...is used when a very heavy pressures is required on the ram this is used for drawing and forming operation .System pressure can be generated in the form of any physical action which results in a compression over the Hydraulic system. CHAPRT-2 BASIC PRINCIPLE 2.1 PASCAL’S LAW Fig no:1 * Pascal’s law states that the pressure applied anywhere to a confined liquid it transmitted equally to every portion of the surface of the containing vessel. * Refer the above fig. When a force is applied to the liquid by a piston, the liquid transmits this force equally to all surfaces of the container. 2.2 HYDRULIC PRINCIPLES There are certain governing principles in a hydraulic system 1. All liquids are non-compressible and can be used to transmit power. 2. Any load to be lifted offers resistance to flow of liquid. This resistance to flow is pressure. 3. If the capacity of the pump is more, then it pumps out more liquid. If it pumps out more liquid, then it makes the hydraulic actuators (hydraulic cylinder) (or)...
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...seems clogged, or the pump stroke feels different than normal and: Handle Is Hard to Push • Clean the Marathon Ceramic with the Pad (See "Marathon Cartridge"). • Lubricate dry Piston O-Ring (See "Piston O-Ring"). (1) (1) Handle Feels Limp / No Resistance When Pumping • Clean under the Umbrella Valve. If debris is under the Valve, the Inlet Foam is not effectively installed. Clean and reinstall the Inlet Foam. Replace the Umbrella Valve if it is torn or damaged. (1) • Missing Inlet Valve Ball (in the Relief Valve Assembly). • Hole in the Inlet Hose. Remove damaged section or replace it. • Damaged Inlet Barb O-Ring. Order a replacement O-Ring from MSR. Handle Is Hard to Pull • Clean the Inlet Foam (See "Inlet Foam"). To prevent clogging, keep the Hose above the bottom sediments using the Inlet Float. • Make sure the Inlet Hose is not kinked or blocked. Squeaky / Noisy When Pumping • The Relief Valve is blowing due to filter clogging (See "Marathon Cartridge") or pumping too fast. Pump the Handle no faster than 1 stroke per second. • Air bubble in the Pump Head. To remove the air, turn the filter upside down while keeping the Hose under water. Pump the Handle 3 - 5 strokes until the air is purged, then return the filter upright for regular pumping. To prevent air from entering, keep the Inlet Cage under water. Air in the Pump Head may also be caused by debris in the Valves (See "Umbrella Valve" and "Relief Valve Assembly"). Pump stroke is normal, but...
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...significant industrial challenges of the 1700's was the removal of water from mines. Steam power was used to pump the water from the mines. Now, this might seem to have very little to do with modern steam-powered electrical power plants. However, one of the fundamental principles used in the development of steam-based power is the principle that condensation of water vapour can create a vacuum. This brief history discusses how condensation was used to create vacuum for operation of early steam-based pumps, and how James Watt invented the separate condenser. Although the cyclic processes presented in this history are not used in today's continuous flow steam turbines, current systems use separate condensers operating at sub-atmospheric pressure, adapting the principles explained here. Also, the stories of the inventors and their inventions offer insight into the process of technological discovery. One of the most important principles applied in the operation of steam power is the creation of vacuum by condensation. Savery Pump In the early days, one common way of removing the water was to use a series of buckets on a pulley system operated by horses. This was slow and expensive since the animals required feeding, veterinary care, and housing. The use of steam to pump water was patented by Thomas Savery in 1698, and in his words provided an "engine to raise water by fire". Savery's pump worked by heating water to vaporize it, filling a tank with steam, then creating a vacuum by isolating...
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...Content | Page | 1.0 Introduction | 4 | 1.1 Background and Objectives | 4 | 2.0 Conceptual Design | 5 | 2.1 Function Analysis | 5 | 2.2 Morphological Chart | 7 | 2.3 Design Concepts | 8 | 2.3.1 Design Concept A | 8 | 2.3.2 Design Concept B | 9 | 2.2.3 Design Concept C | 9 | 2.4 Concept Evaluation | 10 | 3.0 Embodiment Design | 12 | 3.1 Stability | 12 | 3.2 Spade Design | 12 | 3.3 Mode of Transport | 12 | 4.0 Detailed Design | 13 | 4.1 Hydraulics Selection4.2 Materials Selection | 13 | 5.0 Detailed Design Calculations | 13 | 5.1 General Data | 13 | 5.2 General Calculations | 15 | 5.3 Lifting | 17 | 5.4 Tilting | 18 | 5.5 Hydraulics Selection | 20 | 5.6 Pump Selection | 21 | 6.0 Cost Estimation | 22 | 6.1 Bill of Materials (BOM) | 22 | 6.2 Purchased Parts | 27 | 6.3 Manufactured Parts | 28 | 6.4 Overall Cost Estimation | 28 | 7.0 Conclusion | 29 | References | 30 | Appendix | 31 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Background and Objectives Being a densely populated island, Singapore does not have the luxury to use her land with impunity. Amidst the concrete urban jungle of Singapore, the need to consider for greenery in our country is crucial. Greenery is an important consideration for the quality of life in Singapore. we need to employ an environmentally sustainable urban planning. With the...
