...Nuclear warfare (sometimes atomic warfare or thermonuclear warfare) is a military conflict or political strategy in which nuclear weaponry is used to inflict damage on the enemy. Compared to conventional warfare, nuclear warfare can be vastly more destructive in range and extent of damage, and in a much shorter time frame. A major nuclear exchange would have long-term effects, primarily from the fallout released, and could also lead to a "nuclear winter" that could last for decades, centuries, or even millennia after the initial attack.[1][2] Some analysts claim that with this potential nuclear winter side-effect of a nuclear war almost every human on Earth could starve to death,[3][4] While other analysts, that dismiss the nuclear winter hypothesis, calculate that with nuclear weapon stockpiles at Cold War highs, in a surprise countervalue global nuclear war, megadeaths to billions of casualties would have resulted but billions of people would nevertheless have survived the global thermonuclear war.[5][6][7][8] Only two nuclear weapons have been used in the course of warfare, both by the United States near the end of World War II. On August 6, 1945, a uranium gun-type device (code name "Little Boy") was detonated over the Japanese city of Hiroshima. Three days later, on August 9, a plutonium implosion-type device (code name "Fat Man") was detonated over Nagasaki, Japan. These two bombings resulted in the deaths of approximately 200,000 people from acute injuries sustained in...
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...XXXWHAT IS THE QUESTION?XXX Europeans did not respect Native Americans, as they were known as savages, and pathetic, yet semi-meaningless footnotes to American history. However, without Indians the Pilgrims would have died in that first winter, they would have not figured out trade specification, various healing medicines, or route passages. If the Caribbean, Central and South America was unpopulated the Spaniards would have not found mines leaving tons of gold and silver un-discovered, along with the knowledge and labor of the Indians would have been almost impossible without the indians labor and knowledge of the land for the mines would have never been discovered.XXXXDOES NOT MAKE SENSE-PLEASE RE-WRITEXXXXXX. The Spanish would have stumbled...
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...us, and is essential to the ongoing cycle of life. Although water may seem abundant throughout the Earth and atmosphere; the amount of clean, useable water is an everyday crisis for some of the drought stricken, less fortunate countries. While the Oceans hold roughly 97% of the water on Earth, making it saline, humans are left to raise weapons over the mere 3% we have to use as fresh water. From that 3%, about 70% of that is frozen in the glaciers and ice caps, making it out of commission too (Fig. 1). It is clear and unfortunate that drinkable water is a resource that can be hard to come by in certain environments. The aim of this paper is to depict and examine the impacts of warfare on clean water in Afghanistan, and to identify ways of alleviating those impacts. There are many factors related to the war that affect Afghans accessibility to clean water. Dilapidated water infrastructure with little service to the public results in leakage and contamination of useable water. Streams and canals that were improperly designed and received substantial destruction result in poor water flow to farmlands. The constant search for useable water drinks wells dry, making clean water seem like a luxury to the poorest parts of Afghanistan who rely on groundwater as their only source of water. The quandary of drought exceedingly cuts into agricultural production, where it was once possible to farm rain-fed crops without having to worry about the severe lack of water. Introducing and carrying...
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...Hitler’s Army: Soldiers, Nazis, and War in the Third Reich: Omer Bartov Ioan Popescu 500182744 HST 603-011 The autonomy of the Wehrmacht within the confines of the Third Reich, particularly with respect to its relationship with the Nazi party has been open to considerable debate post World War II. In Hitler’s Army: Soldiers, Nazis, and War in the Third Reich, Omer Bartov addresses the motivating factors responsible for transforming the Wehrmacht from merely a highly efficient and professional military organization into an extremely politicized armed forces motivated by National Socialist ideals. Bartov argues four distinct yet related theories which, when taken together bring insight into the Nazification of the Wehrmacht in ultimately becoming Hitler’s Army. His arguments first highlight the war experience through the de-modernization of the Wehrmacht particularly on the eastern front along with the social organization relating to the destruction of the ‘Primary Group’. These factors resulted in the Wehrmacht to compensate through the ‘Perversion of Discipline’ which directly attributed to many war crimes along with harsh punishment of its own soldiers. Finally, the distortion of reality through propaganda all shaped the soldiers perception of the war and ultimately allowed Hitler to assume total control of the Wehrmacht. Murray Sager argues that the Wehrmacht supported Hitler, not just in gratitude, but because the Wehrmacht closely identified with the aims of National...
