...Plate Tectonics Press Release Public Education on Earthquake Preparedness By Krystle Wilson March 28, 2014 Los Angeles, CA – Earthquakes occurs frequently in Los Angeles and its surrounding areas in California. I would like to take some time today to discuss earthquake preparedness and discuss descriptions of hazards associated with earthquakes in Los Angeles. I will also discuss the origin and causes of earthquakes, relation to the shifting plates to the natural process of mountain building, relation of earthquakes to plate tectonics and faults in Los Angeles. I will share some historical disasters associated with past earthquakes and discuss potential of future earthquake events. Descriptions of hazards associated with earthquakes in Los Angeles Earthquakes occurs and it occurs where there are tectonic plates or fault lines. The main earthquake hazard is the effect of ground shaking. The ground shaking can create hazards with buildings that may potentially collapse, roads may be unleveled, ground may split open. Because of Los Angeles being a large city with large population of people and buildings, there are gas lines running underneath the city. If an earthquake occurs, it may cause rupturing of the pipe line which could lead to fires and explosions. (Michigan Tech, n.d.). Origin and causes of Earthquakes “The earthquakes in California in general are caused by the movement of huge blocks of the earth’s crust – the Pacific and...
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...Los Angeles is one of the largest cities in the United States and one with the highest risk of earthquakes. Los Angeles is an urban environment that has high infrastructure which increases hazards associated with earthquakes. There are many factors that lead to the current knowledge of past, current, and future earthquakes occurrences. We are better able to understand where and why earthquakes are likely to occur and to be proactive to their hazards. Los Angeles is located approximately 60 miles from the largest and most active fault line in the United States. The San Andreas Fault line is the boundary between the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate. These tectonic plates slide past each other breaking rock, creating shaking and seismic waves in every direction. This shaking is what we know as earthquakes and the seismic waves are how they are rated based on severity. The L.A. area is located where slip rate of the plates is well known. The slip rates of the San Andreas Fault is calculated by its size and the rate that one plate moves compared to the other. The soft soil and near surface materials have low wave velocity which create more shaking as compared to hard rock. Observing the shear wave velocity can assist in estimating potential seismic activity. Energy released from slipping rocks on the fault line can travel many miles. The location at which this slip occurs is known as the focus and epicenter is directly above the focus on the earth’s surface. Earthquakes...
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...One” means: a tremendous earthquake that scientists predict will rock the state of California, which sits on the famous San Andreas Fault line, an 800-mile line of weakness that runs through California. Overland, it runs for 625 miles, running north-south from Point Arena in north San Francisco to the border with Mexico. The most risky stretch of this fault, the southern part, passes about 35 miles from Los Angeles. Being the biggest and most populated city closest to the fault, Los Angeles is a high-risky region in the event of a big earthquake. There are over four million residents and 400, 000 businesses within Los Angeles city, an area of 475 square miles. It is one of the City’s greatest responsibilities to protect the public and ensure that all responsible agencies are prepared for immediate response and rescue operations in the event of earthquakes and other related disasters. The starting point, the focus of this press release, is educating the public about the causes of earthquakes, associated disasters, and vulnerability of Los Angeles to future earthquake events. Hazards Associated Earthquakes in Los Angeles The common disasters associated with earthquakes include the disruption of public, social and business activities, as well as destruction of property, and in serious cases, loss of life. In addition, earthquakes destroy infrastructure such as electricity lines, roads, water, and sewage drainage systems. Consequently, if an earthquake strikes it will paralyze...
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...Plate Tectonics Nicole Anderson GLG/220 Dr. A. Kem Fronabarger November 7, 2011 What is an Earthquake and where do they come from? Many people are unaware of what an actual earthquake is and how they come to be. There are several myths that have been created to help people understand how earthquakes have been produced. In Japan, legend has it the earth is shaken by the movement of a giant catfish hidden in the ground. The Chinese believe that the earth is resting on a giant ox, and in India, one myth suggest that the earth was held in place by four elephants, which were standing on top of a giant turtle, which in turn was standing on top of a giant cobra; whenever one animal moved, the earth is shaking (Zerve, 2000). In the 1960’s we finally found the true cause of earthquakes. The theory of plate tectonics was created. This theory suggests that the earth’s crust consists of “plates” that move relative to one another, and seismic activity is associated mostly with this motion (Zerva, 2000). Most of the earthquake sources are located along the boundaries of these plates. Earthquakes can be very hazardous, so it is important to understand how an earthquake happens and the earthquake preparedness techniques. In order to understand the earthquakes and the tectonic plates, we must first understand the earth and its layers. The earth is made up of three layers: the crust, the mantle and the core (Zerva, 2000). The lithosphere is the crust and upper most solid mantle...
