...Introduction In 1944, delegates from the most influential nations met at Mount Washington Hotel, New Hampshire, Bretton Woods in a conference later called the ‘Bretton Woods Conference’, to discuss their vision for rebuilding the world economy after the ravaging war. John Maynard Keynes, perhaps the biggest economist celebrity of his time, attended the conference with his own idea of how the post-war economy should shape up. Unfortunately for him, and perhaps for us all, his ideas were overruled in favor of American treasury secretary, Harry Dexter White’s plan, and was lost in the annals of history, before seeing renewed resurgence in the context of contemporary instabilities in the international monetary system, forcing a rethink of what was lost in the conference years ago. The Bretton Woods Conference was a defining event in world history, as it established the monetary system that we see today. Dollar hegemony and its status as a reserve currency has been called an ‘exorbitant privilege’, against which there have been voices time and again, but never has the wave been as strong as today. From a concern by economists, such as Triffin, Monbiot, Skidelsky, the overreaching impact of the economic recession of the late 2000s has led to significant doubts about the current system for policymakers and national leaders. In 2008, Monbiot recalled Keynes while analysing the financial instability of 2008, “John Maynard Keynes had the answer to the crisis we’re now facing; but it...
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...1 AGRICULTURE IN BRAZIL: FROM THE 1980’s TO THE G-20 MAURO MASON DE CAMPOS ADORNO Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements of the Degree of Master by Coursework in International Policy Studies School of Politics Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences La Trobe University Bundoora, Victoria 3083 Australia 2 July 2005 Abstract The Brazilian economy transformed from a state of financial crisis in the 1980’s to become a leading agriculture exporter in the late 1990’s. Economic reforms implemented by the Real Plan were a response to a bankrupt decade of failed economic plans and high inflation rates. In this period agriculture played a key role in the control of the inflation and in the stabilization of the economy. The domestic environment of the Brazilian economy and the role of agriculture helped Brazil to develop a more active role and led it to seek for a leadership position in the international agricultural negotiations. On the eve on the WTO’s Cancun Round of negotiation a new coalition of developing countries formed the G-20. The Group was born from a Brazilian initiative and for the first time a group of developing countries stood up against the developed countries in the agriculture negotiations. 3 Acknowledgments I would like to dedicate this thesis to my mother Ana and my brother Matheus. Who believed in me even when I did not. I love you guys. I would like to thank my Father for the support, during the whole process,...
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...International Trade Simulation and Report ECO/212 April 17, 2011 University of Phoenix In our world economic system today import and export can be the heart and soul. Most all the states throughout the world export and import merchandises and goods based on their necessities. The governments exercise their studies with in-depth consideration, restrictions and limitations. In this report we will discuss the benefits and restrictions of global trade. We will also produce the evaluation of real and relative benefits and impact affecting foreign currency rates. We will also evaluate the team concept summary outcomes and focus on collected critic as the result of government policy on monetary policy. List at least one advantage and one limitation of International Trade as identified in the simulation One advantage of International Trade as identified in the simulation is opening the countries borders to international trade and investments allows for greater benefits. The greater benefits are, they can import products that are more efficiently produced in other countries. Importing of these goods allows customers to receive more choices for price and quality. At the same time, domestic producers can expand their markets to other countries, while the country’s capital gets new avenues for investments. All these factors allows for the country’s economy to become more vibrant and the country wealthier. The possibilities for growth are endless when a country’s borders are opened...
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...Bretton Woods System and world trade in post-war period Introduction This reading report is based on two technical papers( The Bretton Woods international monetary system: An historical overview by Michael D. Bordo 148 pages & The post-war rise of world trade: Does the Bretton Woods System deserve credit? By Andrew G. Terborgh 74 pages)on Bretton Wood System as well as the post war international trade system since the U.S has become the most powerful economy after World War II, that US dollar was at that time the dominant currency internationally speaking. The first paper is titled of “The Bretton Woods International Monetary System: An historical overview” by professor Michael D. Bordo who is an economic professor and Director of the center for Monetary and Financial History at Rutger University. His paper has a brief overview of Bretton Woods experience. From its emergence and how it evolved that influence the monetary convertibility and gold dollar standard, until its collapse due to the U.S depression in 1970s. I considered this article to be a very technical one that gives many details on Bretton Wood System in history, but the very interesting part could also be that the author has given the ideas that why Bretton Woods was very stable but lived so short. Meanwhile, the second paper I chose to read is “The Post-War Rise of World Trade: Does the Bretton Wood System Deserve Credit?” . This one is more of an analyzing paper written by Andrew G. Terborgh, economic professor...