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...Introduction It is said that history is often written by the victor. Which victor tells the story can give very different perspectives on history. In the United States (US), history lessons center on what the US did to contribute to the downfall of Nazis Germany during World War 2. Due to the political disagreements that followed between the US and the Soviet Union in the years following, US history can severely ignore the part the Soviets played in the war. The majority of German causalities suffered in the war came at the hands of the Soviet Union. Both countries suffered and inflicted on one another about ten times the number of causalities of any other country. Nowhere was this more evident than the Battle of Stalingrad. It is...
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...lifelong beliefs, Indians were also victims of tragedy and arguably genocide. Themes throughout history are clear, especially throughout Native American History, and if not taught to a younger society and future adults the tragic history of Natives will quickly repeat itself. At almost every turn, Native Americans found themselves overwhelmed by the “white man’s” financial and military resources. Their response to events was neither one-dimensional nor defeatist. “Some tried diplomacy. Others turned to religion. Still others tried to deflate white antagonism by embracing the economic and cultural values of their enemies. Some worked the legal system skillfully. Others found success in war. Some even turned philanthropists' well-intentioned but ethnocentric plans for their assimilation into a basis for political organization.” (Shmoop University, 2017). This was not always the case and that proved true throughout history. In the beginning white settlement, the American Indians were allies of the “white men” and taught them to hunt, cook with surrounding ingredients, and how to become civilized in an uncivilized world. “The Indians with whom the English first make contact in America are from the Algonquian group of tribes. The first encounter is friendly. Two ships sent by Raleigh on reconnaissance reach Roanoke Island, off the coast of North Carolina, in 1584. The local Secotan Indians welcome an opportunity for trade.” (History World, 2017). The Secotan Indians offered leather, meat,...
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...adapt during the Vietnam War was reflected in how well they combined guerilla and conventional operations to achieve their strategic goal of unifying Vietnam under communist rule. Throughout the conflict, the Viet Cong (VC) were employed to conduct guerilla operations while North Vietnamese Army (NVA) and VC "main force" units were used to transition to conventional operations. Guerilla operations enabled Hanoi to inflict a steady flow of casualties on US forces which increased anti-war sentiment in America. NVA and VC main force conventional operations reinforced the US Army's conventional approach to the fight which caused the Americans to alienate the people of South Vietnam. By alienating the South Vietnamese people, the Americans enhanced the VC's ability to conduct guerilla operations and control rural population centers which weakened the credibility of the Government of South Vietnam (GVN). The combined effects of guerilla and conventional operations supported the North Vietnamese strategy of a protracted conflict that was sure to weaken the resolve of the United States and eventually defeat the GVN. The relationship between conventional and guerilla operations was a key element of the Vietnamese communists’ “Dau Tranh” strategy to fight and win the Vietnam War. A brief description of the Dua Tranh (meaning struggle) strategy is appropriate since it was the basis for North Vietnam’s success. The strategy consisted of an armed struggle and a political struggle. The armed struggle...
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...Security Practices or Policies 9 7. Disadvantages of Improving Security Practices or Policies 10 8. Summary and Conclusion 12 References 14 IA1 – Evaluation of the Global Impact of the Estonia Cyber Event 1. Introduction What if suddenly the safety systems of nuclear power plants unexpectedly malfunctioned, or suddenly floods of water was released atop a neighboring community due to a malfunctioning of the control systems of a major dam, or air traffic control systems of major airports was to suddenly render inoperable, or business transactions of stock exchanges or major banks stopped or vanished ? Even worse, what if it all occurred instantaneously? Would this be an idea behind a new movie thriller, or the realism of cyber war in the twenty-first century? The notation of the using computing and networking systems as an alternative method to the traditional terrorist attacks has always been a major concern. In the early 1990s, since the public debut of the Internet, not all consumers have used cyberspace with peaceful intent. This is particularly unsettling due to the Internet and information and communications technology (ICT) having become totally incorporated into every aspect of humanity. In reality, the majority of nation’s major infrastructures and vital procedures in communications, manufacturing, banking, and utilities, banking, are controlled by computers. Furthermore, from the time of the origin of the World Wide Web, the...