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...[pic] Course Syllabus GLG/101 Geology with Lab Please print a copy of this syllabus for handy reference. Whenever there is a question about what assignments are due, please remember this syllabus is considered the ruling document. Copyright Copyright ©2009 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. University of Phoenix© is a registered trademark of Apollo Group, Inc. in the United States and/or other countries. Microsoft©, Windows©, and Windows NT© are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. All other company and product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies. Use of these marks is not intended to imply endorsement, sponsorship, or affiliation. Edited in accordance with University of Phoenix© editorial standards and practices. Facilitator Information Michael Gutierrez gofiguretravel@email.phoenix.edu (University of Phoenix) gofiguretravel@q.com (Personal) 602-301-2633 (mountain) Facilitator Availability I am available from 10 a.m.-10 p.m. Mountain Time on most days, but I attempt to reserve Saturday for my family. On Sundays, I tend to be online in the late evening only. If these times are not convenient for you,...
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...‘Technology is the best way to reduce the impact of an earthquake’ to what extent do you agree with this view? (40 marks) An earthquake is a sudden violent shaking of the ground, typically causing great destruction, as a result of movements within the earth’s crust or volcanic action. Impacts of an earthquake can include short-term impacts such as fatalities, or long-term impacts such as income lost through lack of tourism. Technology can be used to predict the likelihood of an earthquake occurring in a particular area, for example by detecting plate movement, and this can reduce the impacts of an earthquake in return. This essay will discuss whether technology is the best way to reduce the impact of an earthquake or not. Technology can predict earthquakes through a seismometer. A seismometer is used to pick up the vibrations in the Earth’s crust and this can help predict earthquakes as an increase in vibrations may indicate a possible earthquake. Through the use of this technology, people living in earthquake zones are able to evacuate the area, which reduces the likelihood of fatalities from the earthquake and the falling debris caused by it. There are also other ways in which earthquakes can be predicted such as using laser beams to detect plate movement, monitoring the levels of radon gas that is being released from cracks in the crust and monitoring changes in ground levels. In February 1975 in the city of Haicheng in China, scientists identified changes in the ground...
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...Earthquake From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about the natural seismic phenomenon. For other uses, see Earthquake (disambiguation). [pic] An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor, temblor or seismic activity) is the result of a sudden release of energy in theEarth's crust that creates seismic waves. Earthquakes are measured with a seismometer; a device which also records is known as aseismograph. The moment magnitude (or the related and mostly obsolete Richter magnitude) of an earthquake is conventionally reported, with magnitude 3 or lower earthquakes being mostly imperceptible and magnitude 7 causing serious damage over large areas. Intensity of shaking is measured on the modified Mercalli scale. At the Earth's surface, earthquakes manifest themselves by shaking and sometimes displacing the ground. When a large earthquakeepicenter is located offshore, the seabed sometimes suffers sufficient displacement to cause a tsunami. The shaking in earthquakes can also trigger landslides and occasionally volcanic activity. In its most generic sense, the word earthquake is used to describe any seismic event — whether a natural phenomenon or an event caused by humans — that generates seismic waves. Earthquakes are caused mostly by rupture of geological faults, but also by volcanic activity, landslides, mine blasts, and nuclear experiments. An earthquake's point of initial rupture is called its focus orhypocenter. The term epicenter refers to the point at...
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...following countries bordering: Russia, Ukraine, and Romania. To the East she has the following countries bordering: Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Iran. Finally to the South she has Syria and Iraq bordering her. Lastly, the following bodies of water divide her and they include: the Dardanelles, the Sea of Marmara, and the Bosporus (Index Mundi. com, 2013). Izmir, just like the entire country of Turkey, has many disadvantages primarily due to their geological weakness known as the Aegean plate boundaries (Komuscu, 1995). Turkey sits literally amid two massive tectonic plates. The Eurasia and The Africa/Arabia, which are inevitably hurtling into one another, from the north towards the south. The Anatolian plate, where the Turkish mainland lies, is being clutched upwardly near the Aegean Sea (Kutluca A. K., 2004). Both plates are located directly below Turkey and thus lead to this country’s massive history of avalanches, floods, landslides, droughts and earthquakes (Orhon, 1991). A 7.2 Mw earthquake had once...
