...The prayer book of Anne de Bretagne, painted by the artist Jean Poyer, is just one of many examples of religious manuscripts commissioned by Anne. As an avid patron of the arts who favoured books, both illuminated manuscripts and those in printed form, Anne, and the works she commissioned, have both drawn a great deal of attention from scholars, as they provide a wide scope of study on patronage in the French royal court during the early Renaissance. The great number of illuminated manuscripts ascribed to Anne’s possession indicates a partiality towards this art form, and it is likely that she chose to commission these frequently, for they provided her with the opportunity to be in a position where she could oversee every step in the process of producing each book, thus imbuing personal content throughout. To the very slightest detail, each illuminated manuscript was extremely personalised. With all of these factors considered, noting each personalisation...
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...power? During the years of 1547-1553 England experienced a handful of serious rebellions during the six-year reign of Edward. Here were three major rebellions the Western Rebellion 1549, Kett's rebellion 1549 and Wyatt's rebellion, not to mention other uprisings. Most of these rebellions were in the South of England near to the capital, the heart of Tudor power, making them even more worrying to the monarchy. In addition the impact of the first two was magnified by their occurrence at a time of war with Scotland and France. Furthermore these rebellions changed Somerset's foreign policy as he withdrew troops from Scotland needed to suppress uprising, scaled down favored policy of garrisoning Scotland and all these gave the advantage to French who in order took Boulogne in summer 1549. Rebellions are not started for small matters; people only rebel if they fear for the welfare of themselves and their family, for they’re to be three serious rebellions in the space of 6 years is a clear sign that the government aren’t meeting the peoples basic human needs however there is another way to look at this. Even though the rebellions were started due to the reaction of the people to a government policy, e.g. the Western rebellion in 1549 (also known as the...
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...Realism, in the context of art is the precise, full, straightforward depiction of nature and the natural world or of contemporary life. Realism rejects the idea of creative Romanticism in favor of a close observation of appearances. As such, realism looking at it from a bigger perspective has comprised many artistic values in different cultures and nations. In the relation to realistic art, for example, Realism can be found in Germany with the painting of Three Women in a Village church was displayed. This work of art simply depicted three peasant women holding prayer book while sitting on a pew in church. Also, in Italy there is a painting called The Daughters of Edward Darley Boit; the gist of the painting is the Boit sisters placed about...
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...religion and the finances. The stronger evidence so far seems to suggest that personal belief was the main reason for religious change. However, the answer is never clear cut and may depend on the monarch in power and time. It can be argued that Edward's religious policy was based on his own personal beliefs of Protestantism. Edward was raised staunchly catholic as his step mother Catherine Parr had him educated with protestant views by scholars. However, other factors did determine the religious changes during his reign as the 1549 Prayer Book under Lord protector Somerset was far from staunchly protestant. This is due to Somerset's fear of Charles V and the threat Spain posed to England if they were too radically protestant , as well as learning from the mistakes Henry made leading to The Pilgrimage of Grace. The Prayer book of 1549 was very ambiguous as it allowed traditional vestments and communion was unclear. However, the moderate prayer book failed to please anybody. Therefore, it is clear that personal beliefs were not all that caused a changed in religion. Similarly as Edward was a minor he was dependant on his Lord Protector to make decisions regarding religious policy, Edward had...
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... Edward, despite his age, shows that he has to intelligence to become a great king. From an early age Edward shows tremendous understanding of the complex issues of England, especially those regarding religion. This can be attributed to the top-quality education he received. Starting from the age of six he was humanistically educated, by two of the brightest young humanists of the time, Richard Cox and John Cheke. This relates him to other important protestant reformers of this time period, Martin Luther and Ulrich Zwingli who were also educated by humanists. Edward showed that he learned very quickly. By the age of seven he had begun reading in Latin, and by the age of thirteen François de Scépeaux reported that he had learned to speak French, Italian and Spanish. Unfortunately, details on his religious education are unknown other than the fact that all his main tutors would later convert to Protestantism. After the death of his father, Henry VIII, Edward took the throne, however on account of his age he was not given full power over the kingdom. Instead sixteen executors, appointed by Henry, would make up Edward’s Privy Council. The Privy Council would be in charge of all public and private matters until Edward reached the age of 18. Edward was bound to this Privy Council and was unable to act on his own because of it. Despite this, Edward still showed some of the common Tudor traits his relatives possessed: forcefulness, stubbornness, and the authority and power of a king....
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...WAYLAND BAPTIST UNIVERSITY THE LIFE AND INFLUENCE OF IGNATIUS LOYOLA PAPER PRESENTED TO DR. GARY MITCHELL IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR RLGN5354 SCHOOL OF RELIGION BY MARK D. RIGG PLAINVIEW, TX OCTOBER 15, 2015 THE LIFE AND INFLUENCE OF IGNATIUS LOYOLA Introduction This biographical research paper will focus on the life of Ignatius of Loyola. It is the intention of this writer to deal with three major concerns regarding this post-New Testament Christian personality. First concern: to provide some background and personal history. Next, to set forth the contributions of Ignatius and the significant impact he had on the Church in general among his contemporaries, right up to the present day. Finally, the writer will reveal how the life of Ignatius relates to and has personally influenced his own. Background and personal history Iñigo Lopez de Oñaz y Loyola, whom we know as St. Ignatius, was born the youngest of thirteen children in northeastern Spain in 1491. He was raised in a noble Basque family of high Catholic piety but lax in morals. His father had several children by another woman, and his grandfather's lawless behavior led to the top two floors of the Loyola castle being demolished by order of the crown. Iñigo hardly knew his mother, Marina Saenz de Licona. As was the custom of the time, “A few days after his birth Iñigo was handed over to a wet-nurse, Maria de Garin, wife of the blacksmith living in a cottage...
