...UMUC Biology 102/103 Lab 4: Enzymes INSTRUCTIONS: * On your own and without assistance, complete this Lab 4 Answer Sheet electronically and submit it via the Assignments Folder by the date listed in the Course Schedule (under Syllabus). * To conduct your laboratory exercises, use the Laboratory Manual located under Course Content. Read the introduction and the directions for each exercise/experiment carefully before completing the exercises/experiments and answering the questions. * Save your Lab 4 Answer Sheet in the following format: LastName_Lab4 (e.g., Smith_Lab4). * You should submit your document as a Word (.doc or .docx) or Rich Text Format (.rtf) file for best compatibility. Pre-Lab Questions 1. How could you test to see if an enzyme was completely saturated during an experiment? - Add more substrate and record the rate. If the rate of the reaction is constant, all the enzymes are saturated. 2. List three conditions that would alter the activity of an enzyme. Be specific with your explanation. * Temperature – Cold temperature will cause the enzyme to work slow, hot temperature will cause the enzyme to increase the movement making it less stable. * PH – Difference in range in the PH scale can alter the shape of the enzyme’s active site * Concentration Of Substrate – Less or more of enzymes to substrates ratio will affect the rate of collisions between the two affecting the number of reactions. 3. Take a look around...
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...relationships to each other, and physiology is the study of the function of body parts (p. 2). B. Topics of Anatomy (p. 2) 1. Gross (macroscopic) anatomy is the study of structures large enough to be seen with the naked eye. a. Regional anatomy is the study of all body structures in a given body region. b. Systemic anatomy is the study of all structures in a body system. c. Surface anatomy is the study of internal body structures as they relate to the overlying skin. 2. Microscopic anatomy is the study of structures that are too small to be seen with the naked eye. a. Cytology is the study of individual cells. b. Histology is the study of tissues. 3. Developmental anatomy is the study of the change in body structures over the course of a lifetime; embryology focuses on development that occurs before birth. 4. Specialized Branches of Anatomy a. Pathological anatomy is the study of structural changes associated with disease. b. Radiographic anatomy is the study of internal structures using specialized visualization techniques. c. Molecular biology is the study of biological molecules. 5. Essential tools for studying anatomy are the mastery of medical terminology and the development of keen observational skills. C. Topics of Physiology (p. 2) 1. Physiology has several topics, most of which consider the function of specific organ systems. 2. Physiology often focuses...
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...Temperature on Rate of Reaction of Catalase Abstract Properties of Enzymes focused on the variations of reaction rates amongst enzymes subjected to various circumstances such as temperature, pH levels, different concentrations of substrate, salt concentrations, Metal Copper Sulfate and lastly, the presence of an Enzyme Inhibitor. The assigned section of this laboratory for our efforts was the effect of temperature variations on enzyme reactions. To perform the experiment, we used a spectrophotometer to monitor the baseline catalase activity when they are placed in these two temperatures. In this way, absorbance can be measured over time to monitor catalase activity of the main baseline reaction. Our results showed that temperatures at higher degrees led to being inactive, whereas those at lower degrees lowered the reaction time. This comes to show that each enzyme can have a different optimal temperature and this experiment helped us to understand how reaction rate can be affected by temperature change. Introduction Thousands of complex biological processes are constantly taking place within our bodies. We require material transport, energy synthesis, and the manufacturing of various proteins, hormones, and other molecules (Source 1). Almost all of these everyday processes rely on the function of enzymes to take place. Enzymes are specifically grouped according to their function, and this information can often provide us with clues regarding what type of reaction that enzyme will...
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...organization from the cell to the organism. -The cell is the smallest unit displaying the properties of life that is the basic structural and functional unit of organisms. -Tissues are a group of similar cells that performs similar functions. - Organ is a structure that contains at least two different types of tissues that work together for a common purpose. -Organ system is a group of organs arranged in such a way that they perform functions that they would not otherwise be able to perform if they were by themselves. -Organism is an individual being that contains all of the above mentioned. Without these an organism would not be able to function properly. 2. List and define the characteristics of life and provide an example in your life that demonstrates the characteristic. -There are 7 characteristics of life and they are as follows: Organization is when single cell organisms have a specific make up to be self sufficient. It starts with an organism which is complex. Humans are classified as multicellular because they are composed of many different types of cells. A tissue is defined as a group of similar cells that perform a particular function. An organ is made up of many tissues, and organ systems are a group of organs that perform a common function. One example of life is humans. When acquiring materials and energy, living things take in energy and use it for maintenance and growth. Humans eat plants and animals they raise for food to gain materials and energy as well...
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...Describe clearly and precisely the function of a positive control. 2) Describe the function of a negative control. What conclusions you would make about your entire experiment if the negative control did not act accordingly? 3) What might you conclude about the results of your test samples if one or more of the test samples tested positive but the positive control did not work according to plan? 4) What tubes represent the positive control and negative controls in Procedures 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 and 3.4? 5) Procedure 3.1 step 11 Optional treatment (see exercise in this pdf) asked you to include a tube containing a known reducing sugar and Benedict’s reagent while omitting heat. What was...
