...The Problems of Philosophy, by Bertrand Russell 8/4/14, 13:49 Project Gutenberg's The Problems of Philosophy, by Bertrand Russell This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: The Problems of Philosophy Author: Bertrand Russell Release Date: May 2, 2009 [EBook #5827] Last Updated: February 7, 2013 Language: English Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE PROBLEMS OF PHILOSOPHY *** Produced by Gordon Keener, and David Widger THE PROBLEMS OF PHILOSOPHY By Bertrand Russell http://www.gutenberg.org/files/5827/5827-h/5827-h.htm Page 1 of 68 The Problems of Philosophy, by Bertrand Russell 8/4/14, 13:49 Contents . CHAPTER I. CHAPTER II. CHAPTER III. CHAPTER IV. PREFACE APPEARANCE AND REALITY THE EXISTENCE OF MATTER THE NATURE OF MATTER IDEALISM KNOWLEDGE BY ACQUAINTANCE AND KNOWLEDGE CHAPTER V. DESCRIPTION CHAPTER VI. ON INDUCTION CHAPTER VII. ON OUR KNOWLEDGE OF GENERAL PRINCIPLES CHAPTER VIII. HOW A PRIORI KNOWLEDGE IS POSSIBLE CHAPTER IX. THE WORLD OF UNIVERSALS CHAPTER X. ON OUR KNOWLEDGE OF UNIVERSALS CHAPTER XI. ON INTUITIVE KNOWLEDGE CHAPTER XII. TRUTH AND FALSEHOOD CHAPTER XIII. KNOWLEDGE, ERROR, AND PROBABLE OPINION CHAPTER XIV. CHAPTER XV. . BY THE LIMITS...
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...Philosophy of Teaching When a student enters my classroom they will be entering a place where their learning is the main focus. From the way the topics are taught to my teaching style, everything will be done with the students’ best interests in mind. As a teacher, it is my job to instill a love of learning in my students. Everything that I do in the classroom supports this love and helps the students to fulfill their potentials. As a teacher I have developed a series of beliefs: * I believe parents can be a great asset in the classroom. I have found that including them is beneficial for the students and for me. One example of this is having the parents come in and help the students with editing and revising. One-on-one help is great for the students and the parents really like to be a part of what is going on in their child’s class. * I believe in making my lessons authentic. For example, when teaching a lesson about addition with money, use a menu from one of the local restaurants and have the students “order” food and add up what their bill would be. * I believe in using a variety of teaching techniques. There are many different ways of learning and every child learns things differently. One example of how I have done this in my classroom was how I taught the students the process of a bill becoming a law. The students were introduced to the process through reading and discussion. During the next lesson the students role-played the Michigan...
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...Management Philosophy Kevin Thomas Managerial Psychology PSYC603-E1WW Dr. Jeffrey Ferezan June 21, 2014 Management Philosophy Throughout this class we have been asked to examine, assess, question and search for beliefs, values, traits and personality styles. We have also learned how the brain plays a part in the reaction or direction one gives and receives, thus in my opinion has made the learning of management worthwhile, yet confusing. Over the years I have participated in many informal and formal courses that have introduced leadership, intelligence and personality tools that were to access ones style, attribute and I.Q. Needless to say, most of these tools were point on and at other times way off base. What I confidently state is that reflecting back from the start of this class to now, I have gained and reaffirmed some beliefs about management, leadership and my style of performing both those task. My initial belief of my leadership/management style was to treat individuals as the way you would like to be treated or observe and do exactly as the manager before you to continue status quo. That was the thought of a young inexperienced manager. This reflects back on a previous assignment asked in the course, “ Can management be taught”? From here my answer was derived from that management can be taught but also it takes on practical observance and operation to fully implement and develop a style. My personal definition for management is to help others to achieve...
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...Coaching Philosophy Coaching philosophies are an instrumental part in a coach’s overall success. From the way you handle winning or losing, how you handle your players, and the lessons you want to get across to them, philosophies in general are very broad and cover many different aspects of coaching. Overall I believe my coaching philosophy will be based the morals and values that were taught to me by my parents. I have also played for some great coaches so far in my athletic adventure and I will be sure to take different philosophies and mannerisms from them. Some positive things I have seen firsthand are how to relate to your players, how to adapt, and most importantly how to communicate. On the other hand I have also played for some horrible coaches that I believe have taught me an abundance amount of information on how not to carry yourself, handle certain situations, or treat players. As far as professional coaches that I have been able to read about, admire, and implement ideas from are Phil Jackson, John Wooden, and Tony Dungy. I do believe it is important to establish a unique philosophy that fits my personality and natural coaching style, while also intergrading some ideas from the great coaches mentioned before. So far in my search to create a solid philosophy the constants have been leadership, empowerment, communication, relationships, trust, motivation, and love. Coach Phil Jackson with eleven NBA titles has obviously been able to implement a coaching philosophy...