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...Some time ago, one of us asked, "Where is the theory of spacepower? Where is the Mahan for the final frontier?"1 Over 10 years later, such an exhortation still has resonance as the realm of spacepower still lacks a "space focused strategic theory" and a "binding concept" that can "aid understanding of what it is all about."2 This chapter seeks to provide an explanation, or at least plausible reasons, as to why such a theory of space-power has yet to transpire. First, we shall discuss the difficulties involved in creating a theory of spacepower that is able to endure the test of time and that has universal applicability. The chapter then examines recent attempts at theorizing on spacepower by James Oberg, Everett Dolman, and John Klein. Lastly, the chapter outlines what a theory of spacepower should look like, and just as importantly, what it should not look like, as a guide for future theorists. It should be noted that an exhortation of an "Alfred Thayer Mahan for the final frontier" is not to be confused with an endorsement of a Mahanian style of theory. Such a style of strategic theory may yet suffice (for the present, at least) for the purposes of guidance for spacepower, but we do encourage all plausible methods of elucidating a theory of space-power, be it directly influenced by the thought and style of either Mahan or of any other strategic theorist. Instead, the call for a Mahan for space-power is in fact a call for a theory that can match the stature of Mahan's collected...
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...Afghanistan Introduction: Chances are most of you have heard of this place. If you turned on your T.V. to watch the nightly news or maybe you opened up your internet browser before class, you likely saw something about it. Usually, the headline reads “explosion kills 10” or “more troops on the way”. That’s right, I’m talking about Afghanistan. To most of us Afghanistan is just a name on the news, a destination for our soldiers, or a terrorist haven, but I have had the unique opportunity to go there. While serving in the US army I deployed to Afghanistan in support of operation enduring freedom. I spent 12 months there gaining first hand knowledge of the country. For the next few minutes I am going to help you think of Afghanistan as more than just a current event. You will learn that Afghanistan is a place with a rich history, diverse population and unique geography. Geography Physical location: Contrary to popular belief among Americans, Afghanistan is not a Middle Eastern nation. Don’t feel bad if you were one of them. I didn’t know either until I was preparing to go there myself. Afghanistan is located in Central Asia, north and west of Pakistan, east of Iran, and south of Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan. Ok so that’s a lot of "stans" you have likely never heard of. One country that you have all heard of that borders a portion of Afghanistan on the east side is China. Hard to think of Afghanistan as Middle Eastern if it shares a border with...
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...The Great Plains— To the Point Geography- West of the MS River *1800 Territory in the plains included North Dakota & South Dakota, Nebraska, and states such as Texas * Great Plains had very hot summers and very cold winters, very rainfall which droughts few sources of water very few trees - conditions not fit for farming *Before the late 1800s U.S. settlers did not settle the plains. Farming The Plains *Farming the plains was difficult * Gov’t encourage settlement by passing the Homestead Act -$160 acres -$10 registration fee - live on farm land for 5 yrs *Houses was made of sod because of lack of trees Farming Technologies - Cast Iron wingmill- allowed them to pump waterfrom wells. - Steel plow- to wooden plow would break in dry hard earth of the plains Cattle Industry Mechanical binder- tied and cut the grains or crops simultaneously - barbed wire- replaced wooden fences Rise of cattle industry -abundance of cattle in Great Plain -herd of cattle numbering about 2,500 were taken on long drive (cattle trails such as the chilsoln trail which was San Antonio, Texas to Abliene, Kansas) to Ship stations in Kansas and Missouri -African American Cowhand- Nat Love Decline Of cattle industry -overgrazing -overproduction costs the product to drop -weather (droughts, blizzards) -barbed wire led to development of cattle ranches ...
