Free Essay

Physics - Light

In:

Submitted By jonobrono
Words 945
Pages 4
Fysik B //VF, 29/01­15
Oliver, Mads, Jonathan og Frederik F.

Nærum Gymnasium

Lys og det elektromagnetiske spektrum
Oliver, Mads, Jonathan og Frederik F.

Teori
Generelt om lyset
Det synlige lys befinder mellem bølgelængderne 400 nm og 700 nm i det elektromagnetiske spektrum. Man kan se ud fra det elektromagnetiske spectrum, at det synlige lys’ bølgelængde har betydning for hvilken farve man ser. Lys som et fysisk fænomen adskiller sig ikke fra elektromagnetisk stråling med andre bølgelængder, og i selve begrebet lys ligger den kvalitet som vi kalder farve, og derfor er lyset knyttet den menneskelige bevidsthed.
Hvis man skulle nævne farverne med laveste bølgelængde først lyder det som følgende: rød, orange, gul, grøn, blå og lilla. Inden den røde farve befinder det infrarøde lys, hvilket også ligger i navnet, da “infra” betyder “under” på latin. Efter farven lilla kommer der ultraviolet lys, hvilket bl.a. er den form for lys der kan skade en, hvis man bliver ramt af solens stråler (UVA (længste bølgelængde), UVB, UVC (farligste)).
Herudover er lys en forudsætning for liv. Solens lys tilfører energi til jorden, hvilket medfører, at planter er i stand til at omdanne kuldioxid (CO2) og vand til organiske stoffer og ilt (O, O2).
Erkendelsen af lysets enorme betydning kan spores 3000 år tilbage til Det Gamle Testamentes skabelsesberetning, hvor Gud siger: skal være lys” der er mange andre religioner der
”Der
, og tillægger solen eller lyset med guddommelig karakter.

1

Fysik B //VF, 29/01­15
Oliver, Mads, Jonathan og Frederik F.

Nærum Gymnasium
Lysets natur og egenskaber
De første tanker om hvordan lys fungerer kan spores helt tilbage til de græske filosoffer, såsom
Euklid der i ca. 280 f.Kr. fastslog at lys udbreder sig retlinjet. han formulerede og spejlloven
, der udtrykker, at den indkommende og den udgående stråle begge ligger i en plan, der indeholder normalen til spejlet, og at indfaldsvinklen er lig udfaldsvinklen. Han opfattede såvel som Platon lys som værende stråler der kom UD af øjet, og da man hurtigt kan se langt væk så snart man åbner øjnene måtte disse stråler brede sig noget nært uendeligt hurtigt. I år ca. 60 e.Kr. opstillede
Heron fra Alexandria en mere generel hypotese: At lys udbreder sig efter den korteste afstand mellem to punkter, og kunne på grundlag af det udlede Euklids resultater. I middelalderen var araberne mere naturvidenskabsbevidste og her skrev en mand ved navn
Alhazen i ca. år 1000 en række bøger om optik. Han var den første der opdagede, at lys ikke kommer indefra, men reflekteres ind i øjnene af de ting de rammer. Han fremsatte desuden en hypotese der lød at: lysets hastighed er endelig, og det bevæger sig langsommere i tætte medier. Dog kom et endeligt gennembrud indenfor faget først ca. 600 år senere, da Willebrord Snell og
René Descartes, uafhængigt af hinanden, formulerede “Brydningsloven” der i en matematisk form udtrykker, hvordan lysstrålers retning ændres, når de passerer grænseflader mellem to medier. Lysets hastighed
Man havde indtil 1670 troede at lyset hastighed var momental, altså det tog ingen tid for lyset at bevæge sig, det skete bare. Den danske astronom, Ole Rømer observerede at det tog en af
Jupiters måner længere tid at bevæge sig rundt om Jupiter, når Jupiter bevægede sig væk fra jorden. Når jupiter bevægede sig væk fra jorden blev afstanden større, og han konkluderede på dette fænomen at lysets hastighed må være en konstant hastighed. Han udregnede hastigheden til at være 227.000 km/s. Lysets hastighed er senere blev sat til at være 299.792 km/s, altså ca.
300.000 km/s 2

Fysik B //VF, 29/01­15
Oliver, Mads, Jonathan og Frederik F.

