Premium Essay

Pinatubo Research Paper

Submitted By
Words 1275
Pages 6
The Earth provided many elements to supports human’s lives and civilization. However, natural disasters are part of effects of earth that could potentially destroy human’s lives and their civilizations. Some of these natural can be predicted to minimize the damages that they would cause while some other cannot be predicted. One of these natural disasters is Volcano. Volcanoes is a structure a single vent or cluster of vents which is ways that led magma to rise to the surface from very deep within the Earth(USGS,1999). The distance in which magma have to travel within the earth to the surface is more than 30 kilometer. These volcano eruptions can often be predicted with enough amount of informations, however, it is not a simple task to minimize …show more content…
there are several factor that led to mount Pinatubo’s eruption. One of the precursors is the Luzon earthquake. This earthquake occurred 100 kilometers northeast of Mount Pinatubo, on the island of Luzon. The earthquake happened on July 16, 1990, which is almost a year prior to the volcano eruption event. The earthquake was measured at the magnitude of 7.8, the highest magnitude which was recorded in 1990.This earthquake is as strong as the 1906 San Francisco earthquake(USGS 2005). This earthquake caused shaking movement of the earth’s crust beneath the volcano. Landslides and steam emissions near volcano area was generated by the earthquakes, this activities, however had no relation to the awakening of the volcano. However, when magma rise from 32 kilometers to the surface, it caused numbers of small earthquake to occur in the region of the volcano. Powerful steam explosion that was generated from these small earthquakes destroyed three craters of the volcano. This is what truly led to the activation of Mount Pinatubo. Right before the eruption occurred, sulfur dioxide gas was also emitted from the volcano (USGS, 2005). Mount Pinatubo volcano is an active stratovolcano, which is a conical shape volcano that built up by many layers of lava. Before the eruption occur, it stood at 1745 meters above sea level. When the volcano occurred, it created a 2.5 kilometers wide caldera which became a lake in present time. Due to the formation of caldera, a large part of this volcano was gone reduced its height from 1745 to 1486 meters above sea level(NMNH). Due to its type, the volcano is highly explosive when erupted. Its location also provide a hint to its reactivation. The stratovolcanos are often found in a subduction zone where one continental plate lies below another, mount Pinatubo is not an exception(Pappas, 2011). Mount Pinatubo belong to a chain of volcanoes which laid on the subduction zone

Similar Documents

Premium Essay

Research Paper On Mount Pinatubo

...Location of Mount Pinatubo Mount Pinatubo is positioned amongst the peaks of the Zambales mountain range that runs across the Island of Luzon, in the Philippines. The capital city of Manila is 55 miles or 87 kilometers away from this volcano, as of this, people that are living there are often showered with ashes whenever the volcano erupts. Mount Pinatubo effects more than 6 million people than are living in close concurrence of it. https://www.google.com.au/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CAYQjB1qFQoTCP7y8InW9sgCFWLYpgodOjID4g&url=http%3A%2F%2Fkoolvolcano.weebly.com%2Fdisaster-facts.html&psig=AFQjCNFlHCQPDD7twbwfWRz9J31PXA6tNQ&ust=1446723186547898 https://www.google.com.au/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CAYQjB1qFQoTCNfL2bra9sgCFQSIpgod3HUIbg&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ngdc.noaa.gov%2Fhazard%2Fstratoguide%2Fpinfact.html&psig=AFQjCNHZOuvQq6UDH2LuuPpOALzbeJRr2g&ust=1446724373952180...

