...There has been steady improvement in its HDI value, which was 0.345 in 1980. In 1950, Brazil, China and India together represented 10 per cent of the world economy, while the six traditional economic leaders of the North accounted for more than half. According to projections in the report, by 2050, Brazil, China and India will together account for 40 per cent of global output, far surpassing the projected combined production of today’s Group of Seven bloc. | | | HDI is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and income indices used to rank countries in four tiers of human development. Since 2011, the UNDP report has included an inequality adjusted HDI, also known as IHDI, which attempts to include the effects of inequality on human development. The IHDI for India this year is 0.392. High gender inequality The country fails miserably on the front of gender equality. On the gender equality index, with a value of 0.610, India has one of the worst indicators in the medium human development category. For example, the country has only 10.9 per cent of seats in Parliament occupied by women. Countries like South Africa (41.1 per cent, HDI – 121), Timor-Leste (38.5 per cent, 134), Iraq (25.2 per cent, 131) and China (21.3 per cent, 101) are much ahead of India when it comes to the representation of women in decision making. India’s HDI progress...
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...those affected are girls, most of whom are in poor socioeconomic situations. Child marriage is related to child betrothal, and it includes civil cohabitation and court approved early marriages after teenage pregnancy. In many cases, only one marriage-partner is a child, usually the female. Causes of child marriages include poverty, bride price, dowry, cultural traditions, laws that allow child marriages, religious and social pressures, regional customs, fear of remaining unmarried, illiteracy, and perceived inability of women to work for money. Child marriages were common throughout history for a variety of reasons, including poverty, insecurity, as well as for political and financial reasons. Today, child marriage is still fairly widespread in developing countries, such as parts of Africa, South Asia, Southeast Asia, West Asia, Latin America, and Oceania. The incidence of child marriage has been falling in most parts of the world. The countries with the highest observed rates of child marriages below the age of 18 are Niger, Chad, Mali, Bangladesh, Guinea and the Central African Republic, with a rate above 60%. Niger, Chad, Bangladesh, Mali and Ethiopia were the countries with child marriage rates greater than 20% below the age of 15, according to...
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...Inequalities affecting the distribution of health in Ethiopia Introduction This report will be analysing the high child mortality rate of children under five in Ethiopia and how this is affected by different illnesses and lack of contraception. One will be looking at findings and statistics within a population of 91.73 million people which is made up of 83% living in rural locations and 17% living in urban locations. (Mundi 2011) According to a 2007 census the religious breakdown of Ethiopia is 62.8% Christian (43.5% Ethiopian Orthodox, 19.3% other), 33.9% Islam, 2.6% Traditional and 0.6% other. (Habesha 2007) Ethiopia's population is highly diverse. Most of its people speak a Semitic or Cushitic language. The Oromo, Amhara, Somali and Tigreans make up more than three-quarters (¾) of the population, but there are more than 70 different ethnic groups within Ethiopia (Advameg 2015) Causes and factors of child mortality Diagram to show causes of child mortality rate in the under 5’s in Ethiopia Causes of under-five child mortality Another main cause of high child mortality rates in Ethiopia is malnutrition, due to the country struggling with poor poverty issues leading to lack of money to buy produce and drought which is stopping natural crops from growing. These play a huge impact on children getting the required intake of vitamins and nutrients to survive as many on the rural areas of Ethiopia are farm land. This inevitably leads to death. A staggering 28% of children...
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...questions on Rastafarian beliefs, history, as well as shed some light on a few of the myths and misconceptions that other people including myself have regarding his religion. Haile Selassie I The Rastafarian religion plants its roots in Africa, and is frequently associated with the underprivileged black population of Jamaica. The followers of Rastafari consider it to be more of a way of life, and not just a religion. Rastafarians consider themselves to be advocates of global issues and often speak out against social injustices such as inequality, oppression and poverty. The foundation of the Rastafarian religion is rooted in the Holy Bible, which is believed to be the word of God. “Our primary belief is that Jesus Christ returned to Earth as Emperor Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia”. (R. Kamau, personal communication, December 1, 2011) Selassie, born as Lij Tafari Makonnen, later changed his name to Ras Tafari, was the Emperor of Ethiopia. Rastafarian scriptures prophesized him to be the Second Advent, the...
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...for Africa’s Economic Growth – Evidence of an Emerging Consensus 13 4 Smallholder Farming Success Narratives 15 4.1 Botswana: Competitiveness of beef smallholder farmers 15 4.2 Ethiopia: Commercialisation of small scale farmers of grain 16 5 Conclusion and Recommendations 17 References 20 Agriculture and its role in inclusive growth in Africa 1. Introduction The purpose of this report is to consider the position of agriculture in Africa, and the potential that it has for improving the lives of the majority of those living on the continent. The report starts off with defining inclusive growth, and highlights how agriculture can contribute towards this phenomena as a consideration. It then talks to agricultural concepts and considerations in the African context, and attempts to identify African specific challenges and provide workable solutions. The paper also reflects on an emerging consensus advocating for the promotion of the productivity of smallholder farmers which is believed could drive economic growth for a broader base of the African population. A key consideration of this report is that in Africa, a majority of Africans live in a rural setting, participate in agricultural activities, especially women, and to address issues of food security, high unemployment, poverty, equity...