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...Theory and Philosophy of CRJU 5110 1. Describe the racial disparities in the criminal justice system. Why is their disparity in the CJS? From policing to a trial and the trail sentencing racial disparities persist at every stage of the United States Criminal Justice System. There are not a single factor that has contributed to racial profiling than the War on Drugs. All ethnic groups use and sell drugs at the same rate. Blacks and Hispanics comprise over 50% of these offenses. Whether on the federal, state, or local level police officers exercise discretion when determining whether someone’s behavior is suspicious enough that an investigation is done. Racial bias keeps more people of color in prisons and on probation than ever before. 2. Clearly explain the role of the street code and its relationship to crime according to Anderson. Elijah Anderson described the code on the streets as a set of informal rules that guide interpersonal behavior in inner city neighborhoods. The code of the streets allows those who are aggressive to be aggressive in an approved way. The rules are enforced by street oriented individuals, for instance I don’t think I could just go and be a part of the “street oriented” or try to impose on what the rules are. Having knowledge of the code is almost necessary for operating in public. Respect is the heart of the code. The rules of the code provide a framework for negotiating respect. Someone can have on certain clothing and be considered...
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...Timothy Lee 12/07/15 Professor Parise Philosophy 80 – Intro to Religion Tao I have chosen the article of Taoism: The Tao Te Ching, and have decided to expand my knowledge in Taoism. The article begins with the introduction of Chinese philosophy, and enters the definition of Confucianism and Taoism. They continue with the definition, and explain that Chinese philosophy was interplayed by these two concepts. The article explains Confucianism is based on will and intuition, while Taoism are more concentrated in instinctiveness and intuition. These are important in Chinese philosophy, because China always questions balance. They give examples in the article by bringing yin and yang, light and dark, heat and cold, etc. The article tells a story about Lao Tzu who quit his occupation, and decided to go west to achieve solitude. He created the book The Tao Te Ching, which had been translated many times to show the importance and genius of the book. Before starting the essay, it is important to understand “Tao,” which is translated in English to way, or a synonym. The book begins with an introduction of The Tao Itself, and it explains to the readers how Tao works in our lives, and the infinite possibility of Tao. The author writes, “The Tao is like a well: used but never used up.” It compares Tao to the well, and no matter how many times it has been used; there would still be resources to use. Showing that Tao can never expire, and it continues by connecting the emptiness of...
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...All Children Can Learn Tina Martin L24558205 Henry Dorr 2013 EDUC 703-C03 Abstract My educational philosophy is rooted in the basic truth that “All Children Can Learn.” However, children learn at different paces and have various learning styles that must be accommodated. Achieving this goal requires that a teacher be creative, organized, patient, eclectic, spontaneous and possess an open-minded spirit to diversity. Independence, self-determination and interdependency are also at the core of my educational philosophy. I am a firm believer, that when given the tools and proper materials, encouragement and drive to succeed; there is no obstacle one cannot attain. This paper will discuss world views, philosophy of schools, instructional practices, and the teacher –student relationship. It will also discuss diversity in the school, and my calling as a teacher. All of which are important in the world of education. In this era, children are faced with some many obstacles on a daily basis. There are children in broken homes, children dealing with parents that have substance abuse; abused children placed in foster homes, children with disabilities, not to mention children being bullied within the school setting. With all these issues, children have low self-esteem, lack of self-worth and a lack of motivation. This group of children become involved with gangs, become teen parents, or either drop out of school and worst yet commit suicide. Teachers have to be social workers...
