...disease, also known as Legionellosis, is a type of atypical pneumonia caused by the Legionella bacteria. It is estimated that around 90% of Legionnaires’ disease cases are caused by the bacteria Legionella pneumophila. Other types include L. longbeachae, L. feeleii, L. micdadei and L. anisa (Fields, et al., 2002). This serious lung infection causes inflammation of the alveoli and consolidation due to the host’s immune response to the bacterial invasion. This could ultimately impair the basic functions of the lungs and can lead to a life-threatening situation if untreated. The Legionella bacteria are found naturally in fresh water and soil and can also contaminate man-made water systems such as cooling towers, hot water tanks, heaters, showers, air conditioners, decorative fountains, swimming pools, grocery store mist sprayers and hot tubs. Legionnaires’ disease is commonly spread by inhalation of aerosolized infectious particles and less commonly spread by aspiration of contaminated drinking water or working around contaminated soil. It is rare for this disease to be spread between people (McDade et al., 1977). Most healthy individuals exposed to Legionella do not develop pneumonia. Individuals at increased risk of developing this lung infection include those...
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...airways and the alveoli in the lungs get impaired. In this condition, the cough develops with mucus to struggle to breathe. COPD applies to a group of lung diseases .it can be a combination of Emphysema, Bronchitis, and some time in non-reversible asthma. The two primary COPD conditions are chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema. These diseases distress different parts of the lungs, but both cause difficulty breathing. Emphysema gradually destructs the air alveoli in the lungs. Alveoli provide oxygen to the bloodstream. Over the period, Emphysema deteriorates the alveoli and finishes the elasticity of pulmonary airways. As a consequence,...
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...caused by indoor pollutants. The primary function of the respiratory system is to supply the blood with oxygen. When this fails death is not excluded. Lung diseases occur within the lungs. Some lung and respiratory diseases include asthma, pneumonia tuberculosis and lung cancer. Those will be analyzed in the following essay. [1] Asthma or reactive airway disease is a chronic disorder that results in restricted breathing due to inflammation of the bronchi tubes the main air passages in the lungs. Asthma affects 3-5 % of adults and 7 -10 % of children in the USA. Sever asthma attacks can cause approximately 5000 deaths per year. Three changes occur in the lungs of the people with asthma. First inflammation or swelling where the airway becomes inflamed and produce a mucous. Inflammation then leads to constriction of the muscles around the airways causing the airways to become narrow. This narrowing is also referred to as bronchiole spasm. The third change is increased sensitivity of the airways causing the asthma patient to become overly sensitive to animal dander, pollen, cold air and tobacco smoke to name a few. Patients have to work with their doctors for the correct medication to control symptoms and minimize attacks.[2] Regular pneumonia is an infection of the lungs where the lung tissue is filled with fluid or pus. Symptoms include rapid breathing, fever, chills, chest and abdominal pain, presence of brown, yellow or green colored mucous or cough....
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...I. Introduction This is a case of a 74 year old woman who was diagnosed with Community Acquired Pneumonia. Pneumonia is an inflammation or infection of the lungs most commonly caused by a bacteria or virus. Pneumonia can also be caused by inhaling vomit or other foreign substances. In all cases, the lungs' air sacs fill with pus , mucous, and other liquids and cannot function properly. This means oxygen cannot reach the blood and the cells of the body. Most pneumonias are caused by bacterial infections.The most common infectious cause of pneumonia in the United States is the bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae. Bacterial pneumonia can attack anyone. The most common cause of bacterial pneumonia in adults is a bacteria called Streptococcus pneumoniae or Pneumococcus. Pneumococcal pneumonia occurs only in the lobar form. An increasing number of viruses are being identified as the cause of respiratory infection. Half of all pneumonias are believed to be of viral origin. Most viral pneumonias are patchy and the body usually fights them off without help from medications or other treatments. Pneumococcus can affect more than the lungs. The bacteria can also cause serious infections of the covering of the brain (meningitis), the bloodstream, and other parts of the body. Community-acquired pneumonia develops in people with limited or no contact with medical institutions or settings. The most commonly identified pathogens areStreptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and...