Nærum Gymnasium
Partikler eller bølger?
Et paradoksalt problem som man havde med lyset gennem mange århundrede var, at man ikke kunne blive enige om, hvorvidt at lys var en bølge eller partikel. Der var to ledende retninger,
Isaac Newton antog, at lys var en strøm af partikler. Den anden retning havde Christiaan
Huygens, hvor han opfattede lyset som bølger i rummet. I mange år var den førende retning
Huygens, da Francesco Maria Grinmaldi havde i 1600 tallet opdaget, at lyset kunne bøje rundt om forhindringer og kunne udvise diffraktion, hvilket er klare tegn på bølge egenskaber.
Derudover udformede Huygens spejlloven og brydningsloven ved bruge en bølgemodel. Da
Newton ikke var i stand til at bevise hans overbevisning om, at lys er en partikel, forblev problemet uopklaret indtil 1800 tallet. I 1801 kunne Thomas Young udføre et eksperiment, hvori at han viste, at lys kan udvise interferens, hvilket er endnu et bølgefænomen. Efterfølgende kunne han bestemme bølgelængden med en præcision ca. 0,0005 mm. Bølgeteorien blev bragt på matematisk form af
Augustin Jean Fresnel det kunne nu vises, at
, og hele den geometriske optik følger som en naturlig konsekvens af bølgeteorien i den grænse, hvor bølgelængden er meget mindre end andre indgående længder.
Afklaringen af lysbølgernes natur måtte afvente en bedre forståelse af begreberne elektricitet og magnetisme, og først med Clerk Maxwells teori for elektriske og magnetiske felter i
James
begyndelsen af 1860'erne blev det klart, at lys er elektromagnetiske bølger den efterfølgende
. I udvikling, der med kvantefysikkens fotoner har givet lyset det partikelaspekt, som Newton forfægtede, er der intet, der adskiller lys fra anden elektromagnetisk stråling, og betragtet som fysisk fænomen har det fundet sin plads som en lille del af et langt mere omfattende begreb, det elektromagnetiske spektrum.

Link til quiz https://www.onlinequizcreator.com/lys/quiz­147150 3

Fysik B //VF, 29/01­15
Oliver, Mads, Jonathan og Frederik F.

Nærum Gymnasium

Kilder http://denstoredanske.dk/It,_teknik_og_naturvidenskab/Fysik/Svingninger_i_faste_stoffer,_væsk er_mv./lys https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_lighting_technology

4

Lyset historie

Frederik F, Jonathan, Mads, Oliver

Similar Documents

Premium Essay

How Something Can Come from “Nothing”

...Conforming our beliefs to the evidence of reality is a hard transition for most. Unraveling the deep truths about our origins in this universe is confronting the very foundations of our society’s historic religious establishments. Could modern science bring us closer to a true pantheistic god of beauty, or destroy all notions of a sense of purpose (Krauss, 2012)? Regardless of your faith, the laws of physics are proving every day that something can come from nothing. A god of the gaps is probably the most common, as well as most elementary, argument for debating science vs. religion. This idea is simply employing a divine meaning to things that science has no answer to. It is often a question of why, and assumes purpose to everything. One thing that science cannot refute is a purpose to our world. It is scientifically inert, that is to say that there is no plausible way to test its predictions. The scientific method is just field testing the observable world we see around us. We are all naturally inquisitive; we thrive to find our “purpose” in the world. But this, I believe, is simply a limit to our senses. When there are questions that science cannot answer, such as why we came to be, skeptics often say that it is outside the bounds of our universe. This, to me, is just a lazy answer. The god of the gaps is a “fill in the blank” answer to everything that has been so far, untestable. This does not mean that anybody has the right to invoke a spiritual...

Words: 1937 - Pages: 8

Premium Essay

It225

...Physics is all around us. It is what causes the lights to buzz with electricity, the car on the streets to go from point A to point B, and our televisions to run so we can watch our favorite shows. According to Webster dictionary, physics is the science of matter and energy and of interactions between the two. In all physics consists of energy, kinetic energy, potential energy, velocity, acceleration, mass, force, and gravity. Without physics many things would not be possible. In fact, when a person is driving their car they are suing momentum (the quantity of motion of a moving object) and acceleration. Over time our general understanding of physics has helped us develop greater technology than society thought possible. For example, many years ago society believed that flight was impossible until two brothers, the Wright brothers, invented the aircraft. Now of course that was with many trial and errors. According to Bernoulli principle an increase of a flow results in a decrease of pressure. When air hits the leading edge the airflow above the wing travels faster than the flow below the wing. So therefore, the pressure below the wing will be higher than the air pressure above the wing. Because of this difference in pressure, lift is created, and pushes the wings upward. Be that as it may, this is not the only physics principle at work One must also apply Newton’s 1st (every body remains in a state of rest or uniform motion unless it is acted upon by an external unbalanced...