Words: 536 - Pages: 3

Premium Essay

Gs1140 Unit 2 Research Paper 1

...Unit 2 Research Paper 1: Global Warming During the last fifty years, two environmental issues have received significant attention: global warming and the hole in the ozone layer. As scientists have investigated these two environmental phenomena some have made some effort to show that these two effects are somehow related. In this research paper I will further elaborate on their relationship. Ozone high in the atmosphere absorbs ultraviolet radiation from the sun, thereby protecting living organisms below from this dangerous radiation. The term ‘ozone hole’ refers to recent depletion of this protective layer over Earth's Polar Regions. People, plants, and animals living under the ozone hole are harmed by the solar radiation now reaching the Earth's surface—where it causes health problems from eye damage to skin cancer. In the 1980s, scientists discovered that the ozone layer was thinning in the lower stratosphere, with particularly dramatic ozone loss known as the ozone hole in the Antarctic springtime. This is caused by increasing concentrations of ozone-depleting chemicals in the stratosphere that come from spray cans and refrigerants. These long-lived chlorofluorocarbons or CFCs (chemical compounds with chlorine and/or fluorine attached to carbon) remain in the atmosphere for decades to over a century depending on the CFC. At the poles CFCs attach to ice particles. When the sun comes out again in the polar spring, the ice particles melt, releasing the ozone-depleting molecules...

Words: 537 - Pages: 3

Free Essay

Chemistry

...populations in the eastern Canadian Arctic (including Western Hudson Bay) have reported seeing more bears near settlements during the open-water period in recent years. In a fifth ecologically similar population, no changes have yet been reported by Inuit hunters. These observations, interpreted as evidence of increasing population size, have resulted in increases in hunting quotas. However, long-term data on the population size and body condition of polar bears in Western Hudson Bay, as well as population and harvest data from Baffin Bay, make it clear that those two populations at least are more likely to be declining, not increasing. While the ecological details vary in the regions occupied by the five different populations discussed in this paper, analysis of passive-microwave satellite imagery beginning in the late 1970s indicates that the sea ice is breaking up at progressively earlier dates, so that bears must fast for longer periods during the open-water season. Thus, at least part of the explanation for the appearance of more bears near coastal communities and hunting camps is likely that they are searching for alternative food sources in years when their stored body fat depots may be depleted before freeze-up, when they can return to the sea ice to hunt seals again. We hypothesize that, if the climate continues...

Words: 12538 - Pages: 51

Premium Essay

Global

...The effects of global warming on the environment and human life are numerous and varied. Scenarios studied by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predict that global warming will continue and get worse much faster than was expected even in their last report. Research by NOAA indicate that the effects of global warming are already irreversible. The IPCC reports attribute many specific natural phenomena to human causes. The expected long range effects of recent climate change may already be observed. Rising sea levels, glacier retreat, Arctic shrinkage, and altered patterns of agriculture are cited as direct consequences of human activities. Predictions for secondary and regional effects include extreme weather events, an expansion of tropical diseases, changes in the timing of seasonal patterns in ecosystems, and drastic economic impact. Concerns have led to political activism advocating proposals to mitigate, or adapt to it. Geoengineering is a further potential response, which could potentially reverse some effects that may otherwise be irreversible. It is notable that many of the effects of global warming are non-linear in nature, with potential for dramatic positive feedback effects. This means that the climate may enter a critical state where small changes can trigger runaway or abrupt climate change. Geoengineering has been suggested as a means of interrupting or reversing these effects. A notable example of a 'runaway' effect is the release of methane...

Words: 4242 - Pages: 17

Premium Essay

Geoengineering Research

...believe they could likewise block solar radiation and potentially cool the planet. Sulfur dioxide reacts with water in the atmosphere to create droplets of sulfuric acid, says Rutgers University environmental scientist Alan Robock. Those droplets are particularly good at scattering the sun's light back out into space. And because sulfur doesn't heat the stratosphere as much as other aerosols, it wouldn't work against the cooling effect. Hydrogen sulfide is an even better candidate for atmospheric seeding than sulfur dioxide, but scientists would need an awful lot of it: 5 megatons, every year, to offset humanity's contribution to global warming. That's like experiencing the eruption of a volcano a quarter of the size of the cataclysmic Mt. Pinatubo, annually. But while a volcano has intense underground pressure to propel sulfur upwards, human means to do so are limited. "There's no way to do it today," Robock says. Some scientists...

