...The Parable Of The Pipeline Once upon a time long, long ago, two ambitious young cousins named Pablo and Bruno lived side by side in a small Italian village. The young men were best buddies, and big dreamers. They would talk endlessly about how someday, someway, they would become the richest men in the village. They were both bright and hard working. All they needed was an opportunity. One day that opportunity arrived. The village decided to hire two men to carry water from a nearby river to a cistern in the town square. The job went to Pablo and Bruno. Each man grabbed two buckets and headed to the river. By the end of the day, they had filled the town cistern to the brim. The village elder paid them one penny for each bucket of water. "This is our dream come true! "shouted Bruno. "I can't believe our good fortune." But Pablo wasn't so sure. His back ached and his hands were blistered from carrying the heavy buckets. He dreaded getting up and going to work the next morning. He vowed to think of a better way to get the water from the river to the village. Pablo The Pipeline Man: "Bruno, I have a plan," Pablo said the next morning as they grabbed their buckets and headed for the river. "Instead of lugging buckets back and forth for pennies a day, let's build a pipeline from the village to the river." Bruno stopped dead in his tracks. "A pipeline! Whoever heard of such a thing?" Bruno shouted. "We've got a great job, Pablo. I can carry 100 buckets a...
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...per cent for pipelines and 5 per cent for roads. Railways and roads are inefficient modes of carrying petroleum products because they consume significantly more energy (320 BTU for railways and 1700 BTU for roads to move one tonne of petroleum products over one km) than pipelines for which the comparable figure is only 50-135 BTU. Clearly, pipeline transportation is the most efficient way of moving petroleum products and gases and, hence, is the preferred mode all over the world. In developed countries like the USA and the UK, almost all long distance transportation of petroleum products and gas takes place through pipelines. India is far behind these countries in realizing the full potential of pipelines because it does not have a well-developed pipeline network. A rapid development of pipelines, therefore, is essential to ensure that the share of this mode in the transportation of petroleum products and natural gas reaches the desired level. It is estimated that around Rs 30,000 crore are likely to be invested over the next 10-12 years in setting up pipeline networks for liquid petroleum products The efficient and effective movement of natural gas from producing regions to consumption regions requires an extensive and elaborate transportation system. In many instances, natural gas produced from a particular well will have to travel a great distance to reach its point of use. The transportation system for natural gas consists of a complex network of pipelines, designed to quickly...
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...Burma Pipelines Case Study OL 690 Helen Cowell Prof. Jan Wyatt August 16, 2012 Torture, forced displacement, land confiscation, genocide and arbitrary arrest are connected to the Shwe natural gas and oil project in Burma. What is the damage to the environment and the livelihood of the thousands of the displaced people? Are the people’s human rights being violated by being forced to give up their land? Are Chinese companies being unethical and prey-hunter businessmen? These are just a few of the questions being asked concerning the new pipelines being built. Natural gas and oil pipelines, which will start in Kyaukphyu, are being constructed to provide gas and oil to resource hungry China. The oil pipeline will be 479 miles long and will be able to discharge 240 thousand barrels of oil per day. The natural gas pipelines will extend even further to Guangxiin China, running a total of 1700 miles long. Burma relies on agriculture and exports of rice to keep their economy afloat. Climate changes, due to burning gas, will have huge impacts on global temperatures in Burma. Burma is a lowland delta region which is vulnerable to flooding. The project has led to the confiscation of thousands of acres of land across the area of Burma due to creating a “security corridor” adjacent to the pipeline, destroyed the livelihood of farmers due to land confiscation, bankrupted fisherman by devastating the marine ecosystem, due to underwater mining, and killing fish. Some farmers...