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...(insight-oriented therapy) focuses unconscious processes in behavior * Goal is client’s self awareness and understanding influence of the past on the present * 4 schools of psychoanalytic theory * Freudian (Sigmund Freud) * Sexual and aggressive energies in the ID (unconscious) are controlled by Ego (bridge between ID and Reality) * Ego Psychology * Enhancing ego functions according to demands of reality * Object relations (Winnicott) * Human beings are shaped in relation to significant others * Struggle is to maintain relations with others while differentiating ourselves from them * Self Psychology (Heinz Kohut) * Self refers to perception of experiences * Brief therapy focuses on issue and therapist is active in keeping the discussion controlled Lec 3: Object Relations Theory: * Object: a person * Relations: interpersonal relationships (including past) * Object Relations: inner images of self and other * Holding Environment “Psychic space between mother and infant (between psychological and physical)” * Theory : “failure of mother to provide a holding environment results in false disorder” * Transitional Object “object chosen by the infant or a living object” * Object cannot be imposed by another person * Functions of transitional objects: * Prevention of catastrophic anxiety due to separation * Assist in maintaining a memory of the object until capacity...
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... Background: Amylase is a digestive enzyme, produced mainly by the salivary glands and the pancreas, to break down starch in food into smaller carbohydrate molecules and disaccharides such as maltose. It can be found in humans and some other mammals. Some plants and bacteria may also produce amylase. After being broken down into smaller carbohydrate molecules, it can be converted into a monosaccharide such as glucose, which fuels processes for organism function. There are two variations of this molecule but the human body has alpha amylase. Food that contains large amounts of starch will have a slightly sweet taste when chewed because of this breaking down of starch into sugar by amylase. Alpha Amylase's official name is 1,4-‐a-‐D-‐Glucan...
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...lashes) 2.1. Importance of patch test 2.2. How to patch test 2.3. Positive and Negative reaction for patch test 2.4. Purpose and Result of patch test 2.5. Why and Where to record patch test result 1.6. Legal implications of patch test 2.0. Chart to identify Normal and Adverse Reactions 2.1. Brow shaping 2.2. Tinting 2.3. False lashes 3.0. Chemical reaction that creates tinting effect 4.0. Suitable shape for face shapes and why 4.1. Oblong 4.2. Square 4.3. Heart 4.4. Round 4.5. Diamond 5.0. Diagram of hair shaft and its functions 6.0. Eye enhancing treatments procedure and general information, cost, benefits and effects 6.1. Eyelash extensions 6.2. Semi-permanent eye make-up 6.3. Eyelash Perming 7.0. Conclusion 8.0. Bibliography Introduction To identify allergens a patch test that is carried out. A tint or adhesive is applied to the skin on the inside of your arm near the elbow or behind the ear. The client will have this on for 24 hours, if the area is red, itchy or swollen, the test is positive and the treatment cannot be carried out. If there is no reaction the test is negative and treatment can be carried out. The products (tint, false lash) may contain ingredients whose safety is unclear or which are known to pose health risks. This is why it is very important to have a patch test to check your body's reaction to these products (tint, false lash) before you have any eye treatment. The patch test...
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...Chemistry of Life Matter is anything that occupies space. Matter is made of one or more elements. An element is the most pure form of matter. Elements are made of atoms. There are 111 elements and of these 92 are naturally occurring. Essential Elements About 25 elements are essential to life. These are called ‘essential elements’. 4 essential elements make up 96% of the human body. These are O, C, H and N. The other elements account for the remaining 4%. Trace Elements Certain elements are needed in trace amounts. These are also essential to life. Eg. The human body needs trace amounts of boron, chromium, iron, iodine, etc. Humans need 0.15 mg of iodine each day. If iodine is deficient or in excess, a goiter develops – due to malfunctioning of the thyroid gland. Properties of Atoms All atom have a neutral charge because of the following: In nucleus of atom are protons that have a positive charge (p+) and neutrons that have a neutral charge. Outside of the nucleus are the electrons. Electrons have a negative charge. The number of electrons is equal to the number of protons: so negative charges cancel out the positive charges. Atomic Number= number of protons (also number of electrons) Atomic Weight = number of protons + number of neutrons Atomic weight is the average weight number of isotopes for one elements. Atoms for one element have different numbers of neutrons and are called isotopes. Isotopes = different isotopes of an element have the...
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...1. Strain theory: when juveniles experience strain or stress, they become upset, and they sometimes engage in delinquency as a result. 2. Strain: difficult or frustrating circumstances 3. Loss of positive stimuli and presentation of negative stimuli: juveniles lose something they value or are presented with negative stimuli. 4. Cognitive coping: cognitively reinterpreting the strain they experience so as to minimize its impact. 5. Behavioral coping: attempting to act in ways that reduce the strain they are experiencing. 6. Emotional coping: act directly on the negative emotions that result from strain 7. Coping skills: strain is more likely to lead to delinquency among individuals with poor coping skills and resources. (Verbal skills to negotiate with peers and adults, or they have a high level of “self-efficacy”, believe that they have the ability to solve their own problems.) 8. Conventional social supports: Family, friends, and others often help us cope with our strain, providing advice, direct assistance, and emotional support. Individuals who lack such supports are more likely to find themselves in a situation where delinquency is their only means of coping. 9. Social learning theory: juveniles learn to engage in delinquency from others 10. Frequency, amount, and relative probability of reinforcement: if we want to predict delinquency, we need to examine the frequency, with which it is reinforced, the amount or reinforcement received or expected...
