...2000 that Mexico officially transition and the world formally recognized Mexico as a democratic state when Vicente Fox from the National Action Party (PAN) became president. Despite Mexico having a smooth transition to democracy, many Mexicans were later disillusioned on the lack of major changes that didn’t take place after the political power shift from the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) to PAN. In 2012, Mexico’s political power shifted back to PRI after PAN had taken office for two recurring presidential...
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...After a dictatorship under Porfirio Díaz, that lasted for approximately thirty-five years, the Mexican people finally revolted upon his refusal to give up power. As a response to Diaz’s refusal to give up office in 1910, Francisco Madero, a favored presidential candidate at the time, initiated an anti re-election campaign and talked about land reform (a topic which was of interest to the indigenous communities, who had lost communal land during Díaz’s years of “Progress”). Additionally, several rebellions broke out in different parts of Mexico, each under different leaders, that were eventually successful in forcing Díaz out of office in 1911. No longer united under a common goal, however, the different rebel groups began fighting each other in an on-off “civil war” that lasted the better part of a decade....
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...Mexican Revolution The Spanish came to México in around the sixteenth century to change México to the Spanish rule (Wikipedia). México’s colonies were free from Spanish rule in the year if 1821 when Spaniards left (Wikipedia). Spain had arrived in pre-Columbian country in about the 18th century and since there was a dense population there they forced labor on them to make more of an easy job for them (Wikipedia). Once they captured the pre-Columbian country the Spaniards decided to take México again and this time for a period of 300 years and they called this “New Spain” (Wikipedia). In one of the most violent event in México has to be the Mexican revolution that lasted from 1910 to 1920 (Schroeder). When the revolution began México homed about 15 million people, in that 10 year period almost 1 to 2 million Mexicans died during this revolution (Schroeder). On October 1, 1911 Madero was elected president (Schroeder). After two years of office Madero was assassinated by General Victoriano Huerta in 1913 (Fredriksen). The constitution let Carranza’s run for a four year term as president in the year 1917. Obregon Alvar was a revolutionary leader and president of Mexico (Fredriksen). He was born in the year 1880 and died in the year of 1928 (Fredriksen). Some victors of the battles bean to argue among themselves, which led to Obregon being assigned to stop “Pancho” Villa (Fredriksen). Once Obregon’s presidency was over he prevailed against Calles to change the constitution which...
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...What is the current state of Latin American international relations, particularly relations with the United States? What is unique or “new” about the present situation? How much have we seen before? Make sure to discuss both economic and geo-political/security dimensions, and make reference to at least two historical periods, whether identified by particular doctrines, presidencies, or regimes of international relations. Current state of Latin Ameican international relations with the US— * Emerging independence from US—US is no longer the immediate partner of choice. Regional resentment of US perceived self-serving exercises of power * Economics: * Increased intra-regional economic integration—ALBA, UNOSUR * Expanding economic partners outside the hemisphere—China * Security: * States worry about subordination to the “gringos.” Address problems themselves or with immediate neighbors, rely less on US— * LatinAmerican presidents joined together to defuse tension between Colombia and Ecuador/Venezuela after Colombia’s March 2008 raid inside Ecuador * South American Defense Council (2008)—aimed at institutionalizing and coordinating “defense and security policies in the region while preventing and mediating conflicts within South America * United States: * Economic dependence on the region on the rise— * 50% of US energy imports (largest share accounted for by any region) * 32% of all US FDI ...
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...War and the Mexican Revolutionary War There are many similarities dealing with these Revolutionary Wars such as fighting for independence, fighting against a European power, and the achievements from the fighting. No one ever wants to fight battles, lose love ones, and be away from ones family for months on end. These particular wars involved both the 13 colonies of America and the citizens of Mexico They thought their fighting was for a good cause and most were willing to die for their belief of that cause. A revolution is a forcible overthrow of a government or social order in favor of a new system (Webster, Merriam). These wars had similarities and differences, which the similarities out weighted the differences. The Americans and the Mexicans both fought European powers over freedom. The king or president, at that time, is one of the major parts as to the beginning of the revolutionary wars. The king just looked at the English colonies as a way to make extra money. The Colonies felt they, the Americans, deserved all the rights of Englishmen (“Causes of the American Revolution”). The Mexicans were under a dictator, which let money and power be his demise. During...