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...advantage | Balance of payments | Balance of trade | Ethnocentrism | Euro | Exchange rate | Exporting | Foreign direct investment | Fair trade | Devaluation | Comparative advantage | Free trade | Importing | Joint venture | Licensing | Protectionism | Multinational corporation | Dumping | Embargo | Economies of scale | Embargo | Quota | Stereotyping | Strategic alliance | Tariff | Trade deficit | Trade surplus | Trading blocs | | | Case Study Whirlpool Summary Nations trade to obtain raw materials and goods that are either unavailable in their own country or too expensive to produce. Trade increases a country’s total output, and offers greater variety and lower prices to consumers. Nations restrict international trade to help their own economies and to protect their domestic companies from competition with foreign rivals. They do this by imposing taxes, surcharges, tariffs, quotas, embargoes, and sanctions on the goods of foreign companies. Groups of nations form trading blocs to protect their own trade interests (EU, ASEAN, NAFTA, and Mercosur). International business activities can include importing, exporting, licensing, franchising, strategic alliances, joint ventures, and foreign direct investment (FDI). Outline I. Fundamentals of International Trade Companies in different countries compete for customers with companies in other countries in our global marketplace. II. Why Nations Trade A. Economies of scale – By producing...
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...likely bring significant benefits to the company and its shareholders. However, opportunities always come with challenges. The risks for international trade need to be carefully considered to ensure the effectiveness of the import from and export to Thailand. The advantages and disadvantages that Blade could gain from importing from and exporting to a foreign country such as Thailand will be presented in the following manners: a. Advantages Blade could gain from importing from and/or exporting to Thailand As a financial analyst for Blade, I suggest there are two advantages from exporting to and importing from Thailand's market: increasing domestic competitiveness, and sales and profits (Ashish, n.d.). This policy will increase domestic competitiveness, which can dramatically improve the competence level of Blade in the eyes of the opponents. The biggest benefit is clearly shown, as the company can import/export products from/to Thailand at a much lower cost. If the company can have a smooth negotiation with suppliers and distributors in Thailand, the profits earned will mark a remarkable success, which ensures a cheaper price of products for consumers and higher revenue for shareholders. Thus, sales and profits will be gained as expected. b. Disadvantages Blade could face as a result of foreign trade The disadvantages of foreign trade...
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...American Tobacco — Fast moving consumer goods (non-food) Baku Area Manager Working closely with the Head of Trade in developing and achieving the sales targets. Developing and implementing an area Trade Marketing & Distribution plan that meets and supports the objectives of the Company’s market, portfolio, volume, share, distribution and profit, reflects the needs and priorities of individual trade channels. Implementing agreed Cycle Plan programmes with optimum use of human and material resources. Establishing and maintaining close and strong working relations with the trade, securing trade support for BAT plans and products. Applying BAT Trade Marketing & Distribution best practices. Recruiting, training, motivating and developing Trade Marketing Representatives. Providing Trade Marketing & Distribution information and reports on market trends, competitor performance and level of own achievements against Trade Marketing & Distribution and Cycle Planning objectives. Assessing any new trade channels/opportunities and recommending models for further enhancement of own Trade Marketing performance. Establishing close relationship with distributor organization and key customers in order to address distribution, pricing, stock level and freshness issues in a timely and cost effective manner. Managing budget for trade programmes for the area. Making suggestions to the Cycle Plan in developing activities to achieve the sales targets. May 2008 — April 2010 (2 years) British American...