Words: 295 - Pages: 2

Free Essay

Albert Einstein’s Contribution to Quantum Mechanics

... GE 253 Physics Albert Einstein’s Contribution to Quantum Mechanics Albert Einstein was one of the greatest minds in world history. Einstein is known as a brilliant physicist who contributed more to the scientific world than any other person. His theories on relativity paved the way for how science currently views time, space, energy, and gravity. Einstein was so advanced in his thinking that his studies and work set the standards for the control of scientific energy and space explorations currently being studied in the field of astrophysics. Albert Einstein's most noted contribution to the world is his theory of relativity. By 1902, Einstein was working on combining time and space, matter and energy. In 1905 when he was only 26 years old, he published a paper on relativity. This paper showed mathematically that the speed of light is constant and not relative to its source or to the viewer. Einstein had actually written an essay when he was only 16 years old on relativity, which became the basis for his published paper. The greatest result of relativistic physics was Einstein's famous relation, E=mc2. In this, he was able to prove that any increase in the energy, E, of a body must lead to a corresponding increase in its mass, m, these increases being related by a factor c2 , where c represents the velocity of light squared. In conclusion, Albert Einstein ranks as one of the greatest people for his contributions towards physics and his part...

Words: 315 - Pages: 2

Free Essay

Physics

...Assignment in Physics... 1. Definition of Science, Major branches of science 2. Scientific Method 3. Definition of Physics and its major branches 4. Notable Physicist and their contribution 5. Importance of Physics in our everyday life and in our society. (Write the references) Short bond paper, written or computerized (font: Times New Roman/font size: 12) Reading assign. Measurement Diff. system of measurement fundamentals and derive quantities scientific notation rules in significant figures conversion of units http://www.hep.man.ac.uk/babarph/babarphysics/physicists.html ) I.1 Science The intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behaviour of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment. I.2 The Branches of Science The Physical Sciences * Physics: The study of matter and energy and the interactions between them. Physicists study such subjects as gravity, light, and time. Albert Einstein, a famous physicist, developed the Theory of Relativity. * Chemistry: The science that deals with the composition, properties, reactions, and the structure of matter. The chemist Louis Pasteur, for example, discovered pasteurization, which is the process of heating liquids such as milk and orange juice to kill harmful germs. * Astronomy: The study of the universe beyond the Earth's atmosphere. The Earth Sciences * Geology: The science of the origin, history, and structure...

Words: 1431 - Pages: 6

Free Essay

Creativity

...Is Science the only sure path to Truth? Physics is “the branch of science concerned with the nature and properties of matter and energy. The subject matter of physics includes mechanics, heat, light and other radiation, sound, electricity, magnetism, and the structure of atoms” (Oxford Dictionaries). Till the first half of the eighteenth century, physics was a branch of natural philosophy. It “became widely used in its modern sense (i.e., excluding the life sciences, geology, and chemistry) during the second half of the eighteenth century” (Olson, 2002, p. 301). Olson (2002) explains how physics is divided into two main categories. He states that topics treated before the middle of the last decade of the nineteenth century are said to be parts of classical physics. On the other hand a group of topics that emerged after about 1895 is said to make up modern physics. Since physics is a broad area, in this essay, I specifically focus on one topic from modern physics, namely quantum physics. I will evaluate whether quantum physics can lead us to ‘Truth’. In this paper, ‘Truth’ refers to quantum events. First, I will portray how quantum events are filled with uncertainties; I will then list three answers given by physicists to explain why uncertainties are present. I will then move on to show how quantum physics offers conceptual parallels to ideas in religion. I will mainly discuss the role of holism character in quantum systems. Finally I will evaluate whether god is the reason...