Words: 3723 - Pages: 15

Premium Essay

Spes

...A STUDY ON THE TUGAK FESTIVAL (FARM FROG EXOTIC DISH) OF PAMPANGA. A BASIS FOR ADVERTISING CAMPAIGN ------- A Thesis presented to the College of Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences Department of Mass Communication Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila ------- In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Bachelor in Mass Communication ------- By: Vanessa Alac Renee Mae Bonifacio Eva Mhe Guzmana Aira Henson Melody Grace Christine Osorio Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION This chapter is an overview of the study on the history of the culinary tourism of Pampanga, how it was coined as the Culinary Capital of the Philippines and the different festivals they are celebrating every year. This includes the background of the study, statement of the problem, significance of the stud and scope and limitations of the study. Background of the Study Pampanga is a province of the Philippines located in Central Luzon or Region 3. City of San Fernando is the capital which surrounded by the provinces of Bataan and Zambales, Tarlac, Nueva Ecija and Bulacan. Pampanga is called as the Culinary Capital of the Philippines because the province is blessed which great cooks which are trained by the Spaniards during the colonial period. These great cooks pass their culinary expertise from generation to generation. Pampanga is very much known for its first-rate cuisines and delicacies according to culinary experts that’s why it was tagged as the Culinary...

Words: 7532 - Pages: 31

Premium Essay

What Is Bar?

...Agricultural Research  The Bureau of Agricultural Research (BAR) is one of the staff bureaus of the Department of Agriculture (DA) which was established to lead and coordinate the national agriculture and fisheries research and development (R&D) in the country. BAR is committed to consolidate, strengthen, and develop the agriculture and fisheries R&D system for the purpose of improving its effectiveness and efficiency by ensuring customer satisfaction and continuous improvement through work excellence, teamwork and networking, accountability and innovation. Mission To attain food security and reduce poverty through technology-based agriculture and fisheries sector Vision "A better life for Filipinos through excellence in agriculture and fisheries research and development"  Mandate Executive Order 116, under the 1986 Freedom Constitution, created the Bureau of Agricultural Research with the mandate:             "…to ensure that all agricultural research is coordinated and undertaken for maximum utility to agriculture. It shall tap farmers, farmer organizations, and research institutions, especially the State Colleges and Universities, in the conduct of research for the use of the Ministry and its clientele, particularly the farmers/fishermen and other rural workers."             Further expanded and strengthened the mandate of BAR by providing leadership in enhancing, consolidating and unifying the national and regional agriculture and fisheries research and development...

Words: 7358 - Pages: 30

Free Essay

Eklabu

...requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Tourism Management DR. ALEJANDRO D. MAGNAYE Dean ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This study would not have been possible without the guidance and the help of several individuals who in one way or another contributed and extended their valuable assistance in the preparation and completion of this study. First, to the creator above, for all the guidance and strength that He has given to us to finish this study and power to keep us healthy and well-built to achieve this study. To our Dean Alejandro D. Magnaye and to our professors, Mrs. Eleonor Aguilando, Mr. Jonathan R. Adanza and Prof. Agnes G. Azul who always supports us in everything that we do, for sharing their expertise in research study, invaluable assistance, genuine concern, recommendation and most of all for her encouragement and moral support to us....

Words: 13827 - Pages: 56

Premium Essay

Public Fiscal Administration

...------------------------------------------------- Fiscal policy of the Philippines From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Fiscal policy refers to the "measures employed by governments to stabilize the economy, specifically by manipulating the levels and allocations of taxes and government expenditures. Fiscal measures are frequently used in tandem with monetary policy to achieve certain goals."[1] In the Philippines, this is characterized by continuous and increasing levels of debt and budget deficits, though there have been improvements in the last few years.[2] The Philippine government’s main source of revenue are taxes, with some non-tax revenue also being collected. To finance fiscal deficit and debt, the Philippines relies on both domestic and external sources. Fiscal policy during the Marcos administration was primarily focused on indirect tax collection and on government spending on economic services and infrastructure development. The first Aquino administration inherited a large fiscal deficit from the previous administration, but managed to reduce fiscal imbalance and improve tax collection through the introduction of the 1986 Tax Reform Program and the value added tax. The Ramos administration experienced budget surpluses due to substantial gains from the massive sale of government assets and strong foreign investment in its early years. However, the implementation of the 1997 Comprehensive Tax Reform Program and the onset of the Asian financial crisis resulted...