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...Mechanical pumps may be submerged in the fluid they are pumping or external to the fluid. Pumps can be classified by their method of displacement into positive displacement pumps, impulse pumps, velocity pumps, gravity pumps, steam pumps and valveless pumps. Positive displacement pump A lobe pump lobe pump internals Mechanism of a scroll pump A positive displacement pump makes a fluid move by trapping a fixed amount and forcing (displacing) that trapped volume into the discharge pipe. Some positive displacement pumps use an expanding cavity on the suction side and a decreasing cavity on the discharge side. Liquid flows into the pump as the cavity on the suction side expands and the liquid flows out of the discharge as the cavity collapses. The volume is constant through each cycle of operation. Positive displacement pump behavior and safety Positive displacement pumps, unlike centrifugal or roto-dynamic pumps, theoretically can produce the same flow at a given speed (RPM) no matter what the discharge pressure. Thus, positive displacement pumps are constant flow machines. However, a slight increase in internal leakage as the pressure increases prevents a truly constant flow rate. A positive displacement pump must not operate against a closed valve on the discharge side of the pump, because it has no shutoff head like centrifugal pumps. A positive displacement pump operating against a closed discharge valve continues to produce flow and the pressure in the discharge...
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...engine. 1. Cylinder 2. Cylinder head 3. Piston 4. Piston rings 5. Connecting rod 6. Crank shaft 7. Piston pin 8. Inlet valve 9. Inlet manifold 10. Exhaust valve 11. Exhaust manifold 12. Cam and cam-follower 13. Fly wheel 14. Cam shaft 15. Push rod 16. Valve spring 17. Rocker arm 18. Fuel Nozzle 19. Fuel pump 20. Cam shaft drive mechanism 21. Crank case 22. Governor 23. Water Jacket TERMS COMMONLY USED: TOP DEAD CENTER (TDC): The top most position of the piston towards the cylinder head and the topside of the cylinder of the vertical engine are called top dead center position. BOTTOM DEAD CENTER (BDC): The lowest most position of the piston towards the crank end side of the cylinder of a vertical engine is called bottom dead center position. WORKING OF FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE: The working cycle of the engine is completed in four strokes and diesel oil is used as fuel. Therefore it is known as four-stroke diesel engine. The following are the four working stroke of the engine. SUCTION STROKE: The piston is at the top most position and is ready to move downwards. Inlet valve is opened and exhaust valve is closed. As the piston moves downwards Air enters the cylinder through the inlet valve due to the vacuum created. This continues closes. The downward movement of the piston is known as suction stroke and crank rotates by 1800during...
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...Commercializing the Kunst 1600 Dry Piston Vacuum Pump Case Analysis Note Key Notes/Findings Kunst 1600 Overview 1. Germany based Atler GmbH acquired the Kunst in order to penetrate new market segments within Dry Piston Vacuum Pump U.S market. Kunst would be selling it as a derivative product in untapped applications segments e.g. AC & Refrigerator reapir. 2. Evan Stone was appointed to head up a team charged with finding new segment & then commercializing Kunst 1600. 3. Kunst is a fractions horsepower, injection modeled aluminum pump with pumping speed of 1.6 CFM, pump weight – 16.5 pounds. Because of reconfigured compressor it can run longer and cooler than conventional pumps at lower pressure & due to injection modeling it has fewer working parts than traditional one’s 4. Most importantly Kunst 1600 is oil free and planned to sell it to wholesalers at $400 with suggested resale of $500. 5. Kunst 1600 lifetime was about 6 years. Market Insight 1. Kunst has high brand regard in Scientific, Engineering & Healthcare sectors with 60% market share in those sectors. 2. Home & Light commercial refrigerator repair – (1-1.6 CFM), For residential AC’s – (3-4 CFM) 3. Annual demand for these segments a. Home refrigerator repair – 60,000 units. b. Light commercial repair – 40,000 units. c. Residential AC – 125,000 units. 4. Competitors in 1-6 CFM bracket: Air Master, Pump Wizard, Toledo & Valve. ...
