future. The purpose of this research is to examine the role of the father and his child’s upbringing and to determine whether that role has a positive or negative effect. The findings will support the eight recurrent themes evolving from the 12 master themes of the eight participants. In accordance to the overall field of Psychology, this review relates to Chapter 8, Friendship and Love Relationships of our textbook. The section titled Links between Attachment in Childhood and Close Relationships in adults clearly correlates to how children’s upbringing influences how they handle relationships.This article is different and similar from articles in non-scholar periodicals such as magazines and newspapers...
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...Communication Theory Nine: Two Robert T. Craig Communication Theory as a Field May 1999 Pages 119-161 This essay reconstructs communication theory as a dialogical-dialectical field according to two principles: the constitutive model of communication as a metamodel and theory as metadiscursive practice. The essay argues that all communication theories are mutually relevant when addressed to a practical lifeworld in which “communication” is already a richly meaningful term. Each tradition of communication theory derives from and appeals rhetorically to certain commonplace beliefs about communication while challenging other beliefs. The complementarities and tensions among traditions generate a theoretical metadiscourse that intersects with and potentially informs the ongoing practical metadiscourse in society. In a tentative scheme of the field, rhetorical, semiotic, phenomenological, cybernetic, sociopsychological, sociocultural, and critical traditions of communication theory are distinguished by characteristic ways of defining communication and problems of communication, metadiscursive vocabularies, and metadiscursive commonplaces that they appeal to and challenge. Topoi for argumentation across traditions are suggested and implications for theoretical work and disciplinary practice in the field are considered. Communication theory is enormously rich in the range of ideas that fall within its nominal scope, and new theoretical work on communication ...
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...FINDING YOURSELF WITHIN A COMMUNICATION TRADITION John Hampton University of North Carolina Greensboro I HAVE ABIDED BY THE UNCG ACADEMIC INTEGRITY POLICY ON THIS ASSIGNMENT. Signature: James D. Jackson Date: December 3, 2013 Abstract Phenomenological tradition is used to for people to gain experience of self and others through others experience. With the phenomenological tradition, social identity can be developed with the help of this tradition. Throughout life, people develop their social identity through the environment they come from. As people get older, different people from other environments surround them. Even though we are born into a society that creates our identity when we are younger, we will begin to get of sense to develop our own identity. With the help of the phenomenological tradition, communication scholars will be able to understand that people can develop into their true identity. It is important for people to have their own identity and to be their true self. Combing the phenomenological tradition and social identity, will allow people to express themselves. In the process of expressing themselves, people will be able take a look at themselves and others to help develop into their true identity. Introduction In life, we come across different people and build relationships with them. In the process of building relationships with people, we can find ourselves being like the people we become friends with. Often times we really don’t want...
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...Tyler Viator Due: March 5, 2015 English 2123 Lisa Nohner A Mother’s Influence Stephen King’s novel, Carrie, is the story of a girl who uncovers her unique ability on her path to womanhood and power. Stephen King wrote his story about Carrie three years after he graduated from college. During the 1970s, while King was in college, he was transformed by the idea of Women’s Liberation and how it would influence both males and females. King used interstitial, grotesque, sexual, gender, power, and violent literary elements with components of the European and American gothic genre to create a Supernatural Horror/Drama that reflected on life during the time period. Carrie White was raised by her widowed mother, Margaret White, on Carlin St. in Chamberlain, Maine during the mid 1970s. Throughout Carrie’s childhood, she was the subject of mental and physical abuse. Her mother and late father, Ralph White, were religious zealots who attempted to conceal Carrie from the outside world. Often times, when Carrie acted out, Margaret would inflict physical pain upon herself and sentence Carrie the closet to punish her for her wrongdoings. The abuse did not stop at home. At the age of 17, Carry had her first menstrual cycle in the girls’ shower of her high school Ewan Consolidated High School. After the girls recognized Carrie’s confusion and panic, they began to collectively ridicule her until Mrs. Desjardin, their instructor could come to Carrie’s aid. On the way home from school that...