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...extreme Puritan ideology would’ve certainly been perceived as a threat. However, these threats were dealt with so effectively by Elizabeth that they could not have developed into a serious threat by the 1590s. John E Neale argues that the Settlement was challenged by a ‘Puritan Choir’ in Parliament. With hindsight, it is proven that Neale took his idea from the 17th century Puritan sympathiser Simon D’Ewes, who possessed unreliable sources. However, Elton points out that leading Puritan MPs consistently opposed features of the Settlement. This is true to some extent – Walter Strickland’s 1571 Bill to reform the Book of Common Prayer was shortly followed by the start of John Field’s Parliamentary campaign through his ‘Admonitions to Parliament’. Opposition seemed evident up until the late 1580s; in 1587 Anthony Cope’s bill demanded the publication of an English Genevan Prayer Book. The fact that Parliament allowed the bill to be read shows that it had some sympathy toward Puritan grievances. Nevertheless, Elton’s view loses interpretation against the more sustained view of W.J Jones, who claims that the parliamentary challenge stood little chance. Indeed, within Parliament Elizabeth was in her strongest position to keep “a vice-like grip on the pace of change”, as stated by John Guy. The Queen showed her indignation towards Strickland by vetoing most...
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...ruled for the next 11 years with the assistance of his friends who he rewarded with lands and titles. In 1621 parliament was recalled to discuss the prospect of marriage between his son Charles, and a Spanish princess. As the Spanish Armada was still fresh in everyone`s memory there was outrage and although the marriage did not happen, relations with parliament were still damaged by the time James died and Charles took the throne in 1625. Charles, also believed in the divine right of kings but he was also arrogant and conceited and it was his personality that would light the touchpaper for the English Civil War. For the next 4 years he was continually at loggerheads with parliament over money and to a lesser extent religion. He had married a French catholic and the protestant nation feared the rise of Catholicism in England. The Duke of Buckingham, who was a favourite of Charles was deeply despised as he had arranged the marriage between Charles and Henrietta and he was given charge of foreign policy and was allowed to launch a series of disastrous military expeditions against Spain and France. Buckingham proved hopeless and incompetent in trying to resolve the thirty years war conflict and when parliament tried to impeach him Charles dissolved the first 2 parliaments but was forced to recall a third parliament when he needed to raise money. The problem of Buckingham was solved when he was...
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...individuals, insanity is rare; but in groups, parties, nations and epochs, it is the rule.” - Friedrich Nietzsche When an individual states alone, he or she is competent, but as a throng, they are impote. According to WiseGeek.com, herd or mob mentality is “unique behavioral characteristics that emerge when people are in large groups” and can be negative. This phenomenon has been documented throughout history as revolutions, riots, and violence movements. Examples are the French Revolution, the Holocaust, and what happened in Ferguson, Missouri. In The Crucible playbook, mobs are implied between pieces of dialogue, but in the movie adaptation, it is demonstrates more clearly how the town people didn’t believe in witches from the beginning. The first example of herd mentality is when the girls, Parris, the Putnams, and Reverend Hale are in the attic looking at Betty. After Abigail said that one person was a witch, every girl instantly called out others. The movie shows this better than the book, because you can see that girls yelling frantically, and the smiles on their faces are creepy....
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...The crusades were a series of Wars fought over the Holy Land Jerusalem, between Christian Europe and Muslim Asia. Jerusalem held a high significance to Christians because the Church of the Sepulchre was built upon the hill Christ was crucified on top of. The start of the Crusades was influenced by Pope Claremount in 1095. There were about nine crusades in total, the first four were known as the Principal crusades, and the four remaining, Minor crusades. The Holy crusades had many effects on both Europe and Asia. Before the 11th century most Christians were encouraged and even welcomed by the Muslim people of Jerusalem to journey on pilgrimages to experience Christ. Muslims had an open policy for pilgrims seeing them as a source of revenue. In the 1065 the Turkish took over control of Jerusalem and murdered Christians. The Pope Urban II hired a man named Peter the Hermit, a native monk of France, to spread the word and influence people to stand up and fight against the Infidels controlling Jerusalem and attacking Europe. August 15th 1096 marked the start of the crusades into Asia. The most important Crusades are the first four known as the Principle crusades. 3000 Christians were slaughtered in Jerusalem, prompting the first crusade, known as the People’s Crusade, made up of all kinds of classes of people, men, women, and children. Many preachers’ excited people of Europe, swaying them with their words of “Gods Will” to set out on a march to Jerusalem. The first crusade...