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...Korean War Korean War The Korean War (25 June 1950 - armistice signed 27 July 1953[1] ) was a military conflict between the Republic of Korea, supported by the United Nations, and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, supported by the People's Republic of China (PRC), with military material aid from the Soviet Union. The war was a result of the physical division of Korea by an agreement of the victorious Allies at the conclusion of the Pacific War at the end of World War II. The Korean peninsula was ruled by Japan from 1910 until the end of World War II. Following the surrender of Japan in 1945, American administrators divided the peninsula along the 38th Parallel, with United States troops occupying the southern part and Soviet troops occupying the northern part.[2] The failure to hold free elections throughout the Korean Peninsula in 1948 deepened the division between the two sides, and the North established a Communist government. The 38th Parallel increasingly became a political border between the two Koreas. Although reunification negotiations continued in the months preceding the war, tension intensified. Cross-border skirmishes and raids at the 38th Parallel persisted. The situation escalated into open warfare when North Korean forces invaded South Korea on 25 June 1950.[3] It was the first significant armed conflict of the Cold War.[4] The United Nations, particularly the United States, came to the aid of South Korea in repelling the invasion. A...
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...Authority on cyber warfare As we approach a new generation of warfare, we face new problems. Each generation before us has shown that there are continued advancements in warfare technology and with new technology there are different guidelines and terms of use in concordance with international law. The art of war has not changed since the beginning of time. Yes, there are new weapons, but the content for the most part is the same. Defeat your enemy, rendering them unable to strike back, or attack them where it hurts so that they do not want to proceed in the war. Through the evolution of war, the United States has conquered and been defeated. We may not always be law abiding, but we do what we deem necessary to defend the nation. In the process of defending, we learned that technological advancements are not always a positive thing, and technology can become too powerful for any one nation alone. The creation of the nuclear bomb was just that. Now that there is this terrifying new advancement in warfare technology, how do we stop it from getting into the hands of the wrong people? Executive summary, In this paper, I will discuss how the Stuxnet virus was used to stop the use and development of nuclear weaponry in Iran. The laws on proper use will also be discussed, exploring whether it was lawful to deploy the virus, with relation to the use of Traditional Military Activities and presidential findings. In addition...
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...The American War for Independence: Sea Power, Joint and Combined Operations: Question 7. Given the overwhelming British victories in New York and New Jersey in 1776, how was General Washington able to avoid catastrophic defeat and eventually win the war? By Julie Moss A paper submitted to the Faculty of the Naval War College in partial satisfaction of the requirements of the Department of Strategy and War. The contents of this paper reflect my own personal views and are not necessarily endorsed by the Naval War College or the Department of the Navy. Signature: /JKM/ BACKGROUND Following the French-Indian War, The American Revolution began between the Kingdom of Great Britain and the former British colonies in North America. The British power was trying to overwhelm the colonists of New America with many acts, such as the Stamp Act, the Sugar Act, and the Intolerable Acts, all of which were deemed illegitimate by the colonists and in violation of the rights as Englishmen. For the most part, colonists were trying to reject the oligarchies that were common in Europe and started to believe in Republicanism based on the Enlightenment. Many leaders took part in this Revolution; one of the most important of whom was General George Washington. His role was vital in the victory for Americans and their freedom from the power of Britain. As the war for independence approached, Washington was known throughout the American Colonies for his courage and military exploits...
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...English Literature, Key Poems List Thomas Hardy: Men Who March Away - Volunteers marching to war tell those who watch them pass by of their faith in the justice of their cause. Thomas Hardy: In Time of ‘The Breaking of Nations’ - The routines of life and love continue during conflict, and will continue long after it is over. Rupert Brooke: Peace - This sonnet is an expression of thanks for being able to respond to the call to arms and leave behind the stale and empty concerns of civilian life. Rupert Brooke: The Dead - Celebrates those who have given their lives. The sacrifice of the lowliest of them has given the world honour and nobility. Rupert Brooke: The Soldier - A solider reflects that, should he die, his grave will become a little piece of England in a foreign country. Herbert Asquith: The Volunteer - Celebrates a city clerk whose dreams of military glory have been fulfilled. His death in battle is rewarded with a place alongside the heroes of the Battle of Agincourt. Julian Grenfell: Into Battle - Celebrates spring and moves on to describe the validity of the warrior, whose sacrifice will be rewarded. Nature and the solider are at one and this gives him peace and a sense of destiny. John McCrae: In Flanders Fields - The dead, lying beneath ground covered with poppies, urge the living to continue the struggle against the enemy. Charles Sorley: All the Hills and Vales Along - Addressing men marching past, the poet urges them to sing while...
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