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...International Business Plan BREAKING INTO THE TRADE GAME: SMALL BUSINESS GUIDE TO EXPORTING SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION, OFFICE OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE International Business Plan The purpose of the International Business Plan workbook is to prepare your business to enter the international marketplace. This workbook will serve as a step-by-step guide to lead you through the process of exporting your product to an international market. The workbook is divided into sections. Each section must be completed before you start the next section. After you have completed the entire workbook, you will be ready to develop an international business plan to export your product. Once the business plan is completed, an in-depth analysis of your readiness to export can be completed. PPRODUCTS/SERVICES STEP 1: Select the most exportable products to be offered internationally. To identify products with export potential for distribution internationally, you need to consider products that are successfully distributed in the domestic market. The product needs to fill a targeted need for the purchaser in export markets according to price, value to customer/country and market demand. What are the major products your business sells? 1. 2. 3. What products have the best potential for international trade? 1. 2. 3. STEP 2: Evaluate the products to be offered internationally. What makes your products unique for an overseas market? ...
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...[pic] University of Information Technology and Sciences Assignment 1 Why International Companies differ from Domestic Companies Course Title: International Business Course Code: BUS 341 Department: BBA Date of Submission: February 16, 2012 Prepared For: Ayesha Binte Safiullah School of Business Prepared By: Samiul Islam Abir. ID 09310175 Why international companies differ from domestic companies? The companies doing their business in two or more country are international companies and the companies doing business in a single country only are domestic companies. There are many differences between these two types of companies. These differences occur due to the difference across borders. Nation-states generally have unique government systems, laws and regulations, currencies, taxes and duties, and so on, as well as different cultures and practices. So, What is Domestic Business: Domestic business is the exchange of goods, services, or both within the confines of a single national territory. It is always aimed at a single market and deals with only one set of competitive, economic, and market issues. The exchange is always with a single set of customers all the time, though the company may have several segments in a market. Domestic business may be sub-divided into Wholesale business, and Retail business. Wholesale is concerned with buying goods from manufacturers or dealers in large...
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...Riordan Corporate Compliance Plan Learning Team B Veronica Garcia Maribel Rojas Lorena Soto LAW/531 July 23, 2012 Roger Rodriguez Abstract The use of university resources and materials allows teach team members to create Riordan’s Corporate Compliance Plan. In the compliance plan students address the lawful responsibility of Riordan’s executives and presents solutions to situations, which laws have been violated and consequently propose corrective actions. Moreover, the compliance plan study includes relevant information, which further discusses Riordan’s enterprise liability, real, and intellectual property, the governance principles of regulatory compliance as well as international laws or aspects of such that Riordan must adhere to. Riordan Corporate Compliance Plan Riordan’s corporate compliance plan is not only essential but also critical to be in compliance with rules and regulations. The main focus of a corporate plan is essentially to focus on how the lawful responsibility of the executives of Riordan will manage and address situations that may arise. The compliance plan will also focus on what decisions need to take position when laws are not in compliance, when legal council is important and will establish what rights employees have and who individuals may turn to when actions are taken against the organization. Riordan Manufacturing has executed a business fulfillment plan designed accordingly to the organization’s areas...
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...Discuss ‘How Tony could have avoided the mistake he made?’ International business is an attractive opportunity for companies in the world. It provides more potential profitable bargains for companies that have enough competitiveness. A company can gain extra income due to the development of international supply chain and demands from foreign market. It can receive lower-price components from international suppliers, then can assemble and sell final products to targeted foreign market. The whole operational procedure creates more residual value in international trade and avoids the cruel competition in domestic market. However, there are some threats which impact participators involved in international business. The threats are possibly from adverse external environment or wrong internal decisions or the integration of those. Some of threats such as political, legal and financial issues are uncertainties which are high dangers that affect a company seriously. A company should have valid preparation for facing complex external environment. Decision maker should scheme a flexible plan to handle uncertainties in business running. Nevertheless, some companies and managers might address threats unsuccessfully due to mistaken strategies. The case of Tony is a typical failed example for facing problems. The article will analyse mistakes made by Tony and provide solutions for Tony’s company. Tony’s company is a medium monitoring equipment maker in the UK which has no exporting experience...