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...cough reflex is used to clear sputum and irritants that are in the nasal passages and pharynx. There are cilia in her trachea that is moving mucus up from the lungs. When the mucus becomes or abundant it triggers the cough reflex C. Which structures found in the terminal bronchioles and alveoli normally would protect Cari’s lungs from infectious pathogens and particular matter? There are macrophages found in the terminal bronchioles and alveoli that normally would protect Cari’s lungs from infectious pathogens and particulate matter. D. How would the resistance of Cari’s airways be affected by excess mucus and fluid in her lung? The excess mucus and fluid in the lungs would raise the resistance of Cari’s airways because of the small diameter the buildup would cause. The fluid would have some of alveoli under water where they could not function properly and there would also be more friction from the buildup. E. How would Cari’s lung compliance (the effort required to explain the lungs) be altered as her alveoli fill with fluid due to pneumonia? Cari’s lung compliance would increase from trying to force gases into and out of the alveoli. Those are filled with fluid due to the pneumonia. F. How would fluid in Cari’s lungs affect her total lung capacity? The fluid in Cari’s lungs would lower her total lung capacity by not allowing the space that is taken up by the fluid to be filled with air. G. How does the elevation...
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... B. What is the cough reflex? Describe the process that Cari’s respiratory system is using to clear her lungs by coughing? A cough reflex clears up sputum from the nasal passages and pharynx. In the trachea there are cilia that move mucus up from the lungs. The mucus causes the cough reflex. C. Which structures found in the terminal bronchioles and alveoli normally would protect Cari’s lungs from infectious pathogens and particulate matter? Inside the terminal bronchioles and alveoli there are macrophages that would protect Cari’s lungs. D. How would the resistance of Cari’s airway be affected by excess mucus and fluid in her lungs? Due to the buildup of excess mucus and fluid in Cari’s lungs, she would have a difficult time with her breathing since the alveoli could not function properly since they would be submerged under fluid. E. How would Cari’s lungs compliance (the effort required to expand the lungs) be altered as her alveoli fill with fluid due to pneumonia? Her lung compliance will increase from trying to force the gases into and out of the alveoli. The fluid that is in her lungs is pneumonia. F. How would fluid in Cari’s lungs affect her total lung capacity? The fluid in her lungs affect her total lung capacity by decreasing the amount of air into them since there is fluid buildup. G. How does the elevation of Cari’s respiratory rate alter her minute ventilation? Cari’s minute ventilation would rise. Minute ventilation is determined by...
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...coughing. The cough reflex involves deep inhalation followed by complete closure of the glottis and strong exhalation with sudden opening of the glottis, and forcing air through the upper respiratory passages. The cough reflex is used to clear sputum and irritants that are in the nasal passages and pharynx. Cari’s respiratory system is forcing out mucus in order to maintain enough space within her lungs for oxygen. There are cilia in her trachea that is moving mucus up from the lungs. When there is much mucus, it triggers the cough reflex. C. Which structures found in the terminal bronchioles and alveoli normally would protect Cari’s lungs from infectious pathogens and particulate matter? Goblet cells secrete mucus to trap particles while the cilia work by moving mucus towards the pharynx for removal. Macrophages are also found in the terminal bronchioles and alveoli; they engulf and destroy infectious pathogens and particulate matter. D. How would the resistance of Cari’s airways be affected by excess mucus and fluid in her lung? Cigarette smoke damages and destroys cilia, and causes goblet cells to produce increased amounts of mucus. The damaged cilia combined with increased mucus obstructs airflow in and out of the lungs. Excess mucus would build up within Cari’s lungs and her airflow will be hindered. Excess mucus and fluid in the lungs would provide an...
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...process that Cari’s respiratory system is using to clear her lungs is there is cilia in her trachea that is moving the mucus up from her lungs. When the mucus becomes abundant this triggers the cough reflex. C.) Which structures found in the terminal bronchioles and particulate matter? In the terminal bronchioles and alveoli there are macrophages, these would normally protect Cari’s lungs from infectious bacteria and particulate matter. D.) How would the resistance of Cari’s airways be affected by excess mucus and fluid in her lung? Cari’s airway would be affected by excess mucus and fluid buildup because the build up would cause resistance in her lungs due to the small diameter of space that is available. This buildup of fluid would cause some of the alveoli to be under water where they are not able to function properly. There will also be more friction due to the buildup of fluid. E.) How would Cari’s lung compliance (the effort required to expand the lungs) be altered as her alveoli fill with fluid due to pneumonia? Cari’s lung compliance would increase from trying to push gases into and out of the alveoli. The fluid buildup causes pneumonia. F.) How would fluid in Cari’s lungs affect her total capacity? Cari’s lung capacity would decrease due to the fluid in her lungs. This fluid does not allow for air to fill the lungs...
