...between the U.S and the Brazilian culture is the individualism. In the United States, individualism is practiced 91% compared to Brazil with 38%. People in the United States think more as “I” compared to Brazil which think and act more as “we”. In Brazil, power distance is practiced a lot because all the individuals in the society are not equal. Also, the power holders have more benefits than the less powerful in the society. In Brazil the power distance is 69 compare to the United States with 40. When it comes to masculinity, the score of Brazil is 49 and the United States 62. Reading with scores the United States is more driven to success, achievement and competition and Brazil has a lower score. For long term orientation, the United States scores lower than Brazil with 26 and Brazil scores is 44. This being said, Brazil takes more pragmatic by encouraging thrift and efforts in modern education as a way to prepare for the future compare with the United States. According to geert-hofstede.com, “At 76 Brazil scores high on UAI – and so do the majority of Latin American countries. These societies show a strong need for rules and elaborate legal systems in order to structure life. The individuals need to obey these laws, however, is weak. If rules however cannot be kept, additional rules are dictated. In Brazil, as in all high Uncertainty Avoidance societies, bureaucracy, laws and rules are very important to make the world a safer place to live in. Brazilians need to have good and...
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...since 1980 6 Major Producers 1980-2013 6 Major Consumers 1980-2013 7 Exporters 8 Importers 8 Price Trend 9 Amount of land used 10 Policies endowment of cotton world trade 10 China 10 India 12 United States of America 13 Pakistan 14 Brazil 16 Conclusion 17 Appendices 18 References 20 Introduction Cotton fiber is the most important natural fiber in the world. Cotton farming is a very old activity. Cotton is used for fabric since prehistoric times. Cotton is a plant fiber that surrounds the cotton seeds that are below to the genus Gossypium. The fiber is almost entirely constituted with cellulose. It is the most widely natural fiber used for clothing in the world. According to the United States Department of Agriculture, 2.5% of the arable lands in the world are used for the cotton production. Cotton represents one of the most important agricultural commodities on the international world trade. Almost all the production is situated in the North hemisphere. In fact, there is a few numbers of actors in the cotton trade. Therefore, most of them can influence widely the international world trade by establishing relevant trade policies. In this article, first we present the most important actors hired in the cotton trade and finally we explain the different measures taking by the actors to protect their domestic production. The major producers, consumers, exporters and importers in January 2014 Major producers If we consider only the five...
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...to US producers violated WTO trade agreements. Brazil said that the financial aid given to the US gave their farmers an unfair advantage. The WTO agreed with Brazil and gave them permission to act out disciplinary measures against the United States. This authorization for retribution gave Brazil the right to enforce taxes on imports and exports as well as lift patent protections on US goods. However, these punitive measures could have had serious negative impacts on all industries in the United States. Therefore rather than remove the subsidies the United States provides its farmers, they decided to offer subsidies to Brazilian farmers...
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...How disputes are settled in World Trade Organizations (WTO) The countries can settle their disputes themselves at any stage, but these are the procedures that are usually followed:- 60 days Consultations, mediation, etc. 45 days Panel set up and panelists appointed 6 months Final panel report to parties 3 weeks Final panel report to WTO members 60 days Dispute Settlement Body adopts report (if no appeal) Total = 1 year (without appeal) 60-90 days Appeals report 30 days Dispute Settlement Body adopts appeals report Total = 1y 3m (with appeal) • Consultation & Mediation (up to 60 days). This is when the countries that are in dispute come together and try to reason better each other and settle their differences. And or ask the World Trade Organization director- general to intervene or mediate to try help them in any other way. • The panel (up to 45 days for a panel to be appointed, plus 6 months for the panel to conclude) At this stage the complaining country can ask for a panel to be appointed, the other country can block the creation of a panel once but when the dispute settlement body meets for a second time, the appointment can no longer be blocked. • Officially, the panel is helping the Dispute Settlement Body make rulings or recommendations. The panels conclusion are difficult to overturn and only can be rejected by consensus in the dispute settlement body. The panel’s conclusion have to be based on agreements referred to. According to the wto.org site,...