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...Nursing Philosophy Fredy M. Calderon-Ventura Lehman College Abstract Philosophy of nursing states our thoughts on what we believe to be true about the nature of the profession of nursing and provide a basis for nursing activities. It endorses ethical values we hold as basic and bases our beliefs in theory. Nursing philosophy is based on both professional organization and individual definitions. Many factors both intrinsically and extrinsically influence one’s personal perceptions of the great profession called nursing. Every nurse is accountable for maintaining her own knowledge and education after completion of a nursing program. With a focus on personal professional growth that intellectually stimulates and promotes individual autonomy with her given specialty of practice, a nurse can greatly improve her self-confidence and professional motivation, thus providing a firm foundation on which to base her nursing judgment. Nursing Philosophy One strategy nurses can use to affirm that their practice is in harmony with their value system is to write a personal philosophy statement. This might be general in nature, such as a philosophy that relates to life values; it could be a philosophy statement related to beliefs about the profession of nursing; or it might be a philosophy specific to school nursing. In each case, this activity will encourage nurses to clarify their values and then examine how their philosophy fits with their professional practice. Articulating a philosophy...
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...OUTLINE CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION A. Introductory Statement B. Statement of the Problem C. Significance of the Study D. Theoretical Framework E. Scope and Limitation F. Review of Related Literature CHAPTER TWO: JOHN RAWLS PHILOSOPHY A. Biography of John Rawls CHAPTER THREE: PHILIPPINE TAXATION A. Concept of Taxation B. Nature of Taxation and Its purpose C. Concept of Income Taxation D. Purpose of Taxation E. Current Uses of Taxation CHAPTER FOUR: SOCIAL JUSTICE IN TAXATION A. Social Justice B. Principles of Justice C. Well Ordered Society D. Original Position E. Veil of Ignorance F. Civil Disobedience CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION A. INTRODUCTORY STATEMENT The works of John Rawls was basically centered on justice as depicted on his work “Theory of Justice” and “Political Liberalism. John Rawls is considered to be one of the most influential philosophers during his time as he specialized in the concept of justice and fairness as a tool for attaining social justice in the society. His works received various criticisms since it may be viewed as unrealistic but though it may be criticized, his works are one of the influential and most bought book and already translated in various language to be used as curriculum in philosophy classes. Rawls differentiate the concept of justice and fairness as he tried to show that the idea of justice is fairness and...
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...ETHICS IN ARISTOTLE’S PHILOSOPHY Kaplan University AC504-01 Professor Sandra Gates Introduction In this paper I am going to discuss the philosopher Aristotle. I will also talk about Aristotle’s Nichomachean Ethics philosophy, why it is important, and how it potentially connects to accounting and business. Aristotle was born in Stagiros, Macedon, in 384 B.C. He was educated by a guardian after his father had died. At the age of seventeen his guardian sent him to the centre of intellectual and artistic life in Athens. While he was there “he entered Plato’s Academy where he stayed for about twenty years as a student and then later as a teacher” (no author, n.d, page 1, paragraph 1). After teaching for a number of years, Aristotle sailed for Assos in Asia Minor; he lived there for three years while he gained interest in biology, anatomy, and began work on his book the Politics. Aristotle was a tireless scholar, whose scientific explorations were as wide ranging as his philosophical speculations were profound; a teacher who inspired and who continues to inspire generations of students; a controversial public figure who lived a turbulent life in a turbulent world. He bestrode antiquity like an intellectual colossus. No man before him had contributed so much to learning. Aristotle offers a business ethic intent on advancing the attainment of personal happiness. He defines happiness in the universalistic terms, and insists upon the priority of exercising...
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...* Lin’s states current and future (what if) scenarios in this article to give us a better grasp, understanding, of his argument on machines and the ethical choices that comes from it * The ethical, or moral, perspective of the article can be strongly compare to some of the philosophical concepts of Immanuel Kant. * Throughout this article, it is believe that reason (being rational) is the key to being ethical. * Topic * Robots themselves could be a weak link * While they can replace us in physical task like heavy lifting or working with dangerous materials and do dangerous jobs, it doesn’t seem likely that they can take over psychological jobs. So human intelligence will still be necessary in the foreseeable future. * Robots are limited in the mental capacity. We can program it to be more autonomous but it has certain limitation that prevents it from having a mind like a human. * Robots are treated as tool, merely as a means. They execute task following the intent of others such as humans. * Kind of agrees with Mill’s concept, “The greatest good for the greatest number.” * Kant * The will is conceived as a faculty of determining oneself to action in accordance with the conception of certain laws. And such a faculty can be found only in rational beings. * The foundation of this principle is: rational nature exists as an end in itself. * So act as to treat humanity, whether in thine own person or in that of any...