Words: 2244 - Pages: 9

Premium Essay

How the Telescope Changed Astronomy

...The earliest cultures of humanity created their deities from the heavens, most of which were seating upon the glowing specks of light that show through the black night sky. Humans only have a few senses that let them interact with and receive information from the environment, sight being the most useful. Trying to figure out what something far away is, in a star’s case, far enough away to make a giant ball of burning helium look like a speck, is something that requires a tool. Telescopes were the first tool that really helped humans see into the heavens, letting them study the stars and the ‘wanderers’ which eventually were found out to be planets moving around the sun (although at the time they were discovered, it was thought that everything revolved around the earth); albeit all of these stars and planets were discovered before Galileo’s telescope. The tool still helped gain better calculations of the stars, which helped Galileo support Nicolaus Copernicus’ heliocentric (sun-centered) solar system as opposed to the geocentric (earth-centered) solar system that people in those times believed. With Isaac Newton, one of the most famous physicists, discovering most of laws of motion through his studies in astronomy, Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, one of the greatest works in the Scientific Revolution, was born. From Newtonian physics, theories of fluid mechanics, electricity and magnetism, and most importantly, quantum mechanics. Further along the line of the...

Words: 2278 - Pages: 10

Premium Essay

Isaac Newton Research Paper

...attributed his work to the great Galileo Galilei. In this, he was most modest about his own success. Isaac Newton being a physicist and mathematician was very successful in his work. Newton developed the principles of modern physics, such as the laws of motion. Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy) has been hailed as the single most influential books on physics, a book written by Newton. In this book Newton covers and wrote of information on nearly all essential forms of energy. Newton even made discoveries in 3 different fields: Optics, motion, and Mathematics....

Words: 514 - Pages: 3

Premium Essay

Isaac Newton Research Paper

...Booten 1 Collin Booten Mrs. Mantooth Physics Honors 28 October 2015 Isaac Newton The life of Isaac Newton was remarkable. He was very well known for mathematics, his discoveries in optics, and motion. This amazing physicist was instrumental in changing the way we think about many things today. He was born on January 4, 1643, in Woolsthrope, England. He was the son of a prosperous local farmer, Isaac Newton. (Biography.com) They may have shared the same name, but sadly, Isaac Newton II did not get to share his life with his father. His father died three-months before he was born. Newton was born prematurely and wasn’t expected to survive because he was so tiny and weak. A few years later, Isaac’s mother, Hannah Newton,...

Words: 1259 - Pages: 6

Premium Essay

A Briefer History of Time Review

...hawking with Leonard Mlodinow Bantam Books (2005) Pages 1-60 A Briefer History of Time is a book aimed at explaining our universe It was written by Steven Hawking, and as the title suggests is a 'briefer' version of the original book. Steven hawking is incredibly famous for his contributions to the world of physics, this was all achieved while constantly battling a motor neurone disease. His first book a brief history of time was incredibly successful but many people found it to be too complex and some key concepts were hard to understand, Thus this version was released. Its aim is to make the difficult scientific theory's more accessible to the general public. The book is an attempt to explain everything we know, or think we know about the universe and cosmology. The first few chapters of the book are aimed at explaining the basics of physics and how it has progressed over time, It goes on to talk about Newton's laws and explain what a scientific theory is. This is a great move by the authors because it helps to explain the complex material by first going through the foundations of physics, this in turn makes the book far more accessible to the public . This is perfect as the book is aimed at ordinary people with an interest in science. The language used in the book is fairly technical but has been simplified to make the book easier to understand, this has been done well because they haven't made it patronising. The style of explanation...

Words: 905 - Pages: 4

Free Essay

Why Not

...Final Paper Albert Einstein and Isaac Newton were both very influential figures concerning science. They both discovered ground breaking things in the physics world. Albert Einstein was a German-born theoretical physicist who developed the general theory of relativity. This is one of the biggest parts of physics alongside with quantum mechanics. Sir Isaac Newton was an English physicist and mathematician who are commonly referred to as one of the most influential scientists of all time as well as a key figure in the scientific revolution. Newton formulated the laws of motion and the universal gravitation that dominated scientists’ view of the physical universe for over the next three centuries. He also has demonstrated that the motion of objects on the Earth and that the celestial bodies could be described by the same principles. When he was deriving Kepler’s laws of planetary motion from his mathematical description of gravity, Newton removed any of the people’s last doubts about the validity of the model of the cosmos that was heliocentric. Near the start of Albert Einstein’s career he was beginning to think that Newtonian mechanics was no longer enough to reconcile the laws of classical mechanics with the laws of the electromagnetic field. While he was doing this it led him to his special theory of relativity. Thus he realized that the principle of relativity could also be extended to the gravitational fields, and this sparked his subsequent theory of gravitation in 1916...