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...Key Organs and Enzymes of the Digestive System 1) The salivary glands produce salivary amylase to digest starch. 2) The stomach produces pepsin, which is a protease to digest protein. 3) The pancreas produces: Proteases, to digest protein within the small intestine Pancreatic amylase to digest starch within the small intestine Pancreatic lipase to digest fats the small intestine Part 1: Testing for Macromolecules Hypotheses Food 1 (Junk):maruchan instant soup Food 2 (Junk): Frito chips Food 3 (Junk): Waffle Grahams Food 4 (Healthy): Dried oatmeal’s Food 5 (Healthy): sweet n salty mix Food 6 (Healthy): Banana Directions for Testing 1) Why is it important to use a negative and positive control? It is important to have negative and positive...
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... |protons. |c. |neutrons. | |b. |electrons. |d. |ions. | ____c 2. If an atom contains 3 protons, 4 neutrons, and 3 electrons, its mass number would be |a. |3. |c. |7. | |b. |4. |d. |11. | c____ 3. Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the same number of protons and |a. |a different number of |c. |a different number of neutrons.| | |electrons. | | | |b. |a different number of |d. |the same number of neutrons. | | |molecules. | | | ___d_ 4. Which of the following is a use of radioactive isotopes? |a. |can determine the ages of rocks and fossils | |b. |can be used to treat cancer...
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... 1. The formed elements portion is mostly red blood cells. 2. The liquid plasma includes water, gases, nutrients, hormones, electrolytes, and cellular wastes. 2. Characteristics of red blood cells a. Red blood cells are biconcave discs with shapes that increase surface area. b. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin, which combines with oxygen. 3. Red blood cell counts a. The red blood cell count equals the number of cells per cubic millimeter of blood. b. The average count ranges from approximately 4 to 6 million cells per cubic millimeter of blood. c. Red blood cell count is directly proportional to the oxygen-carrying capacity for the blood. It is used to diagnose and evaluate the courses of certain diseases. 4. Red blood cell production and its control a. Red bone marrow produces red blood cells. b. In health, the number of red blood cells remains relatively stable. c. Erythropoietin controls the rate of red blood cell formation by negative feedback. 5. Dietary factors affecting red blood cell production a. Availability of vitamin B12 and folic acid influences red blood cell production. b. Hemoglobin synthesis requires iron. 6. Destruction of red blood cells a. Macrophages in the liver and spleen phagocytize damaged red blood cells. b. Hemoglobin molecules decompose, and some of the iron they contain is...
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...Intro Behavior in children can be complex as well as unpredictable. Adults can be the ideal role models however there are times children will display behaviors that are unwanted. The parents then have to find a way to modify and stop this undesirable behavior. This essay will discuss three ways to modify behavior in children: Motivation, Operant Conditioning and Classical Conditioning (positive and negative reinforcement with or without stimulus).Also included in this will be how these methods are used and which method is most effective. Motivation Motivation itself can be very rewarding from success in any accomplishment. This can be used for children and behavior. Behavior can be changed thru motivation such as the child getting a reward for good behavior. “Piaget discovered that children act on their own in the world and eventually will discover how the world works and what all is in it for them” (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2013). As Piaget suggested, when a child discovers what is in it for them they will willingly want to change the undesired behavior. Children are often swayed and motivated by rewards. If they know they will get something for displaying good behavior the undesired behavior will become less and less. Eventually the behavior will become extinct if the parent uses the motivator in a lengthier time frame. One must understand that children have psychological needs and motives. According to Deckers, “ For human motivation, biological and psychological motivates...
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...2.3 Chemistry of water Water is a polar molecule The shape of a water molecule and its polarity make hydrogen bonding possible, A hydrogen bond is a weak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom. (They are partial charging) * Can occur between atoms of different molecule or within the same molecule * A single hydrogen bond is easily broken while multiple hydrogen bonds are collectively quite strong. * Help to maintain the proper structure and function of complex molecules such as proteins and DNA. Oxygen attracts the shared electric and is partially negative Hydrogens are partially positive. Properties of water * Water molecules cling together because of hydrogen bonding * This association gives water many of its unique chemical properties * Water has a high heat capacity * The presence of many hydrogen bonds allow water to absorb a large amount of thermal heat without a great change in temperature * The temperature of water rises and falls slowly * Allows organisms to maintain internal temperatures. * Water has a high heat of vaporization * Hydrogen bonds must be broken to evaporate water. * Bodies of organism cool when their heat is used to evaporate water. * Water is a good Solvent * Water is good solvent because of its polarity * Polar substances dissolve readily in water * Hydrophilic molecules dissolve in water (sugar) ...
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