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...World Trade Organization CASE ANALYSIS Table of Contents 1. Review the articles and explain what the core of the disputes is.................. 1 2. Find and present at least three other disputes, which are at the agenda of the Dispute Settlement Committee of WTO. ........................................................ 2 a) Russian Federation- Measures on the importation of live pigs, pork and other pig products from the European Union .................................................. 3 b) Brazil- Certain measures concerning taxation and charges ...................... 4 c) Anti-dumping duties on light commercial vehicles (LCV) from Germany and Italy ............................................................................................................... 5 3. Explain the term “dumping prices”. ................................................................. 6 4. Which other commodities are object of protectionist measures? ................ 7 References ............................................................................................................. 9 1. Review the articles and explain what the core of the disputes is. The four investigated articles deal with the influence of governments on particular industries and how they try to strengthen and on the same time protect the competitiveness of domestic players. Three of the four articles highlight China’s protectionism on its market for cultural products. Protectionism can be defined as certain government...
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...Case study (2) Agricultural Subsidies and Development For decades the rich countries of the developed world have lavished subsidies on their farmers, typically guaranteeing them a minimum price for the products they produce. The aim has been to protect farmers in the developed world from the potentially devastating effects of low commodity prices. Although they are small in numbers, farmers tend to be politically active, and winning their support is important for many politicians. The politicians often claim that their motive is to preserve a historic rural lifestyle, and they see subsidies as a way of achieving that goal. This logic has resulted in financial support estimated to exceed $300 billion a year for farmers in rich nations. The European Union, for example, has set a minimum price for butter of 3,282 euros per ton. If the world price for butter falls below that amount, the EU will make up the difference to farmers in the form of a direct payment or subsidy. In total, EU dairy farmers receive roughly $15 billion a year in subsidies to produce milk and butter, or about $2 a day for every cow in the EU—a figure that is more than the daily income of half the world’s population. According to the OECD, overall EU farmers receive approximately $134 billion a year in subsidies. The EU is not alone in this practice. In the United States, a wide range of crop and dairy farmers receive subsidies. Typical is the guarantee that U.S. cotton farmers will receive at least $0.70 for...
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...The Doha Round of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) has sparked controversy, anger and even suicide from its commencement. This paper seeks to explore what is this Doha Round that has ignited such passionate displays from delegates and the common man alike, what are the issues at stake given the Round’s success or failure and finally, given the events that have marred its history to date and based on the many other factors in play, could the Doha Round come to a successful conclusion? The WTO conducts negotiations through what they call ‘rounds’. The November 2001 declaration of the Fourth Ministerial Conference in Doha, Qatar, known as the Doha Development Round, provides the mandate for negotiations on a range of subjects. Its objective is to lower trade barriers around the world, permitting free trade among countries of varying prosperity. The negotiations of the Doha Round take place in the Trade Negotiations Committee (TNC) and its subsidiaries. Other work under the work programme, such as issues concerning the implementation of the present agreements, takes place in other WTO councils and committees. The Doha Round was to begin at the WTO Ministerial Conference of 1999 in Seattle, and was supposed to be called ‘the Seattle Round’, however, some developing countries refused to launch the second round by blocking the “explicit consensus” needed at the final Heads of Delegation. It was later decided via explicit consensus at a meeting in Doha, Qatar, that all countries...
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...Colombia to the northwest; and Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname and the French overseas department of French Guiana to the north The Ministry of External Relations is responsible for managing the foreign relations of Brazil. Brazil is a significant political and economic power in Latin America and a key player on the world stage.[1] Brazil's foreign policy reflects its role as a regional power and a potential world power and is designed to help protect the country's national interests, national security, ideological goals, and economic prosperity. Between World War II and 1990, both democratic and military governments sought to expand Brazil's influence in the world by pursuing a state-led industrial policy and an independent foreign policy. Brazilian foreign policy has recently aimed to strengthen ties with other South American countries, engage in multilateral diplomacy through the United Nations and the Organization of American States, and act at times as a countervailing force to U.S. political and economic influence in Latin America. Contents * 1 Overview * 2 Foreign policy * 2.1 Lula da Silva administration * 2.2 Rousseff administration * 3 Regional policy * 4 Diplomatic relations * 5 United Nations politics * 6 Outstanding international issues * 7 Foreign aid * 8 Participation in international organizations * 9 Bilateral relations * 10 See also * 11 References * 12 External links Overview Brazil's international...