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...northern California and symbolizes the dynamic geologic processes that have shaped a spectacular landscape. 63829_02_insidecover.qxd 11/25/08 12:53 AM Page ii ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS TO ASK Northern California.1 Introduction Ⅲ What are northern California’s physiographic provinces? Ⅲ What is the Farallon subduction zone? al Ⅲ What two types of plate boundaries exist in northern California today? th Ⅲ What are terranes, how do they originate, and why are they important in northern California? Northern California.2 The Sierra Nevada: California’s Geologic alifornia’s Ge Backbone Ⅲ What is the Sierra Nevada batholith? rra batholi Ⅲ What kinds of rocks surround the Sierra Nevada batholith? ra Ⅲ When and how was the modern Sierra Nevada uplifted? e Ⅲ What types of gold deposits occur in the Sierra Nevada? e? Ⅲ What is the Mother Lode? Northern California.3 The Klamath M Mountains t ath an Ne evada Ⅲ In what ways are the Klamath Mountains and the Sierra Nevada similar? ds ro o ath M Ⅲ What kinds of rocks comprise the ophiolites in the Klamath Mountains and what tectonic events do they signify? ineral occu th ntai Ⅲ What mineral resources occur in the Klamath Mountains? Northern California.4 The Gr Ca rnia e Great Valley fa s th i he Valle Ⅲ What factors have led to the formation of fertile soils in the Great Valley? at t ime y Grea Seq Ⅲ What was the origin of the sedimentary rocks in the Great Valley Sequence...
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...Earth, People, and Environment Exam 1 Exam 1 covers Chapters 1-6 in the textbook, all lectures, and homework assignment 1. Chapter 1: Thinking Geographically What does the term Geography literally mean based on its Greek roots? Why are natural hazards a good example of the issues geographers study? What are the tools of GIS, GPS, Google Earth, Google Maps, mashups, and remote sensing used for? What is spatial analysis or geographic thinking? What are these terms geographers use to describe the earth? place, region, scale, space What is cartography? Is it an art or science, both? What are some ways of representing map scale? Why are Map projections needed? Why is there always some map distortion or errors in maps? What kind of map projection is the Mercator projection: cylindrical, conic, azimuthal? What areas of the globe are best portrayed by a conic projection? What are lines of latitude and lines of longitude? Where does the Prime Meridian run through? What is Greenwich Mean Time? Where is the International Date Line? How do we refer to places using latitude and longitude and the geographic grid (e.g., GPS locations?) If a football game begins at 1 pm EST, what time does it begin in Los Angeles? How are site and situation related? What is a vernacular region? Functional region? What are some pros and cons of globalization on culture in different countries? What does globalization refer to? What is culture? Is it dynamic or static? Chapter 2: Weather, Climate, and Climate Change...
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...Not Everything is Within our Control The afternoon knows what the morning never expected. – Swedish (Swedish, "Nature Sayings and Nature Quotes | Wise Old Sayings") It is an irrevocable fact that we are not in control of everything that happens. We would like to believe that we are and we do everything in our power to get as close to full control as possible, but the truth of the matter is that as the starting quote say’s “ The afternoon always knows what the morning never expected”. There are many things in our lives that are out of our control, like other people’s feelings and unforeseen unmanageable circumstance, for me this inability to always be in control is a difficult concept. You see, I am an ex-professional athlete in a high-risk sport, motocross. In motocross we like to believe that as we train and prepare we gain control of all situations and when things go north this preparation will allow us to control the uncontrollable. The difficult truth to accept is that although preparation diminished unforeseen and uncontrollable circumstances, it doesn’t eliminate them and when something goes wrong. It goes really wrong. I, like many people will never come to accept that we can’t control certain circumstances and will continue to prepare ourselves and to train ourselves in hopes of controlling the uncontrolled. As crazy as this may seem however, it is people like us that develop equipment, strategies, movements and technology to get us closer to control. It is...