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...The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia September 7, 2012 Currently, various countries in the world are faced with many serious issues, and these problems can make countries collapse. According to Jared Diamond (2011), who is a professor of Geography at the University of California, Los Angeles, “There are four frameworks that cause societies to collapse, consisting of human impacts on the environment and climate change, declining relations with friendly neighbors, relations with hostile societies, and society’s responses to their problems”. Ethiopia is one of the East African countries that is now facing with various national problems, which can be clearly explained by all of Jared Diamond’s frameworks. Ethiopia has a significantly high risk of collapsing in the very near future. One of the most critical factors that Ethiopia faces is the various environmental catastrophes, which deals with the first framework that Jared Diamond has pointed out. According to the Embassy of The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (2012), most of the land in Ethiopia is highlands, grasslands, deserts with only a few rivers, and Ethiopia is a landlocked country. Therefore, Ethiopia has lacked adequate of water resources. Moreover, Ethiopia is faced with human impacts on the environment such as deforestation, soil erosion, desertification, and water shortages in some areas (“CIA The World Factbook,” 2012). ...
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...Harmonized Curriculum for Civics & Ethics Common Course for Under Graduate Degree Program Ethiopia August 2009 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Course Title: - Civics and Ethics Course Code: - CvEt 201 Credit Hours: - 3 Learning Outcomes A graduate from Ethiopian higher education institution who has taken this course:will be inquisitive, critical, analytic, integrative and morally balanced person. exhibits higher ethical standards like open-mindedness, rational thinking, evidenceoriented personality and problem solving skills with high professional spirit. tends to be more participatory in socio-economic and political endeavors will be practical, highly concerned, responsible and loyal to his/her nation Course Objectives At the end of this course, students will be • familiar with key concepts like civics, ethics and profession • equipped with basic knowledge, skills and attitude of socio-economic and political issues of their country • familiar with government institutions, policies, strategies and legal provisions of their country • able to analyze the dynamics of socio-economic and political transformations of their country • able to develop the knowledge of work habit; professional, environmental, development and public service ethics, and their repercussions • familiarized with foundations of democracy and good governance and tools of democratization process • able to assess the values of multi-culturalism and tolerance for mutual understandings and co-existence • able to gain an...
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...Globalisation has intensified inequality Globalisation has built a set of prospects for mainly large firms around the world with declines in tariffs or creation of free trade areas (Celik 2010). Although globalisation has increase economic growth substantially it does however also increase the economic and social gap within and between countries. Income inequality in particular is the effect of globalisation through foreign direct investment. According to the World Development Indicators 2005 (World Bank, 2005), the richest country Norway has a per capita income of $43, 400 whereas the poorest countries Burundi and Ethiopia have a per capita income of $90. These show the huge gap between the poorest and richest countries per capita income. These numbers raised the question “Has globalisation led to a greater income inequality or less?” In the article ‘Is globalisation reducing poverty and inequality’, Wade (2004) questions the empirical basis of the neoliberal argument. The neoliberal argument says that the distribution of income between the entire world’s people has become more equal over the past two decades and the number of people living in extreme poverty has fallen. It states that these progressive trends are due in large part to the rising density of economic integration between countries, which has made for rising efficiency of resource use worldwide as countries and regions specialize in line with their comparative advantage. This is partially true as...
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...these countries already suffer consequently of water scarcity preventing them from being able to grow enough food for their growing populations. 2. How do land acquisition in Ethiopia and Sudan by South Korea and Saudi Arabia affect food security in Egypt? Egypt is a nation of bread eater requiring millions of tons of wheat per year and in addition Egypt is also the world’s leading wheat importer and subsidized bread. Or, in order to have enough bread for the population Egypt’s grain is either imported or produced with the water of the Nile River. The Nile flows through Ethiopia and Sudan before reaching Egypt. However, according to the Nile water agreement; Egypt is entitled to 75% of the Nile’s river flow. Yet, now those developing countries are acquiring a lot of land in Ethiopia and Sudan with the intention to grow food with nil’s river water regardless of the water agreement. It is fear that demand of water reaches a point where there will not be enough water reaching Egypt in order to sustain its agricultural production, leading then to food security issues in the future. 3. Explain the Nile water Agreement. The Nile water agreement is a legal piece signed in 1959; Egypt and Sudan agreed that Egypt will get 75% of the river flow and Sudan the remaining 25% and none for Ethiopia. Ethiopia and Sudan are now contesting this agreement...
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...Poverty has become a major issue all over the globe. In the United States the Poverty Line has increased since the Great Recession in 2008. The Poverty Line rose from 12.5% in 2007 to 15.0% in 2011, According to The Russell Sage Foundation and The Stanford Center on Poverty and Inequality’s Poverty and The Great Recession . The downfall of the economy in 2008 pushed many people in the U.S. into poverty. Systematic failures such as an unstable economy, societal factors such as race or ethnicity, and many would argue one of the greatest causes of poverty to be natural disasters. Two major accounts of economical instability are noted as “The Great Depression” which occurred in the 1930s and “The Great Recession,” in 2008. The two events sent many Americans into poverty. The Great Depression was a result of a stock market crash and a bad banking structure. Likewise the Recession was due to a stock market crash caused 8 trillion dollar housing bubble. According to Jim Puzzanghera, from The Los Angeles Times, approximately 8.7 million jobs were lost during...
