...Prenatal Development Name: Institution Affiliation: Introduction Prenatal development alludes to an arrangement of development stages that starts from the fertilization of an egg by a sperm cell to the onset of conception procedure. It starts with the development of the zygote to the development of the baby. It includes three noteworthy stages to be specific, germinal stage, the fetal stage and embryonic stage. The developmental stages occur part of the way in the fallopian tube and the uterus. It typically takes a period of nine months in person yet changes starting with one types of creature then onto the next. The pre-implantation period, in the middle of fertilization together with implantation of the conceptus in the uterine divider, takes a normal of 7 days. The embryonic period is the real period of organogenesis, enduring around two months from conception. Amid the fetal period, enduring until around 38 weeks after conception, development, practical development, and further separation of tissues happen. Body There are a few standards of prenatal development which fundamentally controls the entire procedure. These standards are as per the following. Development happens in the head to toe course otherwise called cephalocaudal. That is the head creates first before the toes consequently the head and parts of the furthest point are constantly more created than the lower appendage at any specific time amid development. The essential...
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...Prenatal Development Prenatal: the time from conception to birth. it is a time of tremendous growth form a single cell to an organism complete with brain and behavioral capabilities, produced in approximately 9 -month period Fertilization When semen is deposited in the vagina, the spermatozoa travel through the cervix and body of the uterus and into the Fallopian tubes. Fertilization of the ovum (egg cell) usually takes place in the Fallopian tube. Many sperm must cooperate to penetrate the thick protective shell-like barrier that surrounds the ovum. The first sperm that penetrates fully into the egg donates its genetic material (DNA). The egg then polarizes, repelling any additional sperm. The resulting combination is called a zygote, a new and genetically unique human organism. The term "conception" refers variably to either fertilization or to formation of the conceptus after uterine implantation, and this terminology is controversial. 3 Stages of Prenatal Germinal stage Embryonic stage Fetal stage Embryonic stage The embryonic period in humans begins at fertilization (penetration of the egg by the sperm) and continues until the end of the 10th week of gestation (8th week by embryonic age). The embryo spends the next few days traveling down the Fallopian tube. It starts out as a single cell zygote and then divides several times to form a ball of cells called a morula. Further cellular division is accompanied by the formation of a small cavity between the cells...
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...infant and mother can develop a wide range of symptoms ranging from mild to severe. Some of these symptoms include neurological, gastrointestinal, and autonomic disorders. Early identification of symptoms is vital to ensure that both the infant and mother receives the best care possible. Another important thing to recognize about NAS is the American Fetal Protection Movement. This law only resides in the United States and it protects the infant’s rights by incarcerating the mother that exposed the infant to the drug. By gaining a better knowledge of NAS, we can understand how the condition is rapidly growing and how important it is to eliminate this disorder. When I began my research, I was unaware that there was a scientific name for prenatal drug abuse. I found the article “Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome” by the Stanford Children’s Hospital (n.d.) which explained that NAS is a term for a group of disorders that a baby can experience when withdrawing from exposure to drugs. Since I have known several infants that were born with NAS, I began to wonder how many infants in the United States were born addicted to drugs. This lead me too research how common NAS is. When researching how common NAS is I found two articles that were related to my research. The first article, “The Triple Aim for Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome” by Patrick (2015), explained that NAS is a relatively new disorder that is becoming increasingly popular due to the growing rate of illegal drug abuse in the United...