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...in and deep inhalation followed by a complete closure of the glottis, which results in a strong exhalation that suddenly pushes the glottis open and sends a blast of air through the upper respiratory passages. This process is clearing her lungs by forcing foreign bodies out of the larynx, trachea and epiglottis. C.) Which structures found in the terminal bronchioles and alveoli normally would protect Cari’s lungs from infectious pathogens and particulate matter? There are macrophages presents (wandering phagocytes) that remove dust particles and other debris from the alveolar spaces D.) How would the resistance of Cari’s airway be affected by excess mucus and fluid in her lungs? The lung capacity is decreased because the air space is already filled with mucus and fluids therefore she can’t take in enough oxygen. The extra mucus and fluids put extra pressure on the lungs. E.) How would Cari’s lung compliance (the effort required to expand the lungs) be altered as her alveoli fill with fluid due to pneumonia? The fluid makes it harder to expand the lungs because the fluid makes the alveoli sticky and unable to open/expand. F.) How would fluid in Cari’s lungs affect her total lung capacity? Her lung capacity would go down because the air space is already being taken up by fluid. G.) How does the elevation of Cari’s respiratory rate alter her minute...
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...Story A. The infection in Cari’s nasal passages and pharynx was able to spread into her sinuses due to the sinuses being a drainage area for the nasal passages. B. The cough reflex is used to clear sputum and irritants that are in the nasal passages and pharynx. There are cilia in her trachea that is moving mucous up from the lungs. When the mucous becomes more abundant it triggers the cough reflex. C. There a macrophages found in the terminal bronchioles and alveoli that normally would protect Cari’s lungs from infectious pathogens and particulate matter. D. The excess mucous and fluid in the lungs would raise the resistance of Cari’s airways because of the small diameter the buildup would cause. The fluid would have some of alveoli under water where they could not function properly and there would also be more friction from the buildup. E. Cari’s lung compliance would increase from trying to force gases into and out of the alveoli. Those are filled with fluid due the the pneumonia. F. The fluid in Cari’s lungs would lower her total lung capacity by not allowing the space that is taken up by the fluid to be filled with air. G. The elevation in her respiratory rate would alter her minute ventilation by raising it. Minute ventilation is determined by multiplying respiratory rate by total volume. H. The clinical finding of 90% oxygen saturation level and Po2 of mmHg would show that the arteries are having too much oxygen, since a normal Po2 of...
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...connected. B. What is the cough reflex? Describe the process that Cari’s respiratory system is using to clear her lungs by coughing. b. A long-drawn and deep inhalation followed by a complete closure of the glottis, which results in a strong exhalation that suddenly pushes the glottis open and sends a blast of air through the upper respiratory passages; stimulus may be a foreign body lodged in the larynx, trachea, or epiglottis. C. Which structures found in the terminal bronchioles and alveoli normally would protect Cari’s lungs from infectious pathogens and particulate matter? c. Cilia in the bronchioles, and Alveolar macrophages in the alveoli. D. How would the resistance of Cari’s airways be affected by excess mucus and fluid in her lung? d. Mucus and fluid would take up space, leaving less for air. E. How would Cari’s lung compliance (the effort required to expand the lungs) be altered as her alveoli fill with fluid due to pneumonia? e. The lung tissue would be heavier, and that would make it harder to fill with air. F. How would the fluid in Cari’s lungs affect how total lung capacity? f. The fluid would take up space and so her lung capacity would decrease. G. How does the elevation of Cari’s respiratory rate alter her minute ventilation? g. Her minute ventilation would decrease. H. Normal blood oxygen saturation levels are greater than 94%; Cari’s blood oxygen saturation level was 90% at the time...