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...receive the three-dose diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis vaccine (DTP3) was 23.2 million in 2009 (WHO, 2010). Seventy per cent of these children live in ten countries: Chad, China, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, India, Indonesia, Kenya, Nigeria, Pakistan and Uganda (WHO, 2010). There are many factors that prevent children from being immunized, including political instability in a country, the strength of the immunization programme (e.g. number of health-care workers, facilities, cold chain), geographical location, and communication/ perceptions about the safety of vaccines. These barriers have been addressed in other documents (WHO, 2009a). The focus of this report is on increasing vaccine access though increased production. In addition to the children who miss out on basic vaccines, there are huge inequalities in access to new vaccines between children in developed countries and children in developing countries. Furthermore, there are many poverty-related diseases for which vaccines do not exist, due to a lack of research and development (R&D) by industry. In the light of this, WHO has promoted activities to improve access to vaccines in developing countries, and to encourage the development of vaccines against poverty-related diseases for which there has previously been little...
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...Discuss the assertion that disasters in Africa occur when hazards and vulnerability meet. Disasters are adverse or unfortunate events especially sudden and extraordinary misfortunes or calamities. Inhabitants of sub-Saharan Africa are threatened by natural disasters. This has led to consequences like poverty and disease (World Risk Report 2013). The assertion that disasters in Africa occur when hazards and vulnerability meet is true. Disasters in Africa tend to affect the vulnerable. Natural disasters occurring in African countries undermine the economic survival of poor communities. Many populations in countries throughout the continent have suffered under the impact of such hazards, which have killed thousands and caused injuries to many others. Mainly it is the vulnerable groups of people and their locations that are exposed to risk of these disasters. It is of paramount importance to note that these disasters can be natural or man-made. It is the scope of this paper to deliberate if disasters in Africa really occur when hazards and vulnerability meet or not. Increasing disaster threats not only reflect the onset of events such as earthquakes or floods, but also the changing demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of the population. A large, violent tornado, for instance, passing through an open field presents little danger. On the other hand, a relatively weak tornado can pose significant risks to human life and can result in great economic losses in densely populated...
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...therein are those of the author and not necessarily those of the Institute. Research papers are not made available for circulation outside of the Institute. Inquiries: Postal address: Institute of Social Studies P.O. Box 29776 2502 LT The Hague The Netherlands Location: Kortenaerkade 12 2518 AX The Hague The Netherlands Telephone: +31 70 426 0460 Fax: +31 70 426 0799 Acknowledgments I would like to express my deepest appreciation to all the people who in one way or another contributed to the completion of this study, especially the interviewees, who generously shared their time and knowledge about the coffee sector in Ethiopia. My sincerest appreciation goes to Bilisuma Dito, who first introduced me to the ECX and provided me with key contacts for the fieldwork. Many thanks to Martha Kibru, Saba Yifredew, Taddese Mezgebo and Jim Schmitt for sharing valuable information and for pointing me in the right direction during my stay in Addis Ababa. I am greatly indebted to Christopher Jordan and the Technoserve staff for their support and for facilitating the trip to Jimma. I would also like to sincerely thank Max Spoor and Peter Knorringa for their guidance and constructive criticism...
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...- Author Peggy defines racism as abusing one’s power such as white privilege. As I was reading the lists of her life choice, it felt very normal to hear phrases such as “purchasing a house in an area which I can afford and in which I would want to live or I can go shopping alone most of the time, pretty well assure that I will not be followed or harassed” (McIntosh 1989) and not be able to feel the same. I think over time, I just normalized myself to these acts and the fact that, some people can’t help but judge you based on your skin tone. Additionally, I understand people are entitled to their freedom of speech but I don’t think anyone should feel like they are allowed a right to judge a whole community based on one person’s action. People...
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...second time. By the year of 2007, when sky high home prices in the United States went down, spread quickly to the entire country financial sector and then to the financial markets overseas, the called Global crisis of 2008 had born. Anyhow, the economic world has had many other financial crisis of different types at different levels of impact over the world. For this reason, it is really important the study of the main cause of all these financial crisis that bring chaos, create poverty, and widen the gap between rich and poor; the monetary system and the money it produces. In order to make evident the deficiencies of the monetary system and answer the following question: Do we really need money? I proposed three sub question that would clarify and support the main answer. These questions are: In what the monetary system depends on? How a financial crisis is created and how it affects the economy? Has the monetary system created poverty? Will the monetary system balance the difference between poverty and wealth one day? In what the monetary system depends on? Money rules the economy of countries. As we all know, money is not only a medium of exchange, but also a standard of value for future payments. According with the table presented, we note that the economies in the long-ago past were very different from our economy of today and that the main factor of this difference is the growing world population...
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