...classmates. Pompeii and Herculaneum once thriving towns at the Bay of Naples buried by Mt Vesuvius encapsulating them for 1,500 years under the volcanic mud, rubble and ash. Left the cities in a remarkable state of preservation however excavations of the sites have created the issue of deterioration due to the lack of protective measures, exposure and correct restoration methods. This has been further aggravated due to the increased amounts of tourism, lack of funding and overall mismanagement. In recent years there has been a growing acknowledgment of Italian and International groups to the preservation of Pompeii and Herculaneum and this presentation will focus on their contribution to the conservation and preservation of the two sites....
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...The excavations of the Roman towns of Pompeii and Herculaneum have revealed a vivid snapshot of the religious beliefs and practices of the people, right before the disaster of 79 AD. Both had been discovered by accident over 200 years ago, and have proven to be invaluable sources of information of ancient Roman society, yet it is religion and worship, in their grandeur and importance, that catch the eye most. Pompeii and Herculaneum, as well as most other Roman provinces, were polytheist in faith, and appeared to have an abundance of cults dedicated to foreign deities, as well as temples and shrines dedicated to past emperors. Furthermore, they believed in smaller gods which guarded the household, and had deities covering every aspect of life, but it was the patron gods of the towns that had impressive temples dedicated to them. Moreover, reminders of death in the form of paintings and skulls found everywhere urged the people to live life to the full, and there was a belief that if conclamatio – a rite and ritual of burial, was not done correctly, the dead would live on as malevolent entities. As both cities were polytheist in faith, Pompeii and Herculaneum had an abundance of cults and shrines dedicated to a few foreign deities. Commonly referred to as ‘mystery cults’, the uncovered evidence of the worship of Egyptian goddess Isis, and Greek god Dionysus, suggests that they were not as secretive as their name claims, and that they held a significance to their followers,...
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...a Tasnima Bhuiyan Ancient History HSC notes Core study; Cities of Vesuvius- Pompeii & Herculaneum 1. Geographical context Physical environment: geographical setting, natural features and resources of Pompeii and Herculaneum Geographical setting Pompeii and Herculaneum were located in Campania, southwest Italy near Bay of Naples. Herculaneum was a waterfront town situated on the coast of Bay of Naples 7km west of Mt Vesuvius, while Pompeii was slightly inland on the Sarno river, 9km southeast of Mt Vesuvius. Both towns were linked to Rome through sea and land routes. Natural features Campania was a fertile plain with two main rivers. Nearby there was a 15km wide series of craters, where pools were filled with boiling mud and vents, from which sulphur and steam could escape. The towns were popular because of their rich volcanic soil, coastal area for fishing and trading area. Resources of Campania The production of olive oil was used for cooking, and as the basic ingredient for perfume. Wine, wool and textile productions took place, along with the fishing industries including the production of fish sauce. There were fruits such as peaches, apricots, lemons & vegetables like cabbages and onions, and volcanic material was used for building and paving roads. Plans and streetscapes of Pompeii and Herculaneum ▪ streets of Pompeii vary greatly in width from 2.4m to roughly 7m ▪ streets & roads divide towns into neat rectangular...
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...Archaeologists and the methods Archaeologist | Time working at Pompeii/Herculaneum | Archaeological method used/developed | Contribution | Karl Weber | 1750 at Herculaneum | Introduced systematic excavation and recording practices | Excavation of Villa of the Papyri, plans drawn | Giuseppe Fiorelli | 1863 – Pompeii1865 – Herculaneum | In charge of excavations, introduces systematic excavation Further excavations under Fiorelli | Developed the numbering of buildings. Plaster casts | August Mau | 1882- Pompeii | Developed the chronological typology, providing an approximate date for each one. | Categorises painting styles | Amedeo Maiuri | 1924 – Pompeii | In charge of site. | Excavates amphitheatre, palaestra, and city walls. | Pietro Giovanni Guzzo | 1994 | Confronted many financial and management problems | Planned the finishing of excavations and the complete restoration of the buildings. | Salvatore Ciro Nappo | Pompeii: 1952 – 1953 | | | Andrew Wallace-Hadrill | Pompeii: 1952 – 1953 | | | Impact of Tourism 1. Define tourism The commercial organization and operation of vacations and visits to places of interest 2. How many tourist visit Pompeii each year? 2.5 million tourists visit Pompeii each year 3. List the advantages of tourism to the sites of Pompeii & Herculaneum * The presence of tourist allows for education on the conservation issues on the site * The money raised from these tourists to be directly channelled...