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...CIVIL ENGINEERING 3rd Semester Course No. Course Name MA 201 Mathematics III CE 201 Solid Mechanics CE 203 Engineering Geology CE 205 Civil Engineering Materials CE 207 Surveying CE 231 Civil Engineering Materials Lab CE 235 Surveying Laboratory CE 233 Building Drawing and CAD lab. SA 201 NCC/NSS/NSO I Total Credits 4th Semester Course No. MA 2xx CE 202 CE 204 CE 206 CE 208 CE 232 CE 234 SA 202 5th Semester Course No. CE 301 CE 303 CE 305 CE 307 CE 309 CE 331 CE 333 L-T-P-C 3-0-0-6 3-1-0-8 3-0-0-6 3-0-0-6 3-0-0-6 0-0-3-3 0-0-3-3 1-0-2-4 0-0-2-0 16-1-8-42 Course Name Numerical Methods Structural Analysis I Environmental Engineering I Geotechnical Engineering I Hydrology and Water Resources Engineering Environmental Engineering Lab Geotechnical Engineering I Laboratory NCC/NSS/NSO II Total Credits L-T-P-C 3-0-0-6 3-1-0-8 3-0-0-6 3-0-0-6 3-0-0-6 0-0-3-3 0-0-3-3 0-0-2-0 15-1-6-38 Course Name Structural Analysis II Environmental Engineering II Geotechnical Engineering II Fluid Mechanics Reinforced Concrete Design Geotechnical Engineering II Laboratory Fluid Mechanics Laboratory Total Credits L-T-P-C 3-1-0-8 3-0-0-6 3-0-0-6 3-0-0-6 3-0-0-6 0-0-3-3 0-0-3-3 15-1-6-38 Course Name HSS II Transportation Engineering I Construction Technology and Management Design of Steel Structures Hydraulics and Hydraulic Structures Transportation Engineering I Laboratory Hydraulics and Hydraulic...
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...Chapter 7: Statutory Authority Chapter Outline 1. Introduction of topics and concepts to be discussed in the chapter. a. Legal basis of modern emergency management in the United States. b. Budget authority. c. Program eligibility. d. Roles and responsibilities. 2. Case Studies a. The National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program (NEHRP): Legislation to Address a Particular Hazard b. The Homeland Security Act of 2002: A New Emergency Management c. The Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000: A Shift to Pre-Disaster Mitigation 3. Additional Sources of Information 4. Glossary of Terms 5. Acronyms 6. Discussion Questions a. General b. NEHRP c. Homeland Security Act of 2002 d. DMA 2000 7. Suggested Out of Class Exercises Introduction No emergency management system anywhere in the world can properly function without statutory authority and consistent budget appropriations. Statutory authority defines disasters programs, determines who is eligible for these programs, provides the legal support needed to implement disaster programs and establishes the legal foundation for funding the programs and activities of the disaster agency. Without such authority, a government agency is powerless. Legal Basis of Modern Emergency Management in the United States The first recorded emergency management legislation in the United States occurred in 1803 when a Congressional Act was passed to provide financial...
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...CALIFORNIA CALIFORNIA An Interpretive History TENTH EDITION James J. Rawls Instructor of History Diablo Valley College Walton Bean Late Professor of History University of California, Berkeley TM TM CALIFORNIA: AN INTERPRETIVE HISTORY, TENTH EDITION Published by McGraw-Hill, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. Copyright © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Previous editions © 2008, 2003, and 1998. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning. Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the United States. This book is printed on acid-free paper. 1234567890 QFR/QFR 10987654321 ISBN: 978-0-07-340696-1 MHID: 0-07-340696-1 Vice President & Editor-in-Chief: Michael Ryan Vice President EDP/Central Publishing Services: Kimberly Meriwether David Publisher: Christopher Freitag Sponsoring Editor: Matthew Busbridge Executive Marketing Manager: Pamela S. Cooper Editorial Coordinator: Nikki Weissman Project Manager: Erin Melloy Design Coordinator: Margarite Reynolds Cover Designer: Carole Lawson Cover Image: Albert Bierstadt, American (born...
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...Answers to Conceptual Integrated Science End-of-Chapter Questions Chapter 1: About Science Answers to Chapter 1 Review Questions 1 The era of modern science in the 16th century was launched when Galileo Galilei revived the Copernican view of the heliocentric universe, using experiments to study nature’s behavior. 2 In Conceptual Integrated Science, we believe that focusing on math too early is a poor substitute forconcepts. 3 We mean that it must be capable of being proved wrong. 4 Nonscientific hypotheses may be perfectly reasonable; they are nonscientific only because they are not falsifiable—there is no test for possible wrongness. 5 Galileo showed the falseness of Aristotle’s claim with a single experiment—dropping heavy and lightobjects from the Leaning Tower of Pisa. 6 A scientific fact is something that competent observers can observe and agree to be true; a hypothesis is an explanation or answer that is capable of being proved wrong; a law is a hypothesis that has been tested over and over and not contradicted; a theory is a synthesis of facts and well-tested hypotheses. 7 In everyday speech, a theory is the same as a hypothesis—a statement that hasn’t been tested. 8 Theories grow stronger and more precise as they evolve to include new information. 9 The term supernatural literally means “above nature.” Science works within nature, not above it. 10 They rely on subjective personal experience and do not lead to testable hypotheses. They lie outside...
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