Words: 1068 - Pages: 5

Premium Essay

The Time Lag Argument

...The time-lag argument is an argument in the philosophy of perception whose conclusion is that we never (directly) perceive physical things of any sort expect our own inner experiences in our brains. The author of the time lag argument assumes that by simply appealing to facts from the uncontestable laws of physics, one will realize that the common belief about objects of vision are mistaken. However, in this paper, I will show that the author has failed to realize that the key to the argument is the notion that we perceive things happen when they happen, and not later; and we perceive things in the states in which they are, at the time when we perceive them. I argue that the argument pivots on the ordinary use of the word “perceive”. There...

Words: 1335 - Pages: 6

Free Essay

Einstein

...Introduction: E=mc2(squared) is the most famous formula that is known by almost everyone. This famous formula, of course, belongs to the most famous scientist Albert Einstein. I am pretty sure many of you, if not all, has heard of this formula at one point of your lives. Because I have a passion for both science and physics, I have been studying Einstein’s theories and his life for the last couple of years. Today, I am going to talk about early years of Einstein’s life and some of his discoveries which changed the way we look at the world. Body: 1) Einstein was born in Germany and his passion for science started at a young age. A. Einstein was born in Ulm, in the Kingdom of Wurttemberg in the German Empire on March 14th 1879. B. In Einstein’s early ages, his father showed him a pocket compass; Einstein realized that there must be something causing the needle to move. This event sparked the passion inside Einstein for science and later on he began to build mechanical devices for fun. C. Unlike a general thought, he never struggled to pass the exams or talk. It was just his family who thought he had a learning disability. D. Even though being remarkably good at physics and mathematics, he was not as successful in other subjects such as foreign language and social sciences. This is due to fact that he always had a passion to follow what he liked, not for what school wanted to teach him. He kept criticizing the disciplinary system of the schools and said that school were destroying...

Words: 1198 - Pages: 5

Premium Essay

Galileo Research Paper

...We now know that the speed of light is way too fast to be measured by this experiment. Galileo brought upon the public the basic idea of relativity, that “the laws of physics are the same in any system that is moving at a constant speed in a straight line, but not of its speed or direction.”(Hoskin, Michael A 62) While Galileo's statements of mathematics to experimental physics were new, his mathematical methods were the usual ones at the time. Even as there were many other studies he went in and different experiments there were way too many to even put in but as were listed above were the major one’s that later affected future and current people, with their views and their discoveries that effected history...

Words: 1937 - Pages: 8

Free Essay

Albert Einten

...Albert Einstein was born in Germany, He was one of the greatest minds in world history, and known as a brilliant physicist who contributed more to the scientific world than any other person. He majorly contributed to the four areas of the science; Light, Time, Energy, and Gravity .His theories on relativity paved the way for how science currently views time, space, energy, and gravity. Despite troubles in education and learning as a child, Einstein surpassed the odds and helped revolutionize science today. With his theories on relativity and gravity, Einstein would inspire other great scientists explain the unexplainable. Einstein also helped in the advancement of modern warfare, in the creation of the atomic bomb. Einstein's early work on the theory of relativity (1905) dealt only with systems or observers in uniform (unaccelerated) motion with respect to one another and is referred to as the special theory of relativity; among other results, it demonstrated that two observers moving at great speed with respect to each other will disagree about measurements of length and time intervals made in each other's systems, that the speed of light is the limiting speed of all bodies having mass, and that mass and energy are equivalent. In 1911 he asserted the equivalence of gravitation and inertia, and in 1916 he completed his mathematical formulation of a general theory of relativity that included gravitation as a determiner of the curvature of a space-time continuum. He then began...

Words: 661 - Pages: 3

Premium Essay

Niels Bohr Research Paper

...The University of Copenhagen is where Niels Bohr went to school following his passion in physics. Bohr would go on to do great things with the help and influence of his father and his father's best friend Professor Hoffding, to steer the way for him to become the person he visualized and set to be. To begin with, Bohr a very educated and sought after education to always learn, was introduced to epistemology, the theory of knowledge that justifies the differences from others opinions, capturing a thought to learn right from wrong. He learned philosophy and became a part of him to discover things himself which he would later on do. Bohr and a classmate name Harald were a part of a class with Professor Hoffding, as they debated philosophy,...

Words: 1269 - Pages: 6