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...might be dangerous; · include analysis of the level of dangers in different cities; · support your answer with evidence from Pompeii, Ostia and Herculaneum. [45] There were few ways in which people could come under harm in ancient Rome as though it was not as developed as the world we live in now, there was still order. The events that would cause people to feel in danger were natural disasters, riots, fires, floods, and rarely an attack by a killer whale. Pompeii and Herculaneum suffered the most from natural disasters. They were struck by two severe events, one of which causing the demise of both cities. The first of which was the earthquake in AD 62, which cause widespread damage. The epicentre of this earthquake was more towards Pompeii but it was felt for miles, even causing damage in Ostia. The damage that the earthquake caused can still be seen in Pompeii as the some findings are still in a state of repair. Because of this earthquake, buildings such as Insula blocks were limited to two stories in their repair. This was so any further earthquakes wouldn’t cause damage to the same extent. The second, and more important natural disaster to strike the cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum was the eruption of mount Vesuvius in AD 79. The effects of this disaster were devastating. The ash from this eruption left the cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum covered in ash for thousands of years and killed anyone who was still in their homes at the time of the eruption. The danger...
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...Mount Vesuvius, a sleeping giant and of the only active volcanoes located on the west coast of Italy, erupted on August 24th, 79AD covering the cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum “to a depth of more than 14 to 17 feet of pumice, volcanic ash, and debris. Vesuvius is located above a subduction zone form where the African plate descends beneath Italy. Magma produced from the melting African plate creates the large violently explosive volcanoes of the Italian Peninsula.” (Ball) Due to the fact that seismic activity was so common in the area, people did not pay much attention when several quakes shook the earth beneath Herculaneum and Pompeii and were unprepared for the explosion that took place killing more than 16,000 people. I will be responsible for the atmospheric effects that resulted from the volcano’s eruption. At noon on August 24th, Vesuvius exploded, impelling a 10 mile mushroom cloud of ash and pumice into the stratosphere. For the next 12 hours, volcanic ash and a hail of pumice stones up to 3...
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...Coen Ayres Religion in Pompeii and Herculaneum This response seeks to assess the following quote, “the study of Pompeii (P) and Herculaneum (H) provides us with a wealth of sources-however we are faced with issues regarding their limitations, reliability and usefulness”, in regard to four different levels of religion. Those four levels are household, foreign, local and state. In regard to the statement it can be agreed upon that the first half of the quote is true and that there are a wealth of sources, but the second half of the quote which states that there are issues of limitations, reliability and usefulness in these sources is only semi-true as it depends on the type of religion being discussed. Religion will be examined from the least problematic to the most problematic in regard to wealth of sources, reliability, limitations and usefulness; household religion, foreign religion, local religion and state religion. There is a wealth of sources regarding household religion in P and H and there are no issues regarding their reliability and limitations. One could relate this due to the fact that there has been evidence of most households practicing religion in their homes. The focus of household religion was the worship at a shrine called a lararium. These larariums were often depicted in an architectural style, such as the one found in the house of the Vettii (P) and the house of the Black Salon (H) which both resemble a temple in their style. The larariums could have also...