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...should not drink during pregnancy. Some people may believe that moderate drinking during pregnancy is okay, but there are others who believe that even having one drink can be potentially harmful to an unborn child. About 1 out of every 12 pregnant women drinks alcohol during pregnancy. 1 out of every 30 pregnant women report binge drinking during pregnancy. Prenatal alcohol exposure interferes with embryonic and fetal development. There is a wide range of physical and mental birth defects that can occur from an exposure to alcohol before birth, therefore women should not drink during pregnancy. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is a clinical diagnosis of prenatal alcohol exposure. FAS was “first officially recognized by Jones and Smith (1973)” (Blackburn &Whitehurst 2010). It's estimated that each year in the United States, 1 in every 750 infants is born with a pattern of physical, developmental, and functional problems referred to as fetal alcohol syndrome. This syndrome has received considerable attention in recent years. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome consists of evidence of prenatal alcohol exposure including central nervous system abnormalities (structural, neurological, and behavioral), growth retardation, and dysmorphic facial features. “Although intellectual disability is not a feature of the diagnostic criteria of FAS, it is well reported that children prenatally exposed to alcohol have a compromised level of intellectual function”(Blackburn & Whitehurst...
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...| Specific purpose: | To inform my audience that listening to music can give many benefits that can affects human mentally and physically. | Central idea: | A speech that I am going to deliver is about the benefits of listening to music which is really helping in many aspects that affect human beings physically and mentally. | Organizational pattern: | Spatial order | I. INTRODUCTION | A. Attention getter: | Do you ever stressed over something? Or feeling depressed? If you have, how do you solve it? Did you know that music has a power of calming and healing certain ailments? | B. Background information of the topic: | Music does many things to human body whether physically or mentally such as slowing down and equalizing brain waves, balancing blood pressure, fights depression, relieves anxiety, boosts confidence, improves memory and speeds healing. | C. Preview of main points / central idea: | Today, music has become another alternative to help patient deal with their pain and also people release their stress by listening to music depends on their music taste either the fast rhythm song or slow rhythm song. | Transition to introduction: | Now, music has become a must to listen to, whether they are old people, adult, teenagers and babies. Different ages have different taste of music. Music is thought to link all of the emotional, spiritual and physical elements of the universe. | II. BODY | A. Main point 1: | The first benefit that we can get from...
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...recognized in the facial features and reduced size of newborns it can also lead to behavior problems and cognition. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is caused by mothers drinking heavy during pregnancy. The current recommendation of the US Surgeon General is not to drink alcohol at all during pregnancy (Fetal Alcohol Syndrome). According to the book Fetal Alcohol Syndrome one in every 750 infants are born with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome each year in the United States. An additional 40,000 babies are born with Fetal Alcohol Effects. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome occurs when alcohol crosses the placental barrier and it stunts fetal growth or weight, creates distinctive facial stigmata, damage neurons and brain structures, and causes other physical, mental, or behavioral problems. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is caused by prenatal exposure to high level of alcohol. Many people think of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome as a drunken baby or a baby addicted to alcohol but Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is not either. According to the book Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome or FAS is a developmental disability that never goes away and there is no cure. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is also determined by interviewing the mother or other family members. Once alcohol use is determined the level of exposure is then assessed based on the risk. High risk is when alcohol use is confirmed during pregnancy and known to be at high blood alcohol levels. The high blood alcohol levels...
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...1.1 INTRODUCTION In this chapter, the background to the study, problem statement, rationale of the study, The conceptual framework, the objective of the study and the profile of the study area are reviewed. 1.2 BACKGROUND This research will be conducted in Asankrankwa, a town in the WassaAmenfi West District.The Wassa West District as one of the Districts in the Western Region of Ghana is located between Latitude 400’N and 500 40’N and Longitudes 10 45’ W and 20 10’W(http://wassaamenfiwest.ghanadistricts.gov.gh ). It Bounded to the north of the district is the WassaAmenfi District, the south by the Ahanta West District, the West by the Nzema East District and the East by MpohorWassa East District. The District has a total land area of 2354 sq. km(http://wassaamenfiwest.ghanadistricts.gov.gh). There are three main vegetational zones: semi deciduous forest, the south-west rainforest and the transitional forest, all of which are suitable for the cultivation of both food and cash crops. The forests of the district are part of the only surviving high forests of Ghana. The current population of the WasaAmenfi West District is projected at 186,257 at a growth rate of 3.2% per annum which is the region’s growth rate. According to the 2000 population and Housing census, the district’s population was 156,256(http://wassaamenfiwest.ghanadistricts.gov.gh). This was projected at 3.2% within a period of six (6) years which yielded the projected figure in 2006. The district has a population...