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...Constitution Pipeline. The Constitution Pipeline, is a pipeline that is Approximately 124 miles long and will extend from Susquehanna County, PA., to Schoharie County, NY. The pipeline which was proposed in mid-2012, has been majorly opposed to residents in this area. There are some businesses that are in favor of the pipeline, like the company Amphenol Aerospace, that would like to receive natural gas to their company and the only way they can receive natural gas is with the construction of the pipeline and there are land owners that are concerned about the safety and do not want to have the pipeline running though their land. On April 22, 2016, New York Department of Conservation has denied the Constitution Pipeline for the permits to clear tress to begin construction. In 2014 Governor Andrew Cuomo, banned hydraulic fracking. With the community groups and Cuomo, pressuring the state the pipeline was rejected. The Constitution Pipeline Company has not yet decided if they are going to appeal the decision. Even though this pipeline stands to bring almost 2500 jobs to the area during construction as well as tax benefits, most residents are against the pipeline. In Pennsylvania the Constitutional Pipeline will cross 36 miles of interior forest which is a habitat for migratory birds and other wildlife. Mid- 2012, Williams and Cabot Oil and Gas, proposed the construction of a 124-mile-long natural gas pipeline in upstate New York called the Constitution Pipeline. The Constitution...
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...The Keystone XL Pipeline: It’s a Good Thing By: Samantha Prewitt The Keystone XL Pipeline: It’s a Good Thing The Keystone XL Pipeline Project is a proposed crude oil pipeline that begins in Hardisty, Alberta, Canada, crosses through an international border and ends in Steele City, Nebraska. From here it connects with existing pipelines, which will allow American oil producers more access to the large refining areas located in the Midwest and along the US Gulf Coast. It has been six years since TransCanada has applied for approval for this project and the project itself has gone through three revisions, including two reroutes of the pipeline itself. This article will attempt to dissect the benefits of the Keystone XL project and what it could mean to the American people if construction is approved. The implementation and construction of any project having to do with dangerous chemicals and oil is a frightening thought for any environmentally concerned person. These feeling are usually amplified when the construction site includes the Gulf Coast, being that the last spill is still wrecking havoc on our environment. But these feeling can all be set aside because according to Russ Girling, the president and CEO of TransCanada, “The environmental analysis of Keystone XL once again supports the science that this pipeline would have minimal impact on the environment” (Triplett, 2014). If and when President Obama grants the approval for construction, TransCanada is already...
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...After the recent veto of the Keystone XL Pipeline by President Obama, there have been heated debates with supporters and non-supporters of the Keystone XL pipeline. What is a way that the United States can receive more oil at a more efficient price? How can the United States provide many unemployed Americans with jobs? The Keystone XL Pipeline would provide all of these things in the United States, but what harmful influences would it have on our environment. In this paper, there will be information about both the helpful and harmful effects of the Keystone XL pipeline. This paper will include the ways that the Keystone pipeline will help the economy. The paper will also include ways that the Keystone Pipeline could possibly harm the people...
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...Permitting the Keystone XL Pipeline To Be Built Anthony Draper EN 1420 The Keystone Xl pipeline which is a proposed pipeline line that would run from Alberta Canada down through the US to the Gulf Coast should be permitted to be built. It would have a huge positive benefit on the country as a whole. It will provide America with more permanent jobs, economic growth; reduce our dependency on overseas energy, reduce emissions from trucks on the road transporting oil as well as train cars carrying oil. In a country hurting for jobs and some kind of positive economic relief this project can help ease some pains. If our government can waste millions upon millions on failed energy efforts than it can support one that will actually provide jobs and money to this country instead of taking money and not being worth the effort as many of the green initiatives have proven to be. The main opponents to the pipeline being built are on the environmental side. Their main reasoning is that it will have huge negative impacts on the environment and the areas in which the pipeline will cross through. Now while there is always the possibility of this pipeline having negative impacts on the areas around it but the way those on the environmental side would have attacked it are unjust. They claim it will leave a big carbon footprint and cause too much pollution in the environment. President Obama even made it a point not to permit this from being built until the dangers can be assessed. The State...