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...Anselm And Augustine Reason Of Faith Anselm And Augustine Reason Of Faith St. Augustine, who was also far and away the most influential Catholic theologian prior to St. Thomas Aquinas. St. Augustine’s mode of thought indicates perfectly that all knowledge upon all subjects must take into account the revealed truth of Scripture along with the insights of philosophy, since all knowledge is aimed at helping humanity understand God. He declared that “Faith precedes Reason” because unless you believe, you would not understand. St. Augustine like other Early Fathers of the Church, fully welcomed reason which was open to the absolute, and infused it with the richness drawn from Revelation. St. Augustine argued that reason and faith must be in concordance to know the truth and the stages of history. Moreover, he held that both help each other. Faith can help “illuminate” truths for philosophy and reasoning along the way to knowing God, and reason can help faith in understanding the perfections of God. St. Augustine, who was also far and away the most influential Catholic theologian prior to St. Thomas Aquinas. St. Augustine’s mode of thought indicates perfectly that all knowledge upon all subjects must take into account the revealed truth of Scripture along with the insights of philosophy, since all knowledge is aimed at helping humanity understand God. He declared that “Faith precedes Reason” because unless you believe, you would not understand. St. Augustine like other...
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...PHILIOSPHY OF NURSING This philosophy of nursing is assimilation of the author’s beliefs in regards of the metaparadigm through experience and understanding of knowledge. The author looks at the fundamental level, a theory which encompasses all or most theories. Attempts to view the theory as an interplay of energy, while looking at it in an atomic level. With the patient being the nucleus the primary structure and concentration of high energy while health and environment as different valence rings each holding electrons which are constantly moving in all possible directions all while orbiting around the nucleus. The space between the nucleus and the valence rings is nursing the spatial potential energy which unites the structure creating larger matter and ultimately the final product, the present material world (Seagar & Slabaugh, 2010). At the base of all matter is consciousness (Garon, 2011), therefore the universal fabric is conscious. A philosophy of nursing should be derived from laws that governing the universe and that is what the author attempts to do. Human Beings Human beings as defined by the writer are closely related to the understanding of human beings derived from humanistic nursing theorist specifically Martha E Rogers and Margaret Neumann. These theorist understood that human beings at a fundamental level are more than their biological makeup, they are consciousness. Sentient beings, or energy fields that are made up of patterns, holographic patterns...
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...Philosophy aims at knowledge that combines a variety of academic fields as well as convictions, prejudices and beliefs. Different definitions can show how to solve epistemological problems. One ability philosophy depicts is a person can have good reasoning and critical thinking skills. It does helps us understand ourselves better however there can be many debates on understanding the universe from one’s personal perspective. Through science, philosophy helps us understand the physical world (the universe). Of course there are others: literature, religion, magic, etc. If someone could tell you the answer to how it all began, how our world was created, why we exist, would you want to know? Modern Science has made some pretty impressive discoveries about our universe. In the case of “Socrates and Crito” philosophy can question our realities and beliefs. For years groups and individuals have had their beliefs tested. Some of them choose to abandon their beliefs to save their lives or keep something that they hold close to them. Others on the other hand choose to stick to their beliefs regardless of the cost or sacrifice they have to make. In today’s society more and more people are getting their beliefs tested in a multitude of different situations. In their workplace, home, school, anywhere, and even religious facilities. One relies upon the knowledge and interpretation of others to develop a sound and fortified reality and beliefs. Philosophy can question everything. Take for...
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...1. I am an educator. I am passionate about supporting the growth and education of students in whatever context that might be. I want to help children overcome their struggles and difficulties. Having a career in special education I feel can be very exciting and rewarding. In my opinion I feel working with children and youth with disabilities is a great way to give back to your community. I will be guided by my values and shall give it my interest, my enthusiasm, my passion, and most importantly, myself. I will strive, always, to encourage and support the dreams and aspirations of others, learn about others, and contribute to the betterment of my community. I believe education is one of the most important tools a person can have in life. Every child deserves to receive the best education possible, regardless of special needs. Being placed in the least restrictive environment, gaining necessary life skills and learning how to relate and communicate with people from different walks of life is imperative to the academic growth and success of any student. I have taught children with special needs in two school districts for over five years. It has always been my passion to help each child discover their individual gifts and talents and to reach their full potential. All children carry special gifts inside of them. I believe that anyone working with a special needs child has the responsibility to identify those gifts since they often go unnoticed. People often focus on the...
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