Words: 8899 - Pages: 36

Premium Essay

Lalalal

...1 UNIT 1 Living Things and Their Environment DRAFT April 29, 2014 Photo Credit: http://www.flyingfourchette.com/2013/05/25/around-ubud/ 2 UNIT 1: Living Things and Their Environment Introduction At this point, students have already learned in Grade 8 how the body breaks down food into forms that can be absorbed through the digestive system and then transported to each cell, which was on the other hand discussed in Grade 7 to be the basic unit of life. The learners have also discovered that cells divide to produce new cells by mitosis and meiosis. They have understood that meiosis is an early step in sexual reproduction that leads to variation. Students have been introduced to genetics to be able to appreciate evolutionary differences among species. Learners have also found out that biodiversity is the collective variety of species living in an ecosystem, and by studying the ecosystem; they have come across the various cycling of materials and energy transformation. DRAFT April 29, 2014 All modules in Grade 9 Unit 1-Living Things and Their Environment present student-centered activities that will allow the learners to discover and develop concepts that they may consider useful to their everyday life. At the end of each lesson, key concepts are provided for the students to grasp ideas and information that they will remember even after they have left school. Instructional activities are designed to build up the students’ knowledge, understanding, skills, and ability to transfer...

Words: 68324 - Pages: 274

Free Essay

Banana

...Morton, J. 1987. Banana. p. 29–46. In: Fruits of warm climates. Julia F. Morton, Miami, FL. Banana Musa x paridasiaca Description Origin and Distribution Varieties Climate Soil Propagation Culture Harvesting Yield Handling and Packing Controlled Ripening and Storage Pests Diseases Food Uses Animal Feed Other Uses Folklore The word "banana" is a general term embracing a number of species or hybrids in the genus Musa of the family Musaceae. Some species such as M. Basjoo Sieb. & Zucc. of Japan and M. ornata Roxb., native from Pakistan to Burma, are grown only as ornamental plants or for fiber. M. textilis Nee of the Philippines is grown only for its fiber, prized for strong ropes and also for tissue-thin tea bags. The so-called Abyssinian banana, Ensete ventricosum Cheesman, formerly E. edule Horan, Musa ensete Gmel., is cultivated in Ethiopia for fiber and for the staple foods derived from the young shoot, the base of the stem, and the corm. Most edible-fruited bananas, usually seedless, belong to the species M. acuminata Colla (M. cavendishii Lamb. ex Paxt., M. chinensis Sweet, M. nana Auth. NOT Lour., M. zebrina Van Houtee ex Planch.), or to the hybrid M. X paradisiaca L. (M. X sapientum L.; M. acumianta X M. balbisiana Colla). M. balbisiana Colla of southern Asia and the East Indies, bears a seedy fruit but the plant is valued for its disease-resistance and therefore plays an important role as a ";parent"; in the breeding of edible bananas. ...

Words: 15803 - Pages: 64

Premium Essay

Summary of Diversity Amid Globalization

...Index Introduction------------------------------------------------------------------------------4 Diversity Amid Globalization-------------------------------------------------------5 The Changing Global Environment----------------------------------------------11 North America---------------------------------------------------------------------------12 Latin America---------------------------------------------------------------------------23 The Caribbean--------------------------------------------------------------------------27 Sub-Saharan Africa-------------------------------------------------------------------31 Southwest Asia and North Africa------------------------------------------------32 Europe------------------------------------------------------------------------------------34 The Russian Domain-----------------------------------------------------------------39 Central Asia-----------------------------------------------------------------------------42 East Asia---------------------------------------------------------------------------------45 South Asia-------------------------------------------------------------------------------47 Southeast Asia-------------------------------------------------------------------------50 Australia and Oceania---------------------------------------------------------------57 Conclusion------------------------------------------------------------------------------60 Bibliography----------------------------------------------------------------------------61 ...

