...convictions: first, that individuals should be treated as autonomous agents, and second, that persons with diminished autonomy are entitled to protection. The principle of respect for persons thus divides into two separate moral requirements: the requirement to acknowledge autonomy and the requirement to protect those with diminished autonomy. An autonomous person is an individual capable of deliberation about personal goals and of acting under the direction of such deliberation. To respect autonomy is to give weight to autonomous persons' considered opinions and choices while refraining from obstructing their actions unless they are clearly detrimental to others. To show lack of respect for an autonomous agent is to repudiate that person's considered judgments, to deny an individual the freedom to act on those considered judgments, or to withhold information necessary to make a considered judgment, when there are no compelling reasons to do so. However, not every human being is capable of self-determination. The capacity for selfdetermination matures during an individual's life, and some individuals lose this capacity wholly or in part because of illness, mental disability, or circumstances that severely restrict liberty. Respect for the immature and the incapacitated may require protecting them as they mature or while they are incapacitated. Some persons are in need of extensive protection, even to the point of excluding them from activities which may harm them; other persons...
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...------------------------------------------------- The Belmont Report Office of the Secretary Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research The National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research April 18, 1979 AGENCY: Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. ACTION: Notice of Report for Public Comment. SUMMARY: On July 12, 1974, the National Research Act (Pub. L. 93-348) was signed into law, there-by creating the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research. One of the charges to the Commission was to identify the basic ethical principles that should underlie the conduct of biomedical and behavioral research involving human subjects and to develop guidelines which should be followed to assure that such research is conducted in accordance with those principles. In carrying out the above, the Commission was directed to consider: (i) the boundaries between biomedical and behavioral research and the accepted and routine practice of medicine, (ii) the role of assessment of risk-benefit criteria in the determination of the appropriateness of research involving human subjects, (iii) appropriate guidelines for the selection of human subjects for participation in such research and (iv) the nature and definition of informed consent in various research settings. The Belmont Report attempts to summarize the basic ethical principles identified...
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...govern work with individuals with dementia. To do this I will be explaining four different legislations as well as one framework and discuss how they affect and support the care of individuals with dementia. Data Protection Act 1998: The Data Protection Act 1998, in its current form was put into place in March 2000 to give individuals the right of access to 'personal data'. This personal data qualifies as any information held by a company or setting that relates to an individual. Personal data is often collected when someone completes a purchase from a service or company. It can consist of contact, bank or any other details about the individual such as the history of their health or family's health. However, much of the data that is collected is sensitive and if it were to fall into the wrong hands, it could result in it being used against the individual. With so much personal data held by organisations, there needs to be some kind of rules for companies to follow if they are to ensure that data is handled fairly. The Data Protection Act acts as a foundation for providing these rules. The Data Protection Act 1998 helps to support the care of individuals with dementia because it gives both individuals with dementia and their family expectations of how their information will be used and ensures it will only be used legally. The act ensures that data is stored and disposed of securely which protects people with dementia by stopping unauthorised people from getting hold of their...
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...However, not every human being is capable of self-determination. The capacity for self-determination matures during an individual's life, and some individuals lose this capacity wholly or in part because of illness, mental disability, or circumstances that severely restrict liberty. Respect for the immature and the incapacitated may require protecting them as they mature or while they are incapacitated. Some persons are in need of extensive protection, even to the point of excluding them from activities which may harm them; other persons require little protection beyond making sure they undertake activities freely and with awareness of possible adverse consequence. The extent of protection afforded should depend upon the risk of harm and the likelihood of benefit. The judgment that any individual lacks autonomy should be periodically reevaluated and will vary in different situations. In most cases of research involving human subjects, respect for persons demands that subjects enter into the research voluntarily and with adequate information. In some situations, however, application of the principle is not obvious. The involvement of prisoners as subjects of research provides an instructive example. On the one hand, it would seem that the principle of respect for persons requires that prisoners not be deprived of the opportunity to volunteer for research. On the other hand, under prison conditions they may be subtly coerced or unduly influenced to engage in research activities...
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...subsequent Nuremberg Trials on war crimes produced the Nuremberg Code, which outlined ten points for conducting ethical research with human subjects. Nearly two decades later, the World Medical Association (WMA) developed a code of research ethics known as the Declaration of Helsinki, published in 1964 and subsequently revised. This document is built on both the Nuremberg Code and the physician's code of ethics known as the Declaration of Geneva. In the U.S., news that researchers deceived and withheld treatment from subjects who suffered from syphilis in the Tuskegee Study led to the creation of the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research (National Commission or "the Commission"). The Commission was charged with establishing a code of research ethics for U.S. research involving human subjects. In 1979, the Commission issued the Belmont Report, the foundational document of the current system of U.S. human subjects protections. The Belmont Report outlines three key ethical principles for conducting research with human subjects: respect for persons, beneficence, and justice. The Belmont Report, in turn, informed the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) Code of Federal Regulations...