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...Pipelines OZ Location classification I thought I might start a serious of posts on location classification, since it’s an important concept in AS 2885 and some aspects of it cause confusion. To start with the basics, location classification is a way of categorising land uses to reflect the threats to and from the pipeline. Where there are lots of people there is not only likely to be an increased level of activity that might result in pipeline damage, but the consequences of a serious pipeline failure will probably also be greater. So in more populated areas we need more stringent protection against pipeline failure. The primary purpose of the AS 2885 location classes is to draw attention to the greater risk level in more populated areas so that the pipeline can be designed (or managed) appropriately. The standard doesn’t actually have many fixed rules that vary between location classes. The most important set of rules are in Section 4.7, Special Provisions for High Consequence Areas. Apart from that it has some fairly common-sense requirements for things like depth of cover and sign spacing, although even those often make little distinction between R1 and R2, or between T1 and T2. My view is that the most important function of location classification is to help focus the safety management study on the areas where the likelihood and/or consequences of a failure may be greatest. For that reason I don’t care much about getting the location classification exactly right...
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...Concurrency in C+ + 1 Assignment 1 These questions requires the use of C+ which means compiling the program with the u++ command, including +, uC++.h as the first include file in each translation unit, and replacing routine main with member uMain::main . 1. Write a semi-coroutine with the following public interface (you may only add a public destructor and private members): _Coroutine FloatConstant { public: enum status { MORE, GOOD, BAD }; // possible status private: status stat; // current status of match char ch; // character passed by cocaller void main(); // coroutine main public: status next( char c ) { ch = c; // communication in resume(); // activate return stat; // communication out } }; which verifies a string of characters corresponds to a C+ floating-point constant described by: + floating-constant : signÓÔØ fractional-constant exponent-part ÓÔØ floating-suffixÓÔØ signÓÔØ digit-sequence exponent-part floating-suffixÓÔØ fractional-constant : digit-sequenceÓÔØ “.” digit-sequence digit-sequence “.” “e” “E” signÓÔØ digit-sequence exponent-part : sign : “+” “-” digit-sequence : digit digit-sequence digit floating-suffix : “f” “l” “F” “L” digit : “0” “1” “2” “3” “4” “5” “6” “7” “8” “9” (Where XÓÔØ means X ¯ and ¯ means empty.) In addition, there is a maximum of 16 digits for the mantissa (non-exponent digits) and 3 digits for the characteristic (exponent digits). For example, the following are valid C/C+ floating-point constants: + 123.456 -.099 +555. 2.7E+1 -3.555E-12 After creation...
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...1. Inter-process Communication (IPC) Introduction Inter-Process Communication, which in short is known as IPC, deals mainly with the techniques and mechanisms that facilitate communication between processes. Now, why do we need special separate mechanisms or techniques for communicating between processes? Why isn't it possible to have information shared between two processes without using such special mechanisms? Let us start from something primitive. Imagine you have two glasses completely filled with water. One glass contains hot water and the other contains cold water. What can you do to make the temperature of water in both the glasses equal? The simplest answer will be to mix the water from both the glasses in a glass with much bigger capacity. Once water is mixed, the temperature becomes equal after some time. If one can remember, this will be framed as a problem with some numerical data in a High-School Physics examination. If we go by principles, then the phenomenon here is conduction. If we go by our topic of IPC, then we can say that since the two glasses were full, we had to use another glass with a larger capacity to mix the contents in order to balance their heat energy. We know that some medium or other is required for communication between different processes. Similarly, when it comes to computer programs, we need some mechanism or medium for communication. Primarily, processes can use the available memory to communicate with each other. But then, the memory...
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...Guide to Linux+ (2nd Edition) ISBN 0-619-21621-2 End of Chapter Solutions Chapter 8 Solutions Review Questions 1. Because Standard Error and Standard Ouput represent the results of a command and Standard Input represents the input required for a command, only Standard Error and Standard Ouput can be redirected to/from a file. True or False? Answer: False 2. Before a user-defined variable can be used by processes that run in subshells, that variable must be __________. a. imported b. validated by running the env command c. exported d. redirected to the BASH shell Answer: c 3. The alias command can be used to make a shortcut to a single command. True or False? Answer: True 4. Which of the following files is always executed immediately after a user logs in to a Linux system and receives a BASH shell? a. /etc/profile b. ~/.bash_profile c. ~/.bash_login d. ~/.profile Answer: a 5. Which command could you use to see a list of all environment and user-defined shell variables as well as their current values? a. ls /var b. env c. set d. echo Answer: c 6. Every if construct begins with if and must be terminated with? a. end b. endif c. stop d. fi Answer: d 7. Which of the following will display the message welcome home if the cd /home/user1 command is successfully executed...