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...Discussion 2 Locke wrote that all men have a natural right to life, liberty, and property or the fruits of their labor which Jeffersonchanged to "the pursuit of happiness" when he wrote the Declaration of Independence. Locke also wrote that government is an instrument of the people's will, and the people have the right to rebel if the government proves to be tyrannical or defective. This argument has been used by many revolutionaries, but Jefferson was one of the first to use Locke's ideas to justify revolution. 6. How did industrialization change the work environment? How did industrialization affect cultural exchanges and social change around the globe in the nineteenth century? After the industrialization, the work environment was very harsh and tragic. Laborers were paid very low and had very few or even no any benefits for working with dangerous machines. Their lives were dark and terrible. For example, the work conditions were recorded: "The process of purifying iron, demanded that workers toiled amidst temperatures as high as 130 degrees in the coolest part of the ironworks. Though the hours worked by people did not change, the labor force was poorly paid and made to work harder without rest. They had to work for about 10 to 14 hours a day, six days a week, in harsh conditions. The monotony of the job made them even more unbearable. The relationship between the employers and employee became impersonal and cold, making the employers unmindful of the condition of...
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...Emiliano Zapata and Francisco “Pancho” Villa shared many things in their short lives, but more than anything they were men who saw and experienced the injustices in their homeland and gave their lives to change their country. Both men were revolutionaries, not politicians; in fact they both felt better leading men and women in battle than in fighting political battles. Both were born into small farming communities, whose inhabitants were mostly landless serfs working the lands of large haciendas where they worked as farm hands, functioned as slaves, and were officially treated as serfs. Zapata was from the southern part of Mexico while Villa´s home territory was the northern state of Chihuahua. Mexico is nearly as long as the US is wide and as diverse in topography, climate, natural resources and people. Both had some education and as teenagers, became the support for their families when their fathers died. Both men were drafted into military service but managed to complete only a portion of their terms. Zapata was a respected horse trainer and his commanding officer got him transferred to help train horses. Villa was arrested for stealing horses and forced to join the federal army. After several months he deserted because he murdered an officer and stole the man´s horse. For as many similarities the two were also very different, Pancho Villa was a brash showman, while Emiliano Zapata was quieter and spoke in a high voice. He was known as a man of few words while Villa, who...
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...background: The site of advanced Amerindian civilizations, Mexico came under Spanish rule for three centuries before achieving independence early in the 19th century. A devaluation of the peso in late 1994 threw Mexico into economic turmoil, triggering the worst recession in over half a century. The nation continues to make an impressive recovery. Ongoing economic and social concerns include low real wages, underemployment for a large segment of the population, inequitable income distribution, and few advancement opportunities for the largely Amerindian population in the impoverished southern states. Elections held in July 2000 marked the first time since the 1910 Mexican Revolution that the opposition defeated the party in government, the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). Vicente FOX of the National Action Party (PAN) was sworn in on 1 December 2000 as the first chief executive elected in free and fair elections.Geography Situated in the southwestern part of mainland North America and roughly triangular in shape, Mexico stretches more than 3000 km from northwest to southeast. Its width is varied, from more than 2000 km in the north and less than 220 km at the Isthmus of Tehuantepec in the south. Mexico is bordered by the United States to the north, and Belize and Guatemala to the southeast. Mexico is about one-fourth the size of the United States. Baja California in the west is an 1,250-km peninsula and forms the Gulf of California. In the east are the Gulf of Mexico...