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...Prenatal development can be divided into three stages: preimplantation, embryonic, and fetal. The preimplantation period, between fertilization and implantation of the conceptus in the uterine wall, takes an average of 7 days. The embryonic period is considered to be the major period of organogenesis, lasting about 2 months from conception. During the fetal period, lasting until about 38 weeks after conception, growth, functional maturation, and further differentiation of tissues occur. The prenatal period is highly sensitive to disruption by toxic substances because of the high rate of cell division and the intricate and complex coordination among chemical, cellular, and genetic processes that is necessary for normal development. Toxic insults to the conceptus are thought more likely to be lethal during the preimplantation and embryonic periods than the fetal period. The timing of an exposure or event has a dramatic influence on the developmental effects that will likely result. For example, alterations of hormones such as prostaglandins and the progesterone-estrogen balance can prevent implantation, resulting in embryonic death. During organogenesis, when the molecular, cellular, and morphological structural organization of tissues and organs takes place, the embryo is considered to be most susceptible to structural defects. Animal experiments show that the exact timing of exposure to a teratogen affects the pattern of structural malformations. However, malformations usually...
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...How do we develop in the womb? This section covered two important things: prenatal development, which includes three phases of physical growth, and the way substances affect prenatal development in all three domains. The three prenatal periods are the Germinal period, Embryonic period, and Fetal period. Human development occurs in three domains: physical, socio-emotional, and cognitive. Teratogens are substances that can cause birth defects. For example, use of drugs and alcohol during pregnancy can affect the mother and the developing human. Infections, such as German Measles and syphilis, can cause serious illness. Environmental factors also affect prenatal development. All of these substances that negatively affect prenatal development...
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...Child Development When I was pregnant with my daughter, my only wish was for a healthy child. The early years of a child’s life are crucial for cognitive, social, and emotional development. Prenatal care is very important and will help you to make wise decisions and increase your chances for a happy and healthy outcome. You are no longer responsible for just one person but two. The little one growing inside of you depends on your for nutrition and a safe resting place for nine months. All of the lifestyle choices you make during pregnancy will not only affect your health but also the child as well. Bad habits like alcohol, smoking, and drug use may harm your baby and bring about developmental issues. Identifying developmental issues as early as possible allows early intervention that can lead to successful treatment. The brain begins developing although still in the womb and continues to grow over time. Research has shown that exposure to alcohol in the womb is one of the leading causes of brain disorders in infants in the United States. Exposure to environmental toxins can also cause slow brain development and mental retardation. Prenatal care is one of the best ways to protect babies from brain damage. Developmental delays can have future negative effects on your child, which may lead to speech and language difficulties, behavioral problems, and learning problems. Nutrition Your baby’s development depends on proper nutrition. My doctor informed me when I was...
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...Human Development Across the Life Span Development is the sequence of age-related changes that occur as a person progresses from conception to death. Progress Before Birth: Prenatal Development Conception occurs when fertilization creates a zygote, a onecelled organism formed by the union of a sperm and an egg. The prenatal period extends from conception to birth, usually encompassing nine months of pregnancy. The Course of Prenatal Development. Germinal Stage. The germinal stage is the first phase of prenatal development, encompassing the first two weeks after conception. The placenta is a structure that allows oxygen and nutrients to pass into the fetus from the mother’s bloodstream and bodily wastes to pass out to the mother. Embryonic Stage. The embryonic stage is the second stage of prenatal development, lasting from two weeks until the end of the second month. Fetal Stage. The fetal stage is the third stage of prenatal development, lasting from two months through birth. Environmental Factors and Prenatal Development. Teratogens are any external agents, such as drugs or viruses, that can harm an embryo or fetus. Maternal Drug Use. Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a collection of congenital (inborn) problems associated with excessive alcohol use during pregnancy. Fetal alcohol syndrome is the most common known cause of mental retardation. Maternal Illness and Exposure to Toxins. The fetus is largely defenseless against infections because its immune system matures...
