...Cell Structure and Function AbstractThis report is about cell structure and function. The cell is the basic unit of life. All living things are madeof cells. By doing this lab, I hoped to learn how a cell looked and how it functioned. I also wanted toknow the differences between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells Introduction The concept of this lab is producing a replica of an animal cell, and a plant cell. Producing the models of the cells helps to provide a better understanding of each cell and its contents also, to explore thedifferences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Cell theory states that all cells reproduce new cells,while passing their genetic information. In addition, cells make up all living things, metabolize energyand that the chemical make-up of cells is similar. The objectives for this lab are to gather the materials,which include gelatin packs, plastic bags, water, Tupperware, bowls, and some small various householditems. The other objectives are preparing the gelatin as directed, gathering the household items that willserve as cell organelles, pouring the gelatin in the bag and placing the items in the plastic bags. Thenplace the cell replicas in the refrigerator for 24 hours. Results After twenty-four hours, I removed the cell replicas from the refrigerator and observed them. They didnot look exactly like I planed but they were understandable. Discussion Replicating the cell structures provides better understand the structure and...
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...The Diversityof Life Lab Manual Stephen W. Ziser Department of Biology Pinnacle Campus for BIOL 1409 General Biology: The Diversity of Life Lab Activities, Homework & Lab Assignments 2013.8 Biol 1409: Diversity of Life – Lab Manual, Ziser, 2013.8 1 Biol 1409: Diversity of Life Ziser - Lab Manual Table of Contents 1. Overview of Semester Lab Activities Laboratory Activities . . . . . . . . . 2. Introduction to the Lab & Safety Information . . . . . 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 15 30 39 46 54 68 81 104 147 3. Laboratory Exercises Microscopy . . . . . . Taxonomy and Classification . Cells – The Basic Units of Life . Asexual & Sexual Reproduction Development & Life Cycles . . Ecosystems of Texas . . . . The Bacterial Kingdoms . . . The Protists . . . . . . The Fungi . . . . . . . The Plant Kingdom . . . . The Animal Kingdom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 13 17 22 26 29 . 32 . 42 . 50 . 59 . 89 4. Lab Reports (to be turned in - deadline dates as announced) Taxonomy...
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...because when the plant cells and the human cells were viewed in the microscope, they took on differentiating forms, enabling visual differentiation of the two forms of cells. The onion skin cell, an example of a plant cell, generally has a rigid, rectangular shape. The onion skin cells were positioned beside each other (length touching length, width touching width) and formed a checkered pattern. When observing the onion skin cell, we noticed that the cells took on a brick-like structure and within the cells, small dots (the nuclei) can be seen.When we first looked into the microscope, the microscope’s total magnification was 10X so there were about a hundred rows of rectangular cells (see diagram provided), but as we changed magnifications, the number of cells in the field of view decreased.When we viewed the onion skin cells at 40X total magnification, we noticed the nuclei of the cells looked clearer and larger and we were able to study the cell with more understanding than when we used the first magnification. The organelles that we were able to see in this type of cell were the nucleus, the cytoplasm and the cell wall. | -----The cheek cell, an example of an animal cell, generally has a circular, oval shape. the animal cell structure is the most prominent in human cheek cells. animal cell simply stands on it's own without being closely packed together. We noticed that the cells were secluded and spread out (see diagram provided), when we viewed the cheek cells at 40X total...
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...ssignment: SCIE207 Phase 2 Lab Report Title: Animal and Plant Cell Structures Instructions: Your lab report will consist of the completed tables. Label each structure of the plant and animal cell with its description and function in the tables provided. When your lab report is complete, post it in Submitted Assignment files. 1. Animal Cell: Observe the diagram showing the components of an animal cell. Using the textbook and virtual library resources, fill in the following table: Animal Cell Number | Cell Structure | Description and Function | 1 | Nuclear Pore | Passage of substance between nucleus & cytoplasm | 2 | Chromatin (DNA) | Loose coils; | 3 | Nucleolus | Made up of DNA; responsible for making ribosomes | 4 | Nuclear envelope | Membranes surrounding nucleus | 5 | Nucleus | Large circle shape; control all cell activity | 6 | Centriole | Made of microtubules; to organize | 7 | Intermediate filaments | Consist of several ropelike proteins & they work with microtubules to support the cell | 8 | Plasma membrane | Contain & protect contents, regulate passage in/out of cell | 9 | Flagellum | To move in a whiplike motion to propel a cell through its environment | 10 | Cytoplasm | Inside of cell wall; | 11 | Rough endoplasmic reticulum | Filled with ribosomes; responsible for shipping and making proteins | 12 | Ribosome | | 13 | Lysosome | Sac; Digest/recycle particles | 14 | Microtubules | Made of...