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...influence of Europe over the Latin American subcontinent and the effects of positivism. Liberalism is defined by a set of policies, ideas, and beliefs that hold individual autonomy, equality, and freedom as the pillars of human life. From this basic concept the economic ideas of laissez-faire economics and free markets are developed. Further on, democracy naturally stems from this idea that people are autonomous, rational, free agents that are capable of having decision making power and thus elect the best person possible amongst a pool of potential candidates. This ideology resonated with many social elites in Latin America as it justified their position in the world. The revolutions and wars of independence that occurred in the 19th century are nominally based on the beliefs of the French revolution: equality, liberty, and fraternity. However, although elites claim to be liberals, there is little in practice that...
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...Eron Jenkins History of News Media Jeff Johnson November 28, 2011 Spanish-Language Newspapers in Ybor City and New Mexico In 1898, the Cuban War for Independence ended. 12 years later, the Mexican Revolution against the autocratic president Porfirio Díaz began. Not surprisingly, the ramifications of these two events were not limited to Cuba and Mexico. Thousands of Spanish speaking people came to the United States in search work and asylum. In Tampa, Florida, in a neighborhood called Ybor City, cigar manufacturers offered work to immigrants from Cuba and Spain. Conversely, in New Mexico, Spanish speaking people had lived in the region north of the Rio Grande for hundreds of years. However, growth and stability in the region offered new opportunities to Americans from the east and Mexican immigrants from the south. The goal of this paper will be to examine the development and content of Spanish language newspapers in these two areas from 1900-1910 by looking at two newspapers: El Diario de Tampa of Ybor City and La Estrella of La Cruces, New Mexico. To understand any aspect of any culture one must note the historical context in which the event occurs. In this case, the goal is to study the history of the news media, specifically newspapers, in Ybor City and New Mexico. Because of the corresponding migration and revolutionary atmosphere, the context of the development of the newspapers in these two places is similar. However, they diverge in terms of their...
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...Mexican History Term Paper The Drug War: Failed Democratization and Market-Oriented Economics Cause Mexican Insecurity Once a model for Latin American development, Mexico is now home to an epidemic of drug related violence. The state is apparently powerless to stop organized crime, despite increasing military presence in criminal hotspots along the U.S-Mexican border. Since January 2007, more than 28,000 Mexicans died in drug violence. This is a cruel twist for a nation which, during the oil-driven Mexican Miracle of the 1970s, was poised to join the first world of stable industrialized states. Under the heavy-handed guidance of the Partido Revolutionario Institutional, Mexico seemed destined to remain a prosperous authoritarian regime with a thin veneer of democratic legitimacy. However, untested economic policies swept through the country as they did through the much of the world in the 1980s with the help of the "Washington consensus." With the removal of social security nets during an extended period of economic upheaval, Mexico's ruling party was replaced in a wave of popular discontent. The new leadership, with the institutions of an authoritarian regime, did little to relieve the nation of widespread poverty. As a result, the impoverished were unable to either escape crushing deprivation legally or mobilize to replace the government without fear of reprisal. Insurgency, in the familiar form of guerrilla movements and the novel form of increasingly powerful drug gangs...
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...General History of Mexico Mexico foundation starts in the year 900 B.C. with the migration of the Mexica from Aztlan tribe, towards the center of Mexico. When the Mexica tribe arrived, where now stands Mexico City, they found an eagle holding a serpent between its claws on a cactus. The Mexica thought this was a message from their god Huitzilopochtli (sun god) telling them that there was their sacred land. Pre-Hispanic Cultures Before the Mexica arrived to the center of Mexico and Central America, many pre-Hispanic cultures were developed, sharing their traditions and culture. When we talk about Mesoamerica, it refers to cultures that existed before the European conquest in the territories that are now Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua and Costa Rica. In Mesoamerica grew and faded many cultures, some of the most important were the Olmec, Zapotec, Maya and Aztec. These cultures had their own art, architecture and religion, most of these cultures were conquered by other cultures and therefore there was a mixture developing and forming a new and enriched culture. These cultures lived on the Pre-classic, Classic and Post classic which is division in periods of the pre-Hispanic period, some of these cultures lived for over a period, others just lived through one. The Conquest of Mexico and the Creation of New Spain In 1492 Christopher Columbus arrived in Cuba and thought that they were in the Indies (today India). Almost thirty years later...