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...CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND I. INTRODUCTION Phenomenology is a qualitative research method originally developed by the philosopher Edmund Husserl.[1] The termed phenomenology is both a philosophy and a research method. As a philosophy, phenomenology is a particular way of approaching the world and apprehending lived experience[2]. As a research method, phenomenology is a rigorous process of reexamining what Husserl termed “the things themselves.”[3] The question of phenomenological inquiry is about the meaning of human experience and asks, “What is it like?” Phenomenology is a way of thinking about what life experiences are like for people[4] and is primarily concerned with interpreting the meaning of these experiences. Phenomenological research “explores the humanness of a being in the world”[5]. Bergum refers to the phenomenological research method as an “action-sensitive-understanding” that begins and ends in the practical acting of everyday life and leads to a practical knowledge of thoughtful action. Phenomenological research is an introspective human science, the intent of which is to interpret and to understand as opposed to observing, measuring, explaining, and predicting)[6]. The intention is to go beyond the aspects of life taken for granted and “to uncover the meanings in everyday practice in such a way that they are not destroyed, distorted, decontextualized, trivialized or sentimentalized”.[7] To answer the question, “What is it...
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...1 An introduction to counselling Introduction Stories of counselling Paula’s story: coming to terms with trauma Myra’s story: being depressed Matthew’s story: everything is getting on top of me Laura’s story: finding the right counsellor What is counselling? Defining counselling The relationship between counselling and psychotherapy Counselling and other helping professions The diversity of theory and practice in counselling The aims of counselling Counselling as an interdisciplinary area of study A user-centred definition of counselling Conclusions Chapter summary Topics for reflection and discussion Key terms and concepts Suggested further reading Introduction Counselling is a wonderful twentieth-century invention. We live in a complex, busy, changing world. In this world, there are many different types of experience that are difficult for people to cope with. Most of the time, we get on with life, but sometimes we are stopped in our tracks by an event or situation that we do not, at that moment, have the resources to sort out. Most of the time, we find ways of dealing with such problems in living by talking to family, friends, neighbours, priests or our family doctor. But occasionally their advice is not sufficient, or we are too embarrassed or ashamed to tell them what is bothering us, or we just don’t have an appropriate 2 An introduction to counselling person to turn to. Counselling is a really useful option at these moments. In most places, counselling is available fairly...
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...UNDERSTANDING QUALITATIVE RESEARCH Qualitative research, also called interpretive research or field research, is a methodology that has been borrowed from disciplines like sociology and anthropology and adapted to educational settings. Qualitative researchers, as you already have learned, use the inductive method of reasoning and strongly believe that there are multiple perspectives to be uncovered. Qualitative researchers focus on the study of social phenomena and on giving voice to the feelings and perceptions of the participants under study. This is based on the belief that knowledge is derived from the social setting and that understanding social knowledge is a legitimate scientific process. The following are the key characteristics of qualitative research: • Studies are carried out in a naturalistic setting. • Researchers ask broad research questions designed to explore, interpret, or understand the social context. • Participants are selected through nonrandom methods based on whether the individuals have information vital to the questions being asked. • Data collection techniques involve observation and interviewing that bring the researcher in close contact with the participants. • The researcher is likely to take an interactive role where she or he gets to know the participants and the social context in which they live. • Hypotheses are formed afterthe researcher begins data collection and are modified throughout the study as new data are collected and analyzed...
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...1: Philosophy, sophism/sophistry, “pilosopo” 1 [Published in Rolando M. Gripaldo, ed. 2004. Philosophical landscape. Manila: Philippine National Philosophical Research Society.] PHILOSOPHY, SOPHISM/SOPHISTRY, “PILOSOPO” Rolando M. Gripaldo PHILOSOPHY: Ancient Philosophy literally means “love of wisdom.” In contemporary philosophy there are as many definitions of philosophy as there are schools of philosophy.1 What is interesting is that one school defines philosophy to the exclusion of other schools. For instance, the analytic school defines philosophy as the clarification of the meanings of words, phrases, and sentences, and it rejects metaphysical propositions as cognitively meaningless. Its emphasis is logic and language. On the other hand, the continental school defines philosophy in terms of the meaning of life and one’s relationship with the world and the Other (other human beings and/ or God). It considers the activities of the analytic tradition as meaningless to one’s life. Its emphasis is life. It is therefore advisable to just leave the definition of philosophy in its original etymological meaning, although even this is not safe. Quite recently, Hans-Georg Gadamer (1989), an hermeneute, has rejected epistemic wisdom as within the realm of human control. The ancient Greeks defined philosophy as love of (epistemic) wisdom. Thales, who is traditionally considered the father of philosophy, was interested in “knowing” the ultimate reality,...
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