Words: 16166 - Pages: 65

Free Essay

Sona 2015 Pnoy

...THE 2015 STATE OF THE NATION ADDRESS TECHNICAL REPORT Prepared by: The Office of the President of the Philippines TABLE OF CONTENTS TRANSPARENT, ACCOUNTABLE, AND PARTICIPATORY GOVERNANCE 1. Institutionalized Public Accountability .............................................................. 1 2. Upheld Transparency and Citizen Engagement in Government .................... 11 RAPID, INCLUSIVE, AND SUSTAINED ECONOMIC GROWTH 1. Sustained Strong and Broad-Based Economic Growth ................................. 14 2. Increased Opportunities for Employment and Economic Activity .................. 24 POVERTY REDUCTION AND EMPOWERMENT OF THE POOR AND VULNERABLE 1. Invested in the Filipino Workforce for Decent and Productive Work .............. 44 2. Sustained Equitable Access to Affordable and Quality Health Care .............. 50 3. Empowered the Poor and Marginalized towards Self-Reliance ..................... 56 JUST AND LASTING PEACE AND THE RULE OF LAW 1. Protected our National Territory and Boundaries........................................... 61 2. Ensured Public Order and Safety .................................................................. 64 3. Pursued Efforts for Peace and Development in Mindanao ............................ 68 4. Advanced and Protected Human Rights ........................................................ 71 5. Reformed the Justice Sector ......................................................................... 76 INTEGRITY...

Words: 48288 - Pages: 194

Free Essay

Meteorological Instruments

...Guide to Meteorological Instruments and Methods of Observation WMO-No. 8 Guide to Meteorological Instruments and Methods of Observation WMO-No. 8 Seventh edition 2008 WMO-No. 8 © World Meteorological Organization, 2008 The right of publication in print, electronic and any other form and in any language is reserved by WMO. Short extracts from WMO publications may be reproduced without authorization, provided that the complete source is clearly indicated. Editorial correspondence and requests to publish, reproduce or translate this publication in part or in whole should be addressed to: Chairperson, Publications Board World Meteorological Organization (WMO) 7 bis, avenue de la Paix P.O. Box No. 2300 CH-1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland ISBN 978-92-63-10008-5 NOTE The designations employed in WMO publications and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of WMO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Opinions expressed in WMO publications are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of WMO. The mention of specific companies or products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by WMO in preference to others of a similar nature which are not mentioned or advertised. Tel.: +41 (0) 22 730 84 03 Fax: +41 (0) 22 730 80 40 E-mail: publications@wmo...

Words: 216230 - Pages: 865

Free Essay

500 Extraordinary Islands

...500 extraordinary islands G R E E N L A N D Beaufort Sea Baffin Bay vi Da i tra sS t a nm De it Stra rk Hudson Bay Gulf of Alaska Vancouver Portland C A N A D A Calgary Winnipeg Newfoundland Quebec Minneapolis UNITED STATES San Francisco Los Angeles San Diego Phoenix Dallas Ottawa Montreal ChicagoDetroitToronto Boston New York OF AMERICA Philadelphia Washington DC St. Louis Atlanta New Orleans Houston Monterrey NORTH AT L A N T I C OCEAN MEXICO Guadalajara Mexico City Gulf of Mexico Miami Havana CUBA GUATEMALA HONDURAS b e a n Sea EL SALVADOR NICARAGUA Managua BAHAMAS DOMINICAN REPUBLIC JAMAICA San Juan HAITI BELIZE C a r PUERTO RICO ib TRINIDAD & Caracas N TOBAGO A COSTA RICA IA M PANAMA VENEZUELA UYANRINA H GU C U G Medellín A PAC I F I C OCEAN Galapagos Islands COLOMBIA ECUADOR Bogotá Cali S FR EN Belém Recife Lima BR A Z I L PERU La Paz Brasélia Salvador Belo Horizonte Rio de Janeiro ~ Sao Paulo BOLIVIA PARAGUAY CHILE Cordoba Santiago Pôrto Alegre URUGUAY Montevideo Buenos Aires ARGENTINA FALKLAND/MALVINAS ISLANDS South Georgia extraordinary islands 1st Edition 500 By Julie Duchaine, Holly Hughes, Alexis Lipsitz Flippin, and Sylvie Murphy Contents Chapter 1 Beachcomber Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Aquatic Playgrounds 2 Island Hopping the Turks & Caicos: Barefoot Luxury 12 Life’s a Beach 14 Unvarnished & Unspoiled 21 Sailing...

Words: 249855 - Pages: 1000