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...trade flows with the end of the commodity supercycle and the slowdown in China. In the 10 months to the end of October, Brazil attracted $52bn of foreign direct investment inflows, putting it on track to reach about $60bn by the end of 2014, roughly in line with previous years. “This will be another positive year,” says Alexandre Petry, executive manager of investments at Apex-Brasil, the export promotion agency of Brazil. “The principal driver for investors is our market: 200m people with a lower middle class that is still growing.” For a Brazil that grew accustomed to almost automatic success by the end of the first decade of the century, with the rise out of poverty of much of its population and the emergence of sectors such as agriculture and iron ore mining as national champions, the past four years have represented a transition period. In a year in which Brazil hosted the 2014...
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...countries (million head) ………………………………………………………… 4 Table 2: Global Beef Production (thousand ton) …………………………………………………………………. 4 3.3. Export world beef and veal consumption and leading exporters. ………………………………… 5 Table 3: World - Exports of beef and veal, main countries (Thousand tones carcass equivalent) …………………………………………………………………………………… 5 3. BRAZIL ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 5 3.1. Cultural Facts – Brazil and the tradition od eating beef …………………………………………………5 3.2. Emerging Global Role …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6 3.3. Foreign and Trade Policy ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 6 3.4. Brazilian Beef Market …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6 Table 4: Data on the Brazilian Beef Market …………………………………………………………………………. 6 3.5. Brazilian Beef System …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 7 3.6.1. Subsystem for Support ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 7 3.6.2. Subsystem of marketing.……………………………………………………………………………………….. 7 3.6. Relations with the United States ………………………………………………………………………………….. 7 3. UNITED STATES ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 7 4.7. The Battle to Control the U.S. Meat Market …………………………………………………………………. 7 4.8. U.S. Meat Exports ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 7 Picture 1: US Meat...
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...Brazil : embracing globalization This case is about Brazil's development strategy since World War II and about the change of the economic model following the debt crisis of the 1980s. In 2000, Brazilian officials were pondering whether to go for regional integration (Mercosur) or globalization to ensure the country's economic prosperity and development. Import-substitution strategy After the Great Depression of the 1930s, Brazil followed an import substitution strategy which consisted of massive government investment, targeting of key industries, and protection against competition with high tariffs walls. 1. Positive effects of this policy : the Brazilian economy experienced rapid growth and considerable diversification. From 1950 to 1961, the average annual rate of growth of the gross domestic product exceeded 7 percent. Industry was the engine of growth. It had an average annual growth rate of over 9 percent between 1950 and 1961, compared with 4.5 percent for agriculture. Traditional industries, such as textiles, food products, and clothing, declined, while the transport equipment, machinery, electric equipment and appliances, and chemical industries expanded. 2. Negative effects of this policy : substantial increase in imports, especially of inputs and machinery, and the foreign-exchange policies of the period resulted in inadequate export growth. A large influx of foreign capital in the 1950s resulted in a large foreign debt. Between 1981 and 2000 :...