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...Cell Structure and Function Lab Drawings: Draw 1 cell at high power and label parts as given in directions. Elodea leaf cells (400X) Stained Onion Cells (400X) [pic] Stained Cheek Cell (400X) Stem Cell (from pictures) Lab Summary 1. “Plants and animals obtain food in different ways.” What microscopic evidence did you see to support that statement? Plant cells have chloroplasts and organelle that can produce food. Animals do not. 2. Did the iodine solution aid in your observation of onion cells? Why do biologists use stains to study cells? Yes, the cytoplasm and the nucleus were much easier to see. Stains allow parts of the cell to be seen more clearly. 3. What microscopic structure shows that the onion cell is a plant cell? The cell wall 4. What structures can be seen in an unstained onion cell? The cell wall 5. What structures can be seen in a stained onion cell? The cell wall, cytoplasm and nucleus, (maybe the cell membrane) 6. In what ways are Elodea cells different from onion cells? What organelle does Elodea have that the onion does not? Why might this be so? The Elodea has chloroplasts and the onion cells did not. The onion cells that we were looking at are found below ground where the sun doesn’t shine; therefore, chloroplasts are of no use to them. If I had given you the leafy part of the onion, you would have seen chloroplasts. 7. The...
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...MY BIOLOGY S.B.A Lab #1 Topic: Classification Aim: To classify organisms into groups Apparatus: Method: A list of 10 organisms in my school environment was made and observed. A table was constructed to show the organism and their visible characteristics. Another table was constructed to show the kingdom, phylum and class to which the organisms belong. Observation Organism | Visible Characteristics | Bird | They are vertebrates with a pair of wings. They also have a beak | Cat | They are vertebrates that have sharp claws, a smooth coat of hair (fur) and panted teeth | Earth Worm | Has a long, ring-like segmental body, lives in the soil, has a clitellum | Lizard | Has a scaly skin, 2 pairs of legs | Crab | Has a hard exo-skeleton, has claws, four pairs of jointed legs, seen in wet places | | | Plants | | Pine | Has stems, roots and leaves, produces seed that grow inside cones | Fern | Has roots, stems and leaves, has spores on the underside of the leaves, does not have flower | Hibiscus | Produces flowers, has root, stems and leaves | Leaf of Life | Does not produce flower, has roots, stems and leaves | Mahogany | Has roots, Stems and leaves | | Organism | Kingdom | Phylum | Class | 1 | Bird | Animalia | Chordata | Ares | 2 | Cat | Animalia | Chordata | Mammalia | 3 | Earthworm | Animalia | Chordata | | 4 | Lizard | Animalia | Chordata | Reptilia | 5 | Crab | Animalia | Chordata | Crustacea | Plants 1 | Pine | Plantae...
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...observed in today’s microscope lab was that I was able to view algae from a sample of pond water. The total magnification which I made the observation was 450. Been able to see algae just with the sample of pond water is amazing because whenever I see pond water I never think about what it beholds I just thought of it as water and nothing spectacular. 2. In the plant cell I observed the chloroplast organelle. My observations for the chloroplast organelle was that the shape was a circle and very tiny. I also I learned that the function of the chloroplast organelle is to conduct photosynthesis. In the animal cell I observed the nucleus. My observations for the nucleus was that the shape was a oval. When you look through the microscope it looks like a nucleus inside of the nucleus. I also I learned that the animal cell of the nucleus is to hold genetic code (DNA). 3. If I looked at bacterial cells with the microscope, I would expect to see neither one. Due to bacteria is a prokaryotic cell. Though, bacteria cells is a living...