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...Chapter 1: Overview of ETA CARS ETA Ascon Group ETA ASCON Group is primarily a Contracting firm in the U.A.E. with expertise ranging from Civil Construction to Electro Mechanical, Elevator Engineering and Facilities Management. Since its inception in 1973, the firm has numerous landmarks in the Emirates that stand as a testimony to the firm’s engineering capabilities. The company is a part of Al Ghurair Group of Companies, who are the most revered and leading business house in the United Arab Emirates. ETA ASCON has enumerable divisions in every sector related to the construction industry like Joinery and Interiors, Low Voltage Switchgear Panels, Elevators, Structural Steel fabrication, Composite Aluminum Cladding, Facility Management, Janitorial and Cleaning services, etc. These wide ranges of capabilities provide ETA ASCON the turnkey expertise to deliver a project from the drawing board to completion. ETA ASCON over the years has been involved in several commercial and residential projects in Dubai, where the Company owns premium Real Estates. In all, the company aims to bring in its in-house expertise in the construction business gained over the last 30 years to the advantage of its customers and deliver value for money. ETA CARS (Computerized Auto Repairs & Services, LLC) is an ISO 9001:2000 Certified Company basedinDubai,UAE. Established in the Year 1978 marked a single most important landmark in the automotive care business and was the first automobile...
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...Basic of Engine Operating Characteristics 2103471 Internal Combustion Engine Background on IC Engines • “An internal combustion is defined as a heat engine in which the chemical energy of the fuel is released inside the engine and converted directly into mechanical work on a rotating output shaft, as opposed to an external combustion engine in which a separate combustor is used to burn the fuel.” Background on IC Engines Internal combustion engines are so called because the heat required to drive them is released by oxidizing a fuel inside the engine itself. This approach has advantages and disadvantages, but is still the most popular for transport and small power generation plant. We will be looking at some common types of engine, examining some ways of analysing their performance parameters, and some of the problems encountered in improving efficiency and output. Background on IC Engines Internal combustion engines include systems which function like "closed" systems (e.g. petrol engines) or as "open" systems (e.g. gas turbines). All the engines we will examine contain the same basic activities: invest some work to compress a working fluid, inject heat into the fluid, recover a greater amount of work, return to initial conditions by removal of some heat. • • • • Typical Processes for an Internal Combustion Engine Background on the Otto Cycle • The Otto Cycle has four basic steps or strokes: – F-A : An intake stroke that draws a combustible mixture...
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...based on various loading factors at its design phase. 1 Camshaft 1 push rod 2 valves springs 3 Piston 3 P3.2 5 Identify the function of the piston, connecting rod , crankshaft and fly wheel. list down and explain the materials and their properties the components which they are made with, along with the processing methods to make these components. 5 Piston 5 Connecting rod 6 Crankshaft 7 Flywheel 8 P3.3 9 Identify and explain the possible limitations, on the processing of piston, connecting rod and crankshaft and flywheel, which is imposed by processing costs, the need to safeguard...
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...SUMMARY The word technology refers to the making, modification, usage, and knowledge of tools, machines, techniques, crafts, systems, and methods of organization, in order to solve a problem, improve a preexisting solution to a problem, achieve a goal, handle an applied input/output relation or perform a specific function. It can also refer to the collection of such tools, including machinery, modifications, arrangements and procedures. Technologies significantly affect human as well as other animal species' ability to control and adapt to their natural environments. Rudolf Diesel and his invention diesel engine is the object of the paper. The goal of the paper is to analize this invention, talk about Rudolf Diesel and his theory of diesel engine, its advantages and disadvantages, types and working principles. The diesel engines of today are refined and improved versions of Rudolf Diesel's original concept. They are often used in submarines, ships, locomotives, and large trucks and in electric generating plants. Technology has affected society and its surroundings in a number of ways. In many societies, technology has helped develop more advancedeconomies (including today's global economy) and has allowed the rise of a leisure class. Many technological processes produce unwanted by-products, known as pollution, and deplete natural resources, to the detriment of the Earth and its environment. Contents INTRODUCTION 4 1. Rudofl Diesel. Biography...