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...everything within 15 miles of the mountain. The city grew and expanded towards the based on the mountain. They ultimately placed themselves in the fallout zone of the mountain eruptions path. In 62 A.D., there was an earthquake that and the mount began to show signs of life. The cities were in the rebuilding process when the most devastating volcano occurred. On August 24, 79 A.D., the volcano erupted and destroyed Pompeii and Herculaneum. Some of the 20,000 people fled the city while 2,000 of its society were unable to successfully escape the volcanic ash and rocks (History). With the excavations of Pompeii you can see the 2,000 years old city and some of the remains of it’s inhabits, building, tools, and trees. Unfortunately, the walls of the city offered little protection from the lava flow. The ash caused most of the buildings tops to collapse due to its weigh. Suffocation and the extreme heat killed many of the live animals and humans. In 1631, an eruption occurred, in resulted in the lost of 6,000 people. On March 18, 1944, Mount Vesuvius erupted another time, the Pompeii airfield at the based on the mountain was covered in ash and rocks with 26 fatalities. It destroyed their planes and tents. However, the 340th Bomber Group would recover and return to the fight on April 15,...
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...In 62 AD, a large earthquake struck the Bay of Naples region, severely damaging many buildings in Pompeii and other surrounding towns. Today vulcanologists understand that this was likely an omen of the much greater catastrophe that was to come, with the quake signifying an upwelling of magma through the crust beneath Mount Vesuvius. The Romans had no idea of the threat that the volcano posed as it had been nearly two millennia since the previous eruption. Historians know a great deal about what happened during the destruction of Pompeii because of an eyewitness account composed by Pliny the Younger. On 20 August, 79 AD and four the next four days, new quakes shocked the city and streams near the volcano dried up. Then, at around 1pm on...
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...stratovolcanoes, cinder cones, lava domes, calderas, and lava plateaus” (Science Clarified). Two interesting facts are that there are volcanoes on the ocean floor and on other planets (Science Clarified). Davis lists several volcanic eruptions that were noteworthy. I would like to focus on two of these eruption events: the eruptions of Mount Vesuvius and Mount St. Helens. Davis reports that the eruption of Mt. Vesuvius on August 24, 79AD was one of the most well-known. The cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum were destroyed when “hot rocks and ash fell to the ground in a thick blanket” (Davis, 137). Suffocation killed sixteen thousand people. Mt. Vesuvius is still active and has erupted several more times killing others (Davis, 137). I believe that it is important to tell students about this volcanic eruption. In Pompeii, near Naples, people can walk the ancient streets and view the effects of the eruption. I, myself, have been there and believe I can add value to the discussion by showing my own pictures of Pompeii. The internet also has many websites that show how the buildings were destroyed and the people and their artifacts were preserved in ash. By getting to observe the destruction, students will experience, through their investigations, the power and impact of volcanoes on human life. Another volcanic eruption that I believe students should learn about is the eruption of Mount St. Helens in May 1980. This eruption happened on the continental United States and was the first volcanic...
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...GREEK AND ROMAN ART Various Authors Edited By: R. A. Guisepi The art of the ancient Greeks and Romans is called classical art. This name is used also to describe later periods in which artists looked for their inspiration to this ancient style. The Romans learned sculpture and painting largely from the Greeks and helped to transmit Greek art to later ages. Classical art owes its lasting influence to its simplicity and reasonableness, its humanity, and its sheer beauty. The first and greatest period of classical art began in Greece about the middle of the 5th century BC. By that time Greek sculptors had solved many of the problems that faced artists in the early archaic period. They had learned to represent the human form naturally and easily, in action or at rest. They were interested chiefly in portraying gods, however. They thought of their gods as people, but grander and more beautiful than any human being. They tried, therefore, to portray ideal beauty rather than any particular person. Their best sculptures achieved almost godlike perfection in their calm, ordered beauty. The Greeks had plenty of beautiful marble and used it freely for temples as well as for their sculpture (see Marble). They were not satisfied with its cold whiteness, however, and painted both their statues and their buildings. Some statues have been found with their bright colors still preserved, but most of them lost their paint through weathering. The works of the great Greek painters have disappeared...