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...Lori Stenbeck Bio K121 June 14, 2012 Animal and Plant Cells Introduction: There are two different types of cells, prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Prokaryotic, such as bacteria, lack a nuclear membrane and other membrane bound organelles. Their genetic material consists of a single molecule of singular DNA. Eukaryotic, such as plant and animal cells have a nuclear membrane and other membrane bound organelles. Their genetic structure consists of one or more linear strands of DNA. Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus, cytoplasm, and a plasma membrane surrounding the cell. The typical plant cell has in addition a cell wall, a rigid structure made up of cellulose that surrounds the plasma membrane. Most animal cells are mostly filled with cytoplasm, whereas the plant cell has much of its volume taken up by a central vacuole containing water, salts, sugars and other compounds. The purpose of this experiment is to differentiate between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Also to distinguish among plant and animal cells and identifying the organelles that are evident in them. Eukaryotic Cells: Plant Cells: Elodea: When viewing the Elodea (also known as pond weed) it was easy to distinguish it was a plant cell due to its rectangular shape. The cellular organelles that were observed were a cell, wall, chloroplast, cytoplasm, and a nucleus. The nucleus was located off to the side of the cell. This was assumed to be because of the large central vacuole. As the slide began to...
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...Bio 112 Lab Midterm Prep Scientific drawing: Size of drawing/ size of object Size of Object: FOV diameter/ # of objects that fit across FOV Dissolved Oxygen: Temperature in degrees Celsius. The colder the water the more dissolved oxygen. Low tolerance values indicate the organism can only live in good quality bodies of water. Higher the number the greater the species richness and species evenness. Two populations with the same total number of species could be uneven; the even population would have a higher index value. Species Diversity takes into account two factors: Species Richness - the number of different species present in a community Species Evenness - how evenly the total number of individuals is proportioned into each species Macroinvertebrates- inhabit streams, no vertebrae, visible without microscope (1-3 year life span), abundant Equipment: D-net, kick-net, surber sampler Macroinvertebrates are frequently used as bioindictors in biomonitoring. Bioindicators organisms that are used to monitor changes in environment Biomonitoring use of living organisms or their responses to determine the quality of environment Examples: mayfly nymphs, alderfly larvae, caddisfly larvae plus lots of aquatic worms. Dissolved oxygen (DO): concentration determined by temperature and the amounts of water mixing or turbulence, decomposing organic matter, and pollution Low DO water is polluted. Biotic Index pollution tolerance index to access health of a stream. High phosphorus...
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...This lab was conducted for the purpose of answering any last questions we, as a group, had about cells. We asked our question, whether different types of dyes affected specific cells in different ways, because we had only used one dye on each cell in the past, and we hadn’t got to see the true difference that each individual dye had on each cell. We hypothesized that if we dyed a specific type of cell different colors then we would see different things because there would be a different chemical reaction. We believed that this would be true because in previous labs, we have seen that certain types of dye have done more visually for specific cells than other dyes. To figure out the answer to this question, we designed a procedure involving three...
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...| Syllabus College of Natural Science BIO/100 Version 2 Introduction to Life Science with Lab | Copyright © 2009, 2007 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description This course applies a broad, conceptual understanding of biology. Students are introduced to scientific ideologies and concepts that not only shape the biological world, but also shape humans. Students examine the scientific method, evolution and biodiversity, the biology of cells, physiology, the dynamics of inheritance, and the effect humans have on the environment. The text emphasizes methods and the theoretical foundations of ideas, while minimizing isolated facts. It stresses the integration of ideas, making connections that form an understanding of the living world. The weekly online labs add a practical component to the class. The labs build upon the concepts in the text and offer a chance to interact with the material and further their understanding. Policies Faculty and students/learners will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents: University policies: You must be logged into the student website to view this document. Instructor policies: This document is posted in the Course Materials forum. University policies are subject to change. Be sure to read the policies at the beginning of each class. Policies may be slightly different depending on the modality in which you attend class. If you have...