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...Why and What Do We Compare? The Story of Revolution and Democratization Mehrzad Boroujerdi, Syracuse University Introduction The field of comparative politics starts with the assumption that knowledge in the social sciences must proceed by way of the search for comparisons, or what has been called "suggestive contrasts." Scholars of comparative politics compare in order to discover similarities and explain differences. As infrequent and highly complex events, revolutions have attracted a great deal of attention from comparativists. In this article, we will address the following topics: • The Concept of Revolution • Why Revolutions Happen? • Can Revolutions be Predicted? • What Do Revolutions Accomplish? • What Are some of the Failures of Revolutions? • Comparing Characteristics and Outcomes of Some Revolutions • Questions The Concept of Revolution: According to the American philosopher Richard Rorty "revolution," like such other words as "reason," "democracy," and "socialism" is a "thick word" which can be contrasted with such "thin words" as truth, dialogue, and justice. How do we define a "revolution?" How are revolutions distinct from other forms of political change such as Coup d'état, rebellion, mutiny, insurrection, or uprising? All of the above nouns may denote acts of violence aimed at changing or overthrowing an existing order or authority. However, there are important legal and political differences among them as well. ...
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...Spring Break Work Ch. 13 Section 1 1) Sui Wendi: First emperor of the Sui dynasty centralized government, restored order, created a new legal code, reformed Bureaucracy Tang Taizong: The founder of the Tang Dynasty, he expanded China to include all that the Han had had and more. Wu Zhao: The only woman to ever declare herself empress, she was a member of the Tang Dynasty. Grand Canal: The 1,100-mile waterway linking the Yellow and the Yangzi Rivers. It was begun in the Han period and completed during the Sui Empire. Zhao Kuangyin: Founder of Song dynasty; originally a general following fall of Tang; took title of Taizu; failed to overcome northern Liao dynasty that remained independent. Li Bo: Most famous poet of the Tang era; blended images of the mundane world with philosophical musings. 2) tributary state: A country that pays tribute in money or goods to a more powerful nation Pagoda: Buddhist temples with many-storied towers; this was adapted from the Chinese 3) The dynasties returned the Middle Kingdom back to its old glory. a) Under the Tang and Song dynasties the emperor ruled over a splendid court filled with aristocratic families. The two main classes of society were the gentry, wealthy landowners, which valued scholarship more than physical labor, and the peasantry, who worked the land and lived off of what they produced. Then the merchants had a lower status in society. Merchants had such a low status in society because according to Confucianism their...
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...Mexico A. Brief History Mexico is situated in the southern part of mainland North America, bordered by the United States in the North, and Belize and Guatemala towards the South. Mexico was conquered and colonized by Spain in the early 16th century and is home to various Amerindian civilizations such as the Maya and Aztec tribes. Administered as the Viceroyalty of New Spain for three centuries, it achieved its independence early in the 19th century. The elections held in 2000 marked the first time since the 1910 Mexican Revolution that an opposition candidate - Vicente FOX of the National Action Party (PAN) - defeated the party in government, the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). Another PAN candidate Felipe CALDERON succeeded him in 2006, but the PRI regained the presidency in 2012. B. Religious and Cultural Background The word “Mexico” is derived from Mexica, the name for the indigenous group also known as the Aztecs. Aside from this, Mexicans have several cultural subdivisions within the nation, most commonly identifying themselves as Northern, Central and South/South-Eastern Mexico. The extensive, desertlike north was only sparsely populated until the middle of the twentieth century - but the more densely populated central and western Mexico is the cradle of the nation. This is where highly developed Indian cultures populated the region in pre-Columbian times and was the heart of the colony of New Spain. These have developed into large cities and major urban...
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