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...FRIENDSHIP IN STEINBECK'S OF MICE AND MEN A Sermon by Dean Scotty McLennan University Public Worship Stanford Memorial Church July 25, 2004 There are two different accounts in the New Testament of Jesus' disciples asking him how to pray. What has become known as the Lord's Prayer comes in two different forms, this one in today's gospel lesson from Lukei being shorter and less familiar than that in Matthew.ii They seem to stem from separate liturgical traditions in the early church. Matthew has seven petitions, while Luke has only five.iii But Luke alone follows the recitation of the Lord's Prayer with a fascinating parable about the potential limits of friendship in the middle of the night. The point of the parable seems to be that if one is persistent in asking something of a friend, even when it's very inconvenient, one's petitions will be answered. How much more will one be blessed, then, if one is persistent in praying to God, our heavenly Parent?iv John Steinbeck's short novel Of Mice and Men is all about friendship in the middle of the night -- that is, under very difficult circumstances of rural poverty during the Depression. Following my sermonic theme of the last couple of weeks -- not only loving God with all of one's heart, mind and soul but also loving one's neighbor as oneself -- I'd like to explore Steinbeck's understanding of friendship with you this morning. Ultimately, I hope it will illuminate what it means existentially to knock at the door and then have it...
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...He took control of the property after the age of 21. In 1752 Thomas Jefferson began attending a local school run by a Scottish Presbyterian minister. At age 9 Thomas Jefferson began to learn how to ride horses as well as learn 3 languages; Latin, Greek, and French. At the age of 16 Thomas Jefferson studied mathematics, metaphysics, and philosophy under Professor William Small. Small introduced him to the British Empiricists which included Francis Bacon, John Jocke, and Issac Newton. Along with Jefferson improving his Greek and French and skill at violin, Jefferson graduated in two years after starting in 1762. Jefferson read the law under professor George Wythes to obtain his license while Jefferson worked as a law clerk in Wythes' office. Jefferson also read a wide variety of political classics and English classics while he worked. If it were not obvious enough, Jefferson absolutely loved his books, unfortunately though in 1770 Jefferson's Shadwell home was destroyed by fire, taking his library of 200 volumes inherited by his father. Regardless of the devastating event, Jefferson had restored his library with 1,250 titles by...
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...In 1805-1813 Slovenia was stormed and occupied by Napoleon and split from the Austrian provenance. So in addition to speaking German, Frederic learned to speak French as well as the standard required languages of Seminary Greek, and Latin. At twenty-four years of age, besides his native Slovenian, he knew how to speak four languages fluently. These different languages would help him tremendously when he came to America, where he learned another three languages: Ottawa, Chippewa, and English. In 1816, Frederic had entered in to the University of Vienna, which he came to graduate 5 years later with a degree in law. During his time at the University he came across the popular writings of a great Anti-Masonic author by the name of Clement Mary Hofbauer. He was greatly influenced by the spirituality of...
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...abortion, while the PCUSA says there should be limits on access to abortion. The PCA believes same-sex marriage and homosexual activities are sins, while the PCUSA does not consider it a sin and even ordains homosexuals. The PCA has a Westminster Standards and Book of Church Order, while the PCUSA has a Book of Confessions, which contains the doctrines. The PCA is very reformed in its theology, while the PCUSA theology varies from church to church and is not explicitly Calvinism. King Henry the 8th created the Anglican Church in 1534 in England because he did not agree with the law that would not allow him to divorce his wife who could not bare a son. He created his own church to do what he wanted. The Episcopalian Church comes from the Anglican Church, also originated in the 1500s. After the American Revolution, the Church of America refused to acknowledge the monarchs of the British so they split off. The principal scriptures include the Book of Common Prayers, introduced since English Reformation in the sixteenth century. It provides a summary of the catechism and daily prayers from morning to evening. They believe they come from the apostolic Church and reject the pope’s authority. During Sunday worship, they have “shared prayers, a confession of sins, proclamation of the Word of God, a homily, profession of the Creed, and a shared Eucharist”. Jesus Christ only gave the sacraments of Baptism and the Holy Eucharist, but the other rites are still celebrated, they just are not as important...
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...PIER GIORGIO FRASSATI Pier Giorgio Michelangelo Frassati was born in Turin, Italy on April 6, 1901. His mother, Adelaide Ametis, was a painter. His father Alfredo, was the founder and director of the newspaper, “La Stampa," and was influential in Italian politics, holding positions as an Italian Senator and Ambassador to Germany. At an early age, Pier Giorgio joined the Marian Sodality and the Apostleship of Prayer, and obtained permission to receive daily Communion (which was rare at that time). He developed a deep spiritual life which he never hesitated to share with his friends. The Holy Eucharist and the Blessed Virgin were the two poles of his world of prayer. At the age of 17, he joined the St. Vincent de Paul Society and dedicated much of his spare time to serving the sick and the needy, caring for orphans, and assisting the demobilized servicemen returning from World War I. He decided to become a mining engineer, studying at the Royal Polytechnic University of Turin, so he could “serve Christ better among the miners," as he told a...
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