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...long-drawn and deep inhalation followed by a complete closure of the glottis, which causes a strong exhalation that pushes the glottis open and sends a blast of air through the upper respiratory passages. This process is clearing her lungs by forcing foreign bodies out of the larynx, trachea, and epiglottis. C. Macrophages would normally clear the alveolar space in Cari’s lungs from foreign particles that could cause infections. D. Excess mucus and fluid in the lungs would raise the resistance of Cari’s airways because the buildup would cause the diameter to become smaller. The fluid would cover some of alveoli and prevent them from functioning properly and there would be more friction from the buildup. E. Cari’s alveoli being filled with fluid due to pneumonia lung would cause her lung compliance to increase from trying to force gases into and out of the alveoli. F. Fluid in Cari’s lungs would decrease her total lung capacity by preventing the space that is occupied by fluid to be filled with air. G. Elevation in Cari’s respiratory rate would alter her minute ventilation by raising it. H. The clinical finding of 90% oxygen saturation level and a Po2 of 54 mmHg would show that the arteries have too much oxygen, since a normal Po2 of a resting person is 40 mmHg and exercises lower Po2 levels. A normal resting oxygen level should be about 94% with no added Oxygen. This indicates an issue with o2 exchange in her tissue. I. Cari’s chest hurting and her...
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...(CORD), refers to chronic bronchitis and emphysema, a pair of commonly co-existing diseases of the lungs in which the airways become narrowed. This leads to a limitation of the flow of air to and from the lungs causing shortness of breath. In clinical practice, COPD is defined by its characteristically low airflow on lung function tests. In contrast to asthma, this limitation is poorly reversible and usually gets progressively worse over time. COPD is caused by noxious particles or gas, most commonly from tobacco smoking, which triggers an abnormal inflammatory response in the lung. The inflammatory response in the larger airways is known as chronic bronchitis, which is diagnosed clinically when people regularly cough up sputum. In the alveoli, the inflammatory...
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...COMMUNITY ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA Non Modifiable factors: Underlying diseases Pneumonia, COPD Cardiovascular disease Diabetes mellitus Genetic The immunocompromised or immunosuppressed patients with low neutrophil count Age: Very young and of 60-70 yrs old Lifestyle Gender More t in males than in females Environment Exposure to Pathogens: S. Pneumoniae, H. Influenza, Lagionella, P. Aureginosa, other gram (-) rods and viruses Exposure and inhalation of Secondhand smoke and other chemical pollutants Smoking and Alcohol abuse Inhalation of foreign materials Improper diet and malnutrition Decreased/Disruption of mucocilliary and macrophage activity Decreased immune response or immunosuppresion Bacterial invasion in lower respiratory tract Inflammatory response Lymphocytes produce cytokinse Immune Response Triggered Increase WBC Filling of WBC in alveoli Release of chemical mediators (bradykinins, histamins, etc) Release of T- cells, macrophages phagocytes and atntibodies Crackles Immune Response Triggered Vasodilation and increase capillary permeability Dyspnea Cough with purulent yellowish secretions Non- productive cough WBC takes effect to pathogens Purulent exudates formation Migration to alveoli Decrease PaO2...
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...and the abdominal cavity) goes down, bringing air into the lungs in a vacuum. The lungs are the organ that brings oxygen into the body and send carbon dioxide out. This process is known as gas exchange, or respiration. Inside the lungs, the two main branches called bronchi split into smaller tubes called bronchioles. There are thousands of bronchioles within each lung. These bronchioles each end with bunches of sacks filled with air called alveoli. When a person breathes, the oxygen goes from outside the body, to the larynx, to the bronchi, to the bronchioles, and finally to the alveoli where the gas exchanges happens. Each alveoli is covered with small capillaries, which are very thin tubes filled with blood. When the oxygen gets to the alveoli, the thin membrane allows for the oxygen to pass through to the blood vessel, where the oxygen binds with the hemoglobin in the blood. At the same time, CO2 (Carbon Dioxide) goes from the blood stream into the lungs, where it travels out of the body in an exhale, following the same trail of alveoli, bronchioles, bronchi, and trachea (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute… July 17, 2012). From this information, one can see that bronchi and bronchioles are two very important parts of the Respiratory System. Bronchitis is a disease in which the tubes leading to the lungs, the bronchi, become inflamed. Inside a person’s upper airways, there are small hairs called cilia. The cilia’s job is to trap germs and sweep them back up the airway...
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