...Learning Theory Learning Theory Learning theory: Learning theory generally describes how learning takes place. It explains how information is gathered and retained during the learning process. (Broderick and Blewitt, 2010, p.12) An example would be when a child is given candy when yelling in a grocery store as a way to stop the yelling. This particular child is likely to repeat the behavior because of the reward. This would be “Operant conditioning” where the “operant” is yelling and the “ reinforcement” is candy. Social learning theories are described as how we observe and model positive behaviors as to train another in learning by observing. (Broderick and Blewitt, 2010, p.12) An example would be a mobile therapist modeling good telephone manners for a client who wants to call a classmate over the phone to come over to play. Cognitive Development theories: Piaget’a s Cognitive Development theory generally accepts we all as adults have the ability to think logically. Piaget’s theory explains this depends on four stages from infancy to late childhood where we finally gain the ability to think logically with more realization like we do as adults. ((Broderick and Blewitt, 2010, p.10) An example of the “preoperational stage” is a two year old yelling at the furniture anytime she runs into it. She assumes the furniture hit into her and wants to punish it by yelling. Another example of this is a one year old asking if the Television is sick when it is not functioning properly...
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...Piaget’s Theory of Child Psychological Development There currently exists a great deal of literature based on child developmental psychology from a variety of great psychologists, notably Freud, Erikson, Bowlby, Bandura, Vygotsky, and many others. However, this paper will focus on the theories of Jean Piaget. Jean Piaget, a Swiss developmental psychologist and philosopher, was born in Neuchatel, Switzerland on August 9, 1896. After working with Alfred Binet in his children’s intelligence tests, Piaget developed an interest in the development of children He is widely known for his epistemological studies regarding children and formulating the Cognitive Theory of Development. Piaget self-identifies as a genetic epistemologist; “What the genetic epistemology proposes is discovering the roots of the different varieties of knowledge, since its elementary forms, following to the next levels, including also the scientific knowledge”. Jean Piaget was the first to believe that children were no less smarter than adults, they just think differently. Piaget refers to children as “little scientists” because they actively try to explore and make sense of the world around them The model Piaget designed was a model that sought to explain how humans made sense of the world around them through collecting and organizing information from experiences with people, applied to children specifically. The model itself has four main stages in children: the sensorimotor stage (birth to two years)...
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...Cognition and Development Piaget’s Theory Piaget’s Theory: The mechanisms of cognitive development – * Piaget believed that cognitive development was a result of two influences: maturation and the environment * Maturation refers to the effects of ageing * As children get older, certain mental operations become possible and at the same time, through interactions with the environment, their understanding of the world becomes more complex * Schema: * Self-constructed mental structures that can be behavioural (grasping an object) or cognitive (classifying objects) * Rather like individual computer programmes, schema are programmes that people construct for dealing with the world * When a child is born, it has few schema, but these are developed over time as a consequence of the child’s interaction with its environment * Assimilation: * A child initially tries to understand any form of new information in terms of their existing knowledge about the world * A baby who is given a new toy car to play with may grasp or suck that toy in the same way that they grasp and suck a rattle * Assimilation occurs when an existing schema (sucking) is used on a new object (car toy) * Assimilation therefore, involves the incorporation of new information into an existing schema * Accommodation: * This occurs when a child adapts existing schema in order to understand new information that doesn’t appear to fit * Learning to drive a manual car involves...
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...ages. A man named Jean Piaget came up with a theory to explain these differences in children. A prime example of the application of his theory would be the difference in the ways that a three-year-old and a nine-year-old think. Three main things stand out when you compare the two: movement means life, literal truth, and self-importance. The first of the three differences, movement means life, can be explained by a fan. To the three-year-old child, the fan would be alive because children at this stage associate movement with life. In opposition, the nine-year-old recognizes that this premise isn’t necessarily true, so he or she wouldn’t believe that the fan was alive; he or she would just think that it was moving. Next is literal truth. Three-year-olds have the idea that everything they see is absolute in its truth, for example, video games. To them, the characters and events that are happening in video games would be real. They wouldn’t be able to distinguish these ideas from real life. A nine-year-old on the other hand is aware that these are fake. They know that the things occurring in these games are just fantasies that...
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...Piaget’s theory of cognitive development in relation to children’s developing mathematical knowledge. Introduction Jean Piaget, a psychologist, made the study of cognitive development. He contributed a lot to the theory of cognitive child development. His study, especially his quantitative concepts, has created much attention in the field of child education. He explored children’s cognitive development to quince his interest in genetic epistemology. His exploration of children’s quantitative development has established mathematical knowledge with vital insights on how children learn ideas and mathematical concepts (Huitt & Hummel, 2003). This essay demonstrates the study of cognitive development of the mathematical knowledge in context of the Australian Curriculum. For that, I have chosen the age level 2. The approach of this essay will provide a discussion of Piaget’s theory in relation to Australian Curriculum, a brief difference of Piaget’s theory with Vygotsky theory, and summary of the study. Justification of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development Piaget believed that, child development occurs through an unswerving transformation of the thinking process. When certain development takes place, the cognitive development stage requires a period of months or years. He also described that the development of children learning is steady and gradual varying the stage. It depends on culture, experience, maturity level, ability, etc. All children have to pass through each...