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...Ofsted safeguarding policy and procedures |This document outlines Ofsted’s policy on responding to concerns regarding the safeguarding and protection of children and young people | |aged under 18 years. This policy, combined with the associated procedures, provides guidance to all staff who may come across concerns of| |this nature within the context of their work for Ofsted. | Age group: All Published: September 2010 Reference no: 100183 Contents Part 1. Safeguarding children and young people policy 4 Purpose of this document 4 The definition of safeguarding 5 Aims and objectives of the policy 6 Ofsted’s responsibilities 6 Future action 8 Part 2. Procedures for responding to specific child protection concerns about children at risk of significant harm 8 Section 1. Scope of the procedure 8 Section 2. Immediate action to take if, as a member of Ofsted staff, you observe abuse while it is taking place 10 Section 3. Immediate action to take if you receive an allegation of possible significant harm to a child or young person 11 Section 4. Identification of level of concern and next steps 13 Section 5. Subsequent action in all cases 14 Section 6. National Business Unit, CIE staff, and the Ofsted complaints team 15 Section 7. Allegations about a member of Ofsted staff 16 Section 8. Concerns arising during registration 16 Part 3. Safeguarding...
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...sexual offenders, what they should do if faced with an actual molestation situation, and the importance of background checks while also exploring approaches aimed at reducing recidivism rates from the clinical, justice, community protection, and community reintegration model, by combining preventative action, and recidivism reduction to solve the issue of sexual offending , specifically Child molestation. The offenders targeted within this category of sexual offenders are child molesters. Child molesters can be defined as individuals who have a greater sexual interest in children, and sexual activities with children (Canter & Kirby, 1995). Child molesters are offenders who target children, and engage in sexual activity with them. The first measure of prevention and possibly the most important is educating children on the facts of molestation, including molestation by adults, molestation by youth, what children can do in the actual situation if faced with molestation. Studies have been conducted on child molesters that emphasize profiling and determining recidivism rates based upon prior convictions (Canter & Kirby, 1995). Profiling and recidivism rates are helpful after an offender is caught, but to actually stop child molesters the emphasis needs to be preventing the act from...
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...| | | | | | | | |EARLY DAYS IN CUSTODY – RECEPTION IN, FIRST NIGHT IN CUSTODY, AND INDUCTION TO CUSTODY | |This instruction applies to : |Reference : | | | | |Prisons |PSI 74/2011 | |Issue Date |Effective Date |Expiry Date | |21 December 2011 |1 January 2012 |20 December 2015 | |Issued on the authority of |NOMS Agency Board ...
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...Explain what it means to have a duty of care in own work role:- Duty of care includes * Keeping the individual safe * Keeping the individual free from harm * To give the individual choice Duty of care is a key concept in working in social care. It is a legal term for safeguarding one self and others. Duty of care - means a requirement to exercise a reasonable degree of attention and caution to avoid negligence which could lead to harm to others. Health and social care settings have a 'duty of care' toward the people they look after. Which means that we must do everything in our care as safe as possible, as working in a care setting has a significant duty of care. Duty of care is also to other workers, doctors, nurses, caterers, cleaners. Duty of care is to each individual and to any other workers I come in contact with in the community....
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...The Tuskegee study failed to conform all these three criteria for the evaluation of human subject’s research. Firstly, respect of person or autonomy is the individual’s freedom to make choices about the issues that affect them. Because in the study they hide the main concept that they are tools of research. So, how can they would make the right decision for themselves, if they did not even know the real issue. Next, the criteria beneficence means to maximize possible benefits and minimize possible harms to individuals and society and there should not be any intentional harm. In the study real occurrence was opposite of what it stated by the meaning of beneficence, because they knew those people only for research study of syphilis disease, no...