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...EB000000 XVS1100 (L) SERVICE MANUAL ©1998 by Yamaha Motor Co.,Ltd. First edition, October 1998 All rights reserved. Any reproduction or unauthorized use without the written permission of Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd. is expressly prohibited. EB001000 NOTICE This manual was produced by the Yamaha Motor Company primarily for use by Yamaha dealers and their qualified mechanics. It is not possible to include all the knowledge of a mechanic in one manual, so it is assumed that anyone who uses this book to perform maintenance and repairs on Yamaha motorcycles has a basic understanding of the mechanical ideas and the procedures of motorcycle repair. Repairs attempted by anyone without this knowledge are likely to render the motorcycle unsafe and unfit for use. Yamaha Motor Company, Ltd.is continually striving to improve all its models. Modifications and significant changes in specifications or procedures will be forwarded to all authorized Yamaha dealers and will appear in future editions of this manual where applicable. NOTE: Designs and specifications are subject to change without notice. IMPORTANT INFORMATION Particularly important information is distinguished in this manual by the following notations. The Safety Alert Symbol means ATTENTION! BECOME ALERT! YOUR SAFETY IS INVOLVED! Failure to follow WARNING instructions could result in severe injury or death to the motorcycle operator, a bystander or a person inspecting or repairing the motorcycle. CAUTION: NOTE: ...
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...James Watt: Perfecter of the Steam Engine The world we live in today is is fast paced, competitive, and ever evolving. Being accustomed to such a rapidly changing and highly inventive society can make it very difficult to imagine the way people lived centuries ago. Before the Industrial Revolution, most everything was done by hand, required a great deal of time and effort, and was terribly expensive. During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, intuitive thinkers would invent and perfect machines, tools, and devices, forever changing the ways of the world. In the following paragraphs, James Watt and his steam engine will be discussed in detail, along with their enormous influence in modernizing the world's industries, trade, transportation, and economy. James Watt was born in Scotland in 1736, and died in 1819. His life spanned many of the years in the most dynamic period in the history of the world. Watt also lived in the United Kingdom, which, at the time, was the most rapidly evolving country on earth. Contrary to popular belief, James Watt did not invent the steam engine. In The Scientific Monthly, authors accurately portray Watt as, "a scientist rather than inventor" (Ambrosius and Reed 272). People had been using steam for power several centuries before Watt's time, but "English military engineer and inventor, Thomas Savery, [was] the first to create a specific device to harness and channel the power of steam" (Ambrosius and Reed 272). It was Savery who...
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...turbosuperchargers when all forced induction devices were classified as superchargers, nowadays the term "supercharger" is usually applied to only mechanically-driven forced induction devices.[3] The key difference between a turbocharger and a conventional supercharger is that the latter is mechanically driven from the engine often from a belt connected to the crankshaft, whereas a turbocharger is driven by the engine's exhaust gas turbine. Compared to a mechanically-driven supercharger, turbochargers tend to be more efficient but less responsive. Twincharger refers to an engine which has both a supercharger and a turbocharger. Turbos are commonly used on truck, car, train and construction equipment engines. Turbos are popularly used with Otto cycle and Diesel cycle internal combustion engines. They have also been found useful in automotive fuel cells Operating principle In most piston engines, intake gases are "pulled" into the engine by the downward stroke of the piston[16][17] (which creates a low-pressure area), similar to drawing liquid using a syringe. The amount of air which is actually inhaled, compared with the theoretical amount if the engine could maintain atmospheric pressure, is called volumetric efficiency.[18] The objective of a turbocharger is to improve an engine's volumetric efficiency by increasing density of the intake gas (usually air). The turbocharger's compressor...
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...QUESTIONAIRE 1. With increase in temperature viscosity of a liquid a) Increases b) Decreases c) Remains constant d) May increase or decrease depending on liquids 2. Cavitation occurs in a centrifugal pump when a) suction presuure < vapor pressure of liquid at that temperature b) suction presuure > vapor pressure of liquid at that temperature c) suction pressure = vapor pressure d) suction pressure = developed head 3. Centrifugal pumps are normaly used for pumping a) Gas b) Liquids c) Gas & Liquid mixture 4. Check valve is used for a) Very precise control of flow b) Unidirectional flow c) Multidirectional flow d) None of these 5. Purpose of relief valve in a reciprocating pump is to a) Protect pump against developing excess pressure b) Facilitate uni-directional flow c) Reduce discharge pressure d) Control the rate of discharge 6. The schedule number of a pipe is an indication of its a) Size b) Roughness c) Material density d) Wall thickness 7. Differential manometer measures a) Absolute pressure b) Gauge pressure c) Pressure difference d) Pressure gradient 8. Compressors are used a) To increase pressure of gas b) To increase velocity of gas c) To increase temperature of gas d) None of the above 9. Which of the following facilitates close...
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