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...Lab Manual Introductory Biology (Version 1.4) © 2013 eScience Labs, LLC All rights reserved www.esciencelabs.com • 888.375.5487 2 Table of Contents: Introduc on: Lab 1: Lab 2: Lab 3: Lab 4: The Scien fic Method Wri ng a Lab Report Data Measurement Introduc on to the Microscope Biological Processes: Lab 5: Lab 6: Lab 7: Lab 8: Lab 9: The Chemistry of Life Diffusion Osmosis Respira on Enzymes The Cell: Lab 10: Lab 11: Lab 12: Lab 13: Lab 14: Lab 15: Cell Structure & Func on Mitosis Meiosis DNA & RNA Mendelian Gene cs Popula on Gene cs 3 4 Lab Safety Always follow the instruc ons in your laboratory manual and these general rules: eScience Labs, LLC. designs every kit with safety as our top priority. Nonetheless, these are science kits and contain items which must be handled with care. Safety in the laboratory always comes first! Lab Prepara on • • Please thoroughly read the lab exercise before star ng! If you have any doubt as to what you are supposed to be doing and how to do it safely, please STOP and then: Double-check the manual instruc ons. Check www.esciencelabs.com for updates and ps. Contact us for technical support by phone at 1-888-ESL-Kits (1-888-375-5487) or by email at Help@esciencelabs.com. • Read and understand all labels on chemicals. If you have any ques ons or concerns, refer to the Material Safely Data Sheets (MSDS) available at www.esciencelabs.com. The MSDS lists the dangers, storage requirements, exposure treatment...
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...Afton wicks MicroBiology Exam 1 November 8, 2014 Question #1 Bassi and Pasture proved that disease came from microorganisms. Koch’s Postulates specifically isolate the bacteria that cause the disease. Per Koch the pathogen must be present in every case of the disease, it must be isolated from the Patient and must grow a pure culture, Koch was the first to do this. The bacteria from the pure culture must then cause the same disease in a laboratory animal, it is proven that the disease is caused by the specific bacteria when it can be re isolated from the laboratory animal and grown in a pure culture. Therefore we use Kochs postulates rather than Pastures because he proved that the disease was caused by the specific microorganism and Bassi...
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...Experiment one Pre-Lab Questions 1. Hypothesize why a fungus would use spores as a mechanism for reproduction. * Spores are small and light and can help fungus reproduce both sexually and asexually. A fungus would use a spore to reproduce because when they land in the right conditions, they germinate and grow new hyphae. 2. How might the environment affect a fungus reproducing sexually or asexually? * Because if the environment is not how it needs to be the fungus will be unable to grow 3. What characteristics are more plant-like? Animal-like? * With animals fungi lack chloroplasts and with plants fungi have a cell wall and vacuoles, the produce sexually and asexually Post-Lab Questions 1. Include your hypothesis from Step 5 here. * I believe that the wet piece of bread will experience more growth over time than the dry piece of bread. The bread will act as a sponge, soak up the water, and fungus and bacteria will start to grow over the course of a few days. 2. What structures did you see in the bread mold? * Different color molding, mostly yellowish white molds, rough surface, large oval or circular structures, some places were very hard and dry as well. 3. Why was it important to moisten the bread before sealing it in the resealable bag? * I believe it was important because moistening the bread will allow mold to grow quicker when kept in an incubated location 4. What type...
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...Kingdom Plantae All land plants experience alternation of generations. Two distinct phases exist: A diploid sporophyte alternates with a haploid gametophyte. (In reality these phases represent two body forms of the same organism). The gametophyte produces gametes (eggs and/or sperm). A diploid sporophyte produces spores by meiosis. Sporophytes and gametophytes look distinctly different from one another (heteromorphic). Mosses and Ferns Phylum Hepatophyta (Liverworts) The plants are called liverworts because they look like a human liver. They are very small and you’ll find them growing on rocks that are next to freshwater streams. Activity: Examine Marchantia. The body of this plant is called a thallus. The thallus is the gametophyte portion of the life cycle. Identify the gemma cups. Inside the gemma cup is gemmae. The gemmae get dislodged by splashing water. If they land on a suitable substrate, they grow into new thalli. [pic] kingdomplantae.blogspot.com Phylum Bryophyta (Mosses) Mosses grow on trees, rocks and soil. They have a wide variety of human uses, the most common one being a soil additive to potting soil and as a major component of peat, which is used for fuel in some parts of the world. Notice that the sporophyte remains attached to the gametophyte. The gametophyte continues to provide nutrition for the...
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