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...April 2013 Globalization and the Brazilian Amazon Containing nearly half of South America’s area and population within its realm, Brazil is considered the continent’s giant. Even more astonishing, it is also the fifth largest country in the same categories worldwide. A country with such colossal parameters no doubt holds within its jungles a vast amount of resources desirable to most of the world, making it a superpower high up in the free trade market empire. However, while it is true that the Brazilian economy is booming, what negative implications does this dependency on the global demand for its commodities have on the very source of these precious resources? The Amazon rainforest, making up fifty-four percent of the world’s rainforests and providing 20 percent of the world’s oxygen (thus acquiring the name “Lungs of the Planet”), is taking the hardest hit. Because some of the highest-grossing commodities are drawn from the soil or consume land masses as time progresses, as the demand for these products gets higher, so does the inevitable environmental degradation of the Brazilian Amazon. Due to an increase in the global demand for Brazilian exports such as soybean and cattle production, there is a rapid expansion into non-protected forests causing irreversible deforestation in the Amazon and displacement of its local tribes. Everyday, the world’s population is faced with new challenges when it comes to the supply and demand for agriculture-based products. One of these...
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...Georgia State University IEP (International Ethanol & Petroleum) Investing in Brazilian Oil DARREN T. ARMSTRONG GLOBAL AND BUSINESS PRACTICES- BUSA 3000 DR. ILKE KARDES APRIL 23, 2015 1. Country Background Brazil is a country located in eastern South America, with a territorial size of 8,514,877 sq. km (square kilometers) and shares its borders with 10 other South American nations. These nations are; Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, and Venezuela. Brazil has a national GDP of 2.246 trillion USD (2013), a GNI of 2.956 trillion USD (2013), a population of 200.4 million people (2013), which makes the country’s GDP Per Capita 11,208.08 USD and its GNI Per Capita 14,750 PPP USD (2013). Brazil’s national currency is the Brazilian Real (R$), trades 2.97 R$ to 1USD, and exchanged openly on the Forex market. Brazil is a country rich with natural resources. These natural resources include, Timber, sugar, coffee beans, quartz, diamonds, chromium, iron ore, phosphates, petroleum, mica, graphite, titanium, copper, gold, oil, bauxite, zinc, tin, and mercury. Brazil is also a member of several economic organizations, including Unasul, WTO, Mercosul, G-20 and the Cairns Group. Brazil has hundreds of trading partners, with 60 percent of its total exports made up of manufactured and semi manufactured goods. Mercosul, an economic and political agreement that includes Argentina, Paraguay...
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...green economy may provide opportunities for many developing countries to find global markets for goods and services with low environmental impacts. This will, however, test the supply capacities of developing countries as reflected, for example, in domestic trade infrastructure. The green economy offers an opportunity to improve both global trade governance and the domestic trade environment to ensure that trade contributes positively to a green economy in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication. 4) Unilateral policy measures: Many countries seem committed to the use of trade measures to persuade other countries to change their domestic environmental practices, despite the fact that many measures may be contrary to GATT-WTO rules (see Table 1 and discussion). 5) International environmental, climate change agreements/conventions: The outcome of negotiations on climate change will have an influence on trade, e.g., by affecting the consumption of various natural resources which are traded and shifting demand for various low-carbon technologies (see Table 1). Some countries have expressed concerns that a green economy transition could cause their export industries to 1 experience declining demand or competitiveness. These concerns can be...
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...Greece and Brazil: A Comparison of the Costs and Benefits Associated with Free Trade Policies and Restrictive Trade Policies. Introduction The countries of Greece and Brazil have experienced unique situations in both economic conditions. These situations brought about significant changes in policy, which resulted in several events having both negative and positive impacts on each country’s development, and most importantly, international trade. This paper will also examine the economic structure of both Greece and Brazil, while identifying the similarities and differences of these structures. Greece became a member of the European Union in the 1980’s and participated in the free trade environment that was and is a representation of the EU. Brazil, on the other hand, practices protectionism which also had both a negative and positive impact on the country. This paper looks at both the positive and the negative impacts of each country’s trade policies and practices. Historical Insight A Brief History of Greece Greece (The Hellenic Republic) is located on the far south of the Balkan Peninsula, and consists of over 1400 islands, the largest of which is Crete, and the capital is Athens. Greece has a population of around 11 million people as at 2013, according to the World Bank. Its GDP is 242.2, GDP growth -3.3% and inflation is -0.9% as also confirmed by the World Bank in 2013, see Table 1. Greece has a parliamentary democratic system, the main political parties are ...
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