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...Superficially, the evolution of Roman houses is relatively simple to understand and has made even easier thanks to the finds around Pompeii and Herculaneum. Pompeii in particular allows us to see a snapshot of the evolution of Roman houses from the 3rd century BC through to the 1st century AD when the volcano erupted, although other sites also give us some good insights, such as Ostia and other locations across north Africa, middle east etc. Relatively "modest" Roman houses such as that of Trebius Valens (Reg III, Ins.2, #1) give an impression of the richness which Pompeian architecture reached and its context within city life: at one time it's facade was particularly interesting due to the numerous large electoral inscriptions on it with personal political recommendations of the house's owner and advertisements for the public games at the amphitheatre complete with the name of the "editer...
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...Vic Camp Natural Disasters Study Guide — Extinctions, Impacts, and Volcano science What are tektites? * Natural glass rocks formed by impact of small meteorites on Earth’s surfaceWhat is Iridium? * Rare element in Earth’s crust, but high concentrations of some meteoritesWhat is shocked quartz? * Could only be produced with a strong impact on Earth; found commonly in relation to known meteorite impact sitesIn what way are tektites, Iridium, and shocked quartz related to the K/T extinction event? * In what way are the Deccan and Siberian flood basalt provinces related to mass extinction events? * Which of these is related to the Permian extinction (the greatest mass extinction event of all time)? * Siberian Flood basalt: Permian extinction (95% died). . . which is related to the K/T extinction? * Deccan Flood basalt: K.T. extinction (70% died)What is the anti-podal hypothesis? * The idea that pairs of opposite hot spots may result from the impact of a large meteorWhat geologic time unit (Eon, Era, Period, Epoch) represents the greatest expanse of geologic time? * Eon (An indefinitely long period of time)What is the Era of Ancient Life called? * Paleozoic Era (Age of invertebrates) - 543 m.y.a. . . . the Era of Middle Life? * Mesozoic Era (Age of dinosaurs) - 251 m.y.a.. . . the Era of Recent Life? * Cenozoic Era (Age of mammals) - 65 m.y.a.. . . the age of the Dinosaurs? * Era of Middle Life. . . the age of Mammals? * Era of Recent LifeKnow...
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...throughout Europe in many forms, depicting rigorous discipline and training. This art period even promoted the formation of schools of art and music. The Neoclassic art movement began in Europe during the late 1700’s and continued until the early 1800’s. This movement’s goal was to revive ancient Greek and Roman or Classic style in European art. The Neoclassical style highlighted tradition, valor, sacrifice and nationalism which mirrors the style of the classic period The Neoclassic art movement spread through most of Europe, but the French and English artists embraced neoclassical art even more. There were several reasons for the inception of neoclassicism. One of the well-known reasons was the discovery at the ruins of Herculaneum and Pompeii. Ancient artifacts of Classical works were located at these locations. It was noted on Arteducation .com (2015) that German art historian Johann J. Winckelmann commented about classic art. He stated that “noble simplicity and calm grandeur” were the most important aspects. And since the current art movement was the extremely ostentatious baroque and rococo art styles, many artists chose to return to the classic style. In France, the neoclassic art movement began as a rebellion against rococo style. This style was an outlandish art form that symbolized French aristocracy and the elaborate nature which the aristocrats lived. France became a democratic nation after the French Revolution which put an end to the aristocratic...
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...no physical evidence, it is an assumption that numerous portable paintings portrayed themes similar to those observed on painted walls on Roman Villas. Also, it is rational enough to assume that Roman panel paintings, which constituted both authentic makings and adaptations of the famous Hellenistic works, were the images of the myths shown in fresco (Ling 13). Those Roman artists based on fresco paintings can be prospected to have been travelling with copybooks that reproduced famous paintings and also decorative patterns. Many of the Roman frescoes were seen in Campania within the region around the Bay of Naples. It is in this location that an eruption of Mount Vesuvius on August 24, 79 A.D buried much of the metropolitans of Pompeii and Herculaneum, the countryside and private residences that were located nearby. Just like archaeology suggests, this moment was frozen in the past, and this prompted archaeological excavators to delve into the life of these early residents. Frescoes found from the villas of Boscotrecase and Boscoreale give undisputable evidence of the affluent life o Romans during this period. The development of Roman paintings is depicted in four styles by Art historians and archaeologists. The first style (ca....
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