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...Magoon, L. B, and W. G. Dow, eds., 1994, The petroleum system—from source to trap: AAPG Memoir 60. Chapter 13 H ydrocarbon Traps K evin T. Biddle C harles C. Wielchowsky Exxon Exploration Company Houston, Texas, U.S.A. A bstract Trap identification is a first step in prospect evaluation and an important part of any exploration or assessment program. Future success in exploration will depend increasingly on an improved understanding of how traps are formed and an appreciation of the numerous varieties of trap types that exist We define a trap as any geometric arrangement of rock that permits significant accumulation of hydrocarbons in the subsurface. A trap must include a reservoir rock in which to store hydrocarbons, and a seal or set of seals that impede or stop migration out of the reservoir. Although it is the geometric arrangement of reservoirs and seals that determines if a trap is present, both reservoir and seal analysis should be an integral part of trap evaluation. Traps can be divided into three broad categories: structural traps, stratigraphic traps, and combination traps, which exhibit both structural and stratigraphic elements. We have subdivided structural traps into fold traps, traps associated with faults, traps associated with piercement features, and combination traps that require elements of both faults and folds for effectiveness. Stratigraphic traps can be grouped into primary or depositional traps, traps associated with unconformities ...
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...The recent environmental campaign discussed in this report is Shell2Sea campaign which originates in the parish of Cill Chomáin, Erris, Co. Mayo, Ireland. This environmental campaign was established in opposition of the proposed construction of a natural gas pipeline through Cill Chomáin. It was also established in opposition of the construction of a natural gas refinery for the Corrib gas field by three companies (Royal Dutch Shell, Statoil and Vermilion Energy Trust) in Bellanaboy. There were many social and economic causes and effects of environmental degradation. Individuals who live along the course of the proposed pipeline argued that they were not adequately consulted about the construction and felt as if the decision was forced on them. Individuals believe the construction of the pipeline would disrupt the natural landscape and natural habitats of wildlife. There was much concern for marine biology due to the construction of the pipeline offshore leading to pollution and disruption of any species native to the area. The residents of Cill Chomáin showed much concern for the environment in relation to the processing of the gas which was planned to be processed on land rather than on an offshore location. The location of the processing facility on an area of land that was formerly forested caused controversy. This area is also located near a water supply which many believe is dangerous in relation to water pollution due to run-off of industrial chemicals and fumes. I...
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...of humanity. A broken pipeline spews waste from inside its rotten core. Animals no longer live here, people have fled from this land. The once spoils of harvest do not grow, instead the ground seeps tar. This is a tangible and real event that happens when pipelines break in communities and in environments. United States Government officials should ban laying pipelines on Native American reservations. The word sovereign means to “possess supreme or ultimate power” (dictonary.com). According to this definition, tribes located on reservations should be able to decide what they want. However, this is far from the case. The US Government wants to lay pipelines...
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...Professional English Engineering Cambridge English for UNIT 1 CASE STUDY Capsule pipelines Capsule Pipelines – Essential Facts Capsule pipelines are underground pipes designed to transport hollow cylindrical containers (capsules). The function of the capsules is to transport things from A to B. Potential applications include carrying items such as mail (letters and parcels), minerals, for example coal, agricultural products, for example wheat, packaged products (in boxes or bags), and waste (household garbage or industrial waste). There are two main types of system: pneumatic capsule pipelines (PCPs) and hydraulic capsule pipelines (HCPs). In PCPs, the capsules are propelled by air, which is blown into the pipeline at one end and flows along it, driving the capsule forward. In order to limit friction between the outside of the capsule and the inside of the pipeline, capsules can be fitted with wheels (see the picture). In HCPs the pipeline is filled with water which is pumped along the pipeline. The capsules are watertight and are immersed in the water. They are driven along the pipeline by the flow of water. Small-diameter PCPs were popular in the second half of the 19th century and in the first half of the 20th century, for carrying documents – used mainly by government departments and postal authorities in large cities. Such systems were used in Berlin, Hamburg, London and Paris. A network in Prague is still in use today. A largediameter PCP was built...
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