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...International Marketing 1 The Scope and Challenge of International Marketing Objectives What you should learn from Module 1 What is meant by international marketing. To understand the scope of the international marketing task To comprehend the importance of the self-reference criterion (SRC) in international marketing. To be able to identify and manage the factors influencing internationalisation of companies. To evaluate the progression of becoming an international marketer. To see how international marketing concepts influence international marketers. To appreciate the increasing importance of global awareness. 1.1 The Internationalisation of Business 1.2 International Marketing Defined 1.3 The International Marketing Task 1.4 Environmental Adjustment Needed 1.5 Self-reference Criterion: An Obstacle 1.6 Becoming International 1.7 International Marketing Orientations 1.8 Globalisation of Markets 1.9 Developing a Global Awareness 1.10 Orientation of International Marketing Summary The first section of International Marketing offers an overview of international marketing and a discussion of the global business, political and legal environments confronting the marketer. International Marketing is defined as Performance of Business activities beyond national borders. The task of international marketer is explained. Key obstacles to international marketing are not just foreign environments but also our won self reverence criteria (SRC) and ethnocentrism. This...
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...Technology in International Trade Technology plays a major role in international trade. Databases, overnight delivery and faxes have opened the world market to not only larger companies but small ones too. To add to this globalization, companies and even competitors are combining and forming alliances to cut cost and increase the profit margin. Chrysler, General Motors and Ford have formed an alliance in research and development to avoid duplication. These alliances are not only with domestic companies but they also go over national lines. Companies are pushing for integration of the world economy in hope for increased profits and governments are beginning to listen. Since 1986 (GATT) General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade have taken the incitive to move towards the liberalization of international trade. GATT members agreed to reduce tariff and non-tariff trade barriers. From 1986 to the present due to GATT's lead many markets have been open to the United States increasing exports and increasing efficiency through competition. One of the most aggressive liberalization groups to follow GATT's lead is APEC (Asian Pacific Economic Community). APEC consist of 18 countries that account for 1/2 of the worlds output. The three largest economies Japan, China and the United States are members. APEC leaders are committed to achieving free and open trade for the region...
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...version Page 1 of 8 Print this article 15 Tips to Start Successful Export Business By Joseph Zaritski. Copyright © 2003 Joseph Zaritski. 1. Where to start? 2. Go Online 3. Select And Evaluate Your Market 4. Understand that every market has different demands & changes every few years 5. Analyse, "Position" and Modify Your Products 6. If You Fail To Plan, You Are Planning To Fail 7. Build A Network 8. Develop "Export Inquiries Handling Rules" 9. Negotiating Is An Art 10. Be Aware Of Frauds 11. Be Market- And Customer - Focused 12. Be Prepared To Meet Growing Demand 13. Be Prepared To Spend Time And Money 14. Make Decisions On A Commercial Ground 15. Don't Try Too Much At The Beginning And Don't Grow Too Fast Legal Notice Before You Export - Get Ready 1. Where to start? Build A Corporate International Image Your credibility is a key to your global success. Even if you run a small company, you should present yourself internationally as a solid and reliable potential partner. Some little changes and touches will add considerably to your global appearance. Adapt corporate stationery to your export activities - add international dial-up code and word "Australia" to contact details. Develop company logo Always sign out-coming correspondence indicating you job title, company name and contact details, for example: John Smith, Export Manager Australian Trading Company Pty. Ltd. 124 Deakin Avenue Mildura VIC 3502 Australia Phone: 61 3 502 6776 Facsimile: 61 3 502 7667 E-mail: export@export61...
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...as sanctions on associated services. • License the supply and installation in Iran of spare parts for safety of flight for Iranian civil aviation and associated services. License safety related inspections and repairs in Iran as well as associated services. • Establish a financial channel to facilitate humanitarian trade for Iran's domestic needs using Iranian oil revenues held abroad. Humanitarian trade would be defined as transactions involving food and agricultural products, medicine, medical devices, and medical expenses incurred abroad. This channel would involve specified foreign banks and non-designated Iranian banks to be defined when establishing the channel. o This channel could also enable: transactions required to pay Iran's UN obligations; and, direct tuition payments to universities and colleges for Iranian students studying abroad, up to an agreed amount for the six month period. Agreements. • Comprehensively lift UN Security Council, multilateral and national nuclear-related sanctions, including steps on access in areas of trade, technology, finance, and energy, on a schedule to be agreed upon. • Include international civil nuclear cooperation, including among others, on acquiring modern light...
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