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...Child development is seen as a very important topic in today’s world. What’s right? What is going to harm my child? How can I protect them? These, and many more questions are raised by most parents on a daily basis. In order to know what is best for a child, it is crucial to know what developmental theories best match up with a parent's way of thinking. Psychological theorists have been working for a long time on discovering how children grow and learn. Erik Erikson and Jean Piaget are two theorists that have made a lot of headway in the child developmental field. With some similar and different concepts, these theorists made a huge impact in the psychology world. Born in Germany, Erickson never agreed with traditional schooling. He graduated...
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...In Social Work, theories play the role of building block on which practice is established. It is important for practitioners to have an understanding of the groundwork of practice theories so that their work with clients are foundationally grounded on evidence based practice models. This allows the practitioner to have consistency among clients. In using practice theories, social workers are able to “predict and explain client behavior” and “identify knowledge gaps about practice situations” (Walsh, 2010, p.4) because the social worker is following a framework that has been tested and has proven useful with a particular type of client. However, before utilizing any theoretical framework, the social worker must understand under what environment...
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...are many developmental theories that are analyzed and compared to one another so we can grasp the different ideas that explain our development. There are five major theories that emphasize the development of mankind. These theories are the psychoanalytic theories of Freud and Erikson; the behaviorist theories of Pavlov and Skinner and the social learning theory of bandura; Piaget’s cognitive theory; Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory; and Bronfenbrenner’s biological context theory. Even though all of these theories are different and distinct from each other, they all provide a handout to the topic of development. When we look at development there are many theorist that stand by the discontinuous change, which means that our development occurs in distinct steps or stages. The men that fall under this category is Freud, Erikson, and Piaget. Freud’s psychosexual theory focuses on five different stages, in which pleasure, or gratification is focused on a particular biological function and body part. In Erickson’s psychosocial theory, he explains how society and culture both challenge and shapes us. He also breaks down development in age groups to create the different stages there is to follow when we rely and interact with society. The last stage theorist is Piaget, which brings the idea of the cognitive development. He suggests that human thinking is arranged into schemes, organized mental patterns that represent behavior actions. So these are stage theories that are represented in...
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...how organizational theory underpins the practice of management Organizations are ‘social arrangements for the controlled performance of collective goals’. Organizational theory and management theory is used in many aspects of a working business. Many people strive to adhere to the theory to help them become better at their jobs or more successful in life, although this may lead to them having to sacrifice some of their personal principles in order to succeed. One example of following organizational theory in the financial sector would be an employee or manager who wants to know how to achieve goals by having a set structure to follow. In addition, someone in a human resources sector will have to make decisions through their working day that will undoubtedly change the structure and practice of a working day of all other employees in the company. If an individual gets so wrapped up in trying to fit the mold of what the interpret their role should be in terms of organizational theory, they may start to neglect others areas of business. In the some way, management theory may also underpin the personal values of some individuals. For instance, they may disagree with a particular rule or regulation that has been introduced by the company, however in order to carry out their job as a manager effectively and professionally, they need to move away from their principles and execute the job. It is difficult to try to execute both management and organizational theories as a psychological...
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...hypothesis derived from Piaget’s theory of cognitive development. I will compare 5-months olds in a task that involves possible and impossible outcomes. Piaget’s theory specifies the cognitive competencies of children of this age. 1a. What infants see in the sensorimotor stage is just simple objects and shapes, and what they experience depends on their 5 senses and actions. 1b. Object permanence is the thought that just because one cannot see the object, it does not mean the object ceases to exist. Piaget would describe the lack of object permanence in infants as a brain that has not yet developed memory yet and is still fragile. After eight months, the child’s mind becomes less fragile and object permanence emerges. 1c. Stranger anxiety is when an infant memorizes familiar faces such as its parents and then reacts differently to any other unfamiliar face. According to Piaget, this emerges at around eight months as well. Infants can grasp the concept of that things come and go and can memorize what these objects look like, so whether it is a toy or parent, infants try to find what’s missing. 1d. McCrink and Wynn’s theory is that infants can do math such as addition and subtraction. This theory is against Piaget’s because McCrink’s theory says infants can do the math of taking away one doll from two will equal one while Piaget’s theory says their memories are too fragile. Habituation is a method that might be used to explore predictions of Piaget’s theory. 2a.. Habituation is...