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...Perinatal and Prenatal Environmental Influences Jeremy Donna Glover, CHFD 308 July 18th 2011 Most child development causation research has focused on genetic inheritance, and environmental contexts such as social cultural and community influences as dominant factors in physical and cognitive development. I believe that prenatal environmental influences have been overlooked in much research to date. By reviewing the journal “Perinatal exposure in later psychological development and behavioral disabilities” I will emphasis the importance of healthy living to later cognitive development in infancy and early childhood. During the late 1950’s and early 1960’s the devastating thalidomide tragedy brought awareness to the public the causation between birth defects and use of chemical’s during pregnancy. An estimated 10,000 birth defects and thousands of fetal deaths worldwide as a result from failed animal testing. Women were prescribed the sedative thalidomide to reduce morning sickness. As these children grew older, many scored below average in intelligence by possible direct damage to the central nervous system (Berk, L. 2008). Damage to the central nervous system could have correlated with a negative bi-directional influence between child and parent. Subsequently, this event influenced researchers to develop a new branch of study into the causation of birth defects called Teratology. At the time researchers speculated that during the prenatal period...
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...infant changes as it grows. Infancy is the “period that starts at birth and continues until the second birthday” (Feldman, 2014, p. 113). Some of the biggest changes happen in the realms of physical growth, cognitive development, sensory perception and nutritional needs. All these work together to form a functioning, intelligent, capable human. Although, there can still be some nature/nurture controversy over prenatal development, labor, birth, birth complications and the development of the competent newborn, things are changing. Infants grow at a rapid pace during this time. Non quiet as obvious as the physical growth of the infant. “Average newborns weigh just over 7 pounds, and measure 20 inches long” (Feldman, 2014, p. 114). They go from being helpless to dynamic moving, eating, talking experimenting children. “By the end of his or her second year, the average child weighs around four times as much as he or she did at birth and average a height of 3 feet” (Feldman, 2014, p. 114). Infants go through four principles of growth from birth to their second year. The cephalocaudal principle states that growth follows a direction that begins with the head and then proceeds to the rest of the body. The proximodistal principle states that development proceeds from the center of the body outward. The principle of hierarchical integration states that simple skills develop separately, but that these skills are integrated into more complex ones. The principle of the independence...
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...influence the growth and development of the baby in a negative way. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that impairs the child for a lifetime. Some of the causes of this disorder can be controlled, such as Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)or drug use while pregnant. Other causes may be genetic or due to complications while pregnant. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD): according to Merriam-Webster Dictionary, is defined as “any of a group of developmental disorders (such as autism and Asperger's syndrome) marked by impairments in the ability to communicate and interact socially and by the presence of repetitive behaviors or restricted...
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...Infant And Child Development Case Study 1 Physical, emotional and social interaction with contact, and nurtured prenatal care is critically important in neurological, physical, sensory, intellectual, cognitive, social and emotional development (Drubach, 2000). Just as babies are born with the instincts for surviving and orienting to their new environment, most parents are programmed to love and respond to their babies cues. The plasticity of the brain has a positive and negative side. Children who receive positive physical, social and emotional interaction are more open to learning and enriching influences. On the other hand, a baby's brain is more vulnerable to developmental problems when their environment is negative due to impoverished or un-nurturing (Berk, 2012). The child I chose to complete my case study on is Spencer Hanson, the five year old white male in kindergarten who has a hard time expressing emotion and lacks gross and fine motor skills. He is a very bright child that is above average in most subjects, but is very dis-organized. Even though Spencer exceeds in math, science and reading, he struggles with keeping his work organized, poor handwriting and sitting still listening during rug time. Spencer has a hard time sitting without falling over into another child's space. He seems to always be in deep thought that distracts him from good listening skills. Spencer was born prematurely with possible exposure to drug abuse and lack of prenatal care from his biological...
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