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...Safeguarding & Child Protection Policy Version Effective Date Review Date Lead Agreed by 2.2 01/08/2015 01/08/2016 Director of Student Services SLT and Governors 1 Contents Introduction 1. Policy Statement 2. Keeping Children Safe 3. Adults Working with Children and Vulnerable adults 4. Monitoring and Reviewing our Policy and Practice Page 3 Page 4 Page 5 Page 9 Page 11 Appendices Appendix A – Guidance for good practice when working with young people Appendix B – Types of abuse and specific safeguarding issues Appendix C – Recognising abuse and indicators of abuse Appendix D – Responding to disclosure Page 14 Page 15 Page 17 Page 18 Appendix E – Guidance on Radicalisation and Extremism Page 19 2 Introduction All schools and colleges are required to have a Safeguarding & Child Protection Policy that guides the procedures and practices of staff when safeguarding and promoting the welfare of children, young people and vulnerable adults (henceforth referred to as students). NewVIc takes very seriously its duty towards all its students who have been entrusted to our care and seeks to provide a college environment where all students are safe, secure, valued, respected, and listened to. NewVIc understands that our work in safeguarding and protecting children and vulnerable adults must always have regard for the national guidance issued by the Secretary of State and should be in line with local guidance and procedures...
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...Jessica Precious 30020625 Unit 3 Health, Safety and Security in Health and Social Care Legislation, Policies and Procedures in Health and Social Care Settings Jessica Precious 30020625 Unit 3 Health, Safety and Security in Health and Social Care Legislation, Policies and Procedures in Health and Social Care Settings Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 The Health and Safety at Work Act provides security of the health, safety and welfare of people at work, with the protection against risks to health or safety of an individual in connection with work activities. It sets out employers’ duties to staff where more than 5 staff are employed, and to the community, in addition to the duties of employees towards themselves and others. Health and Social Care Setting: Preschool The Health and Safety at Work Act aims to protect staff in relation to their health, safety and security in the workplace. It provides awareness in the workplace, so children and adults are aware of the health and safety issues. Within the preschool, the employer has a duty of providing induction training to staff which involves a clear and understandable explanation of health and safety concerns so that all adults are able to adhere to the policy and procedures as they understand their shared responsibility. The induction covers employees’ wellbeing, including safe lifting, and storage of hazardous substances. This also involves regular discussion of health and safety at staff...
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...accompany the individual pieces of legislation and then further explain how these pieces of legislation and policies allow individuals to feel safe and secure within a setting and help to protect the health, safety and security of service users and employees within the settings. I am hoping the further my knowledge of how legislation, policies and procedures are used within health and social care. Describe how health and safety legislation, policies and procedures promote the safety of individuals in a health or social care setting. Health and Safety at Work Act (HASAWA) 1974 The Health and Safety at Work act is a primary piece of legislation that provides the legal structure to promote high standards of care in health and social care settings. The aim of the Health and Safety at Work act is to protect employees, service users and the public from potentially hazardous activities, objects and surroundings. The Health and Safety at Work Act states that employers are to provide a safe environment, personal protective equipment and training for employees regarding health and safety in order to provide the best quality of care and the highest level of safety. Employers must provide the suitable training, instruction and supervision for employees free of charge that is necessary for the employees to carry out their job as effectively as they can. Safety equipment should also be provided and maintained by the employer in order to provide protection. The Health...
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...and best interests of the individuals you support by • Providing safe and effective care that is aimed at the best interests of the individuals and taking all necessary precautions to prevent harm. Supporting individuals to live fulfilling lives, promoting their physical, emotional, and social well-being. Adhering to established policies, guidelines and protocols to maintain high standards of care. Continuously monitoring and assessing the needs and conditions of individuals and adjusting when appropriate. Ensuring your training and competency...
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...treated in an ethical manner not only by respecting their decisions and protecting them from harm, but also by making efforts to secure their well-being. Such treatment falls under the principle of beneficence. The term "beneficence" is often understood to cover acts of kindness or charity that go beyond strict obligation. In this document, beneficence is understood in a stronger sense, as an obligation. Two general rules have been formulated as complementary expressions of beneficent actions in this sense: (1) do not harm and (2) maximize possible benefits and minimize possible harms. The Hippocratic maxim "do no harm" has long been a fundamental principle of medical ethics. Claude Bernard extended it to the realm of research, saying that one should not injure one person regardless of the benefits that might come to others. However, even avoiding harm requires learning what is harmful; and, in the process of obtaining this information, persons may be exposed to risk of harm. Further, the Hippocratic Oath requires physicians to benefit their patients "according to their best judgment." Learning what will in fact benefit may require exposing persons to risk. The problem posed by these imperatives is to decide when it is justifiable to seek certain benefits despite the risks involved, and when the benefits should be foregone because of the risks. The obligations of beneficence affect both individual investigators and society at large, because they extend both to particular research...
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