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...Children’s Theoretical Perspective on the Theory of Mind and False Beliefs on Social Cognition Questions seeking an answer to a missing piece, puzzled with things unknown, and bothering twisted thoughts. These are primordial stuff experienced by an individual leading to curiosity. Curiosity which makes every person motivated in finding an answers. The fact that curiosity about a matter will always be the starting point of a new development. One of the best examples is the children. As we can see, children are the most determine explorer because for them everything is a mystery. To discover simple unfamiliar objects, to meliorate their knowledge and to understand their environment are their major goals which we can identify as mediocre. The genuine truth about children is their capacity to understand someone even though they have minimal knowledge on how mental life processes goes through. They can easily figure it out when someone is motivated in acquiring their wants or goals. As a matter of fact, sometimes they can also distinguish what are the positive and negative emotions. On the other hand, they can also practice their false beliefs where they can hardly define between what is real and what is true. Furthermore, as we adults, we are more matured enough in thinking and behaving in all matter. We have the responsibility to modify what we perceive and to justify and stand on what we believe is right and wrong. Nevertheless, people talk too much; people think...
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...learning?” The constructivism theory of learning changes the way we answer this question. No longer is getting the “right” answer the sole determining factor of whether a student has learned a particular lesson. In this theory learners create and drive their own learning. The role of the teacher is vastly changed as the teacher becomes an instigator of learning instead of the leader. Background The constructivist view on learning has greatly changed the way theorist think about a person’s learning process. For hundreds of years the thought of how one “processes” learning was the focus on all research regarding how a person functions during learning. The constructivist view changes all previous thoughts on learning while maintaining some compatibility with other thoughts. It is a theory with more than one perspective which gives it multiple view points while maintaining the main focus on the learner. There are many theorists who have contributed towards the constructivist theory. Two of the primary theorists, Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky had different contributions to this theory. Piaget’s theory of cognitive development provides some basis for understanding the stages a learner developmentally goes through. His theory essentially sets the basis for the importance of understanding at what levels students function in order for a student to fully benefit from learning- an important concept for educators to realize. Piaget’s theory of education states a student’s...
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...Scientific Inquiry Javier Bryon AIU Online Abstract By using the controlled experimental method we can prove or disprove hypothesis in question. During the experiment we can come to a conclusion on whether further experimentation is needed or other hypothesis need to be implemented to solve a question. Introduction Blue porch ceilings are quite prevalent along the east coast, there are many theories as to why, from keeping evil spirits out of the home to fooling spiders and wasps into thinking that the ceilings are actually the sky. Many old houses around the Victorian and Colonial era bear this color in their porches due to the popularity at the time, but even now the popularity of the color is prevalent. Besides keeping evil spirits from entering the homes and fooling bugs, the blue ceiling reminds the owners of the blue skies even on cloudy days. Hypothesis The blue paint used in the painting of porches of the Victorian and Colonial homes contains an ingredient that repels insects, a natural insecticide used in the popular paint color. Prediction If there is an ingredient that naturally repels insects in the blue paint then the results should be obvious. Painting two porches ceilings one with blue paint and another one with white paint should demonstrate that the one with blue paint is bug free during the time of the experiment. Controlled Experimental Method First three enclosures were built; enclosure number one ceiling is painted sky blue. Enclosure...
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...Testing A Theory PSY/201 May 12, 2013 A couple of years ago, I decided to test a theory on myself by trying to lose fight while gaining more muscle mass. I have heard so many different theories on how to lose fat while gaining muscle mass, but I could not find a good routine that gave me the best results. Before I began my research, I had to think critical about what was causing me to gain fat, and why my workout routine was not as effective on myself as it was for others. I began to search for credible sources on the Internet, so that I can have a better understanding of the relationship between nutrition and the human body. Once my understanding on nutrition was clear, I then began to do research on fat burning and strength conditioning. After my research was complete, I began to test these theories on myself. I created a chart that kept track of each exercise, the amount of repetitions completed, weight loss or gain, and body fat percentage. I used this chart to compare my before and after results within 90 days, and the end results were stunning. I could lower my body fat percentage, and gain more muscle mass, which was exactly what I wanted. The type of informal research that was used to test this theory was experimental research. According to the textbook, Psychology and Your Life, it tells us about experimental research, which states, “Investigator produces a change in one variable to observe the effects of that change on other variables” (Ch. 1, pg. 33)...
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...scientific method was trying to plant roses and trying to keep them alive. I would plant the roses and water them and even planted them in the sun. I would not try to figure out why they would keep dying. If I would have went through and tried fertilizer and tried to figure out why they kept dying then I would have at least came to a conclusion. If I would have found out how to take care of roses and then started to water them the way they are supposed to be watered and gave the roses the fuel they need to live they would not have died. I would have first seen how to take care of roses. Then I would have measured out the water and how much sun they needed and applied that then tested my theory I could have seen if they would have lived. If the roses had died after that then I would have tested other theories to see what works like trying to put fertilizer around the base of the rose bush to see if the ground was not the reason the roses were dying. If the ground does not have enough nutrients then the roses would not have been able to get the food it needed from the...
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