...After reading Prenatal Period Development I have learned a healthy lifestyle equals a health baby. There are three factors to promote a health baby, good nutrition, moderate weight gain and regular exercise. Eating a healthy diet is very important since the mother is eating for two! Pregnant woman have to make smart choice about the food they intake since the food is the source of nutrition for the baby. For instance a mother pregnant woman must have a healthy diet of proteins, vitamins, minerals and other nutrition to promote growth and development of the fetus. Without the proper diet it can lead into death of the fetus, neural tube defeats and low birth weight. Not only eating well is good for the fetus but also proper weight gain. Weight...
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...ABSTRACT Over the course of years with advancement in technology, medical science has developed into a field of continuous research and advancement in mechanisms to improve the health of society. This papers tries to find the relation with a minute but important application of this advancement; Prenatal Care for better growth and development of children. It tackles the question of whether the impact of prenatal care is significant on an infant’s health or not. The data used is a cross-sectional data of 1832 observations, with 29 variables. Controlling for different relevant variables like demographics, age, education etc. we try to find a causal relation between the impact of prenatal care and birth weight. And in the end we conclude our results that a positive relationship is indeed present and significant, leaving room for data limitations and possible solutions for future research. IMPACT OF PRENATAL CARE ON BIRTH WEIGHT Shehryar Amin Waqas Sheikh Hafiz Moazam Ali Nasir Javed Econometrics 2 Introduction Birth weight is a key factor for a child’s health and wellness. Not only it is important to prevent infant mortality rate but also a healthier birth weight helps reduce the increased risks of illnesses faced by babies born with low birth weight. Also in a statistical brief for the state center for health statistics of North Carolina1, it was found that compared with children born with normal birth weight, low birth weight children were more at a risk for poorer...
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...Gender Identity Paper Gender is determined at the time of conception. Gender Identity is defined as a personal conception of oneself as being male or female. Gender Identity issues can arise from several reasons and present in many different ways. Hormonal imbalance in the human body can cause an individual to question their true gender. The human body produces hormones which act as “chemical messengers” to try to regulate certain bodily functions like metabolism and growth. These hormones are produced in the endocrine system which includes the adrenal, pancreas, pineal, pituitary, and thyroid glands and manage things like puberty, growth, and physical changes. Hormones help the body maintain homeostasis or a state of balance within the body. When the body produces to much or to little of a hormone it can cause both physical and emotional problems. What are the interactions between hormones and do these interactions affect determination of gender identity? Hormones are responsible for sexual dimorphism (phenotypic sex differences) in the structure of the body and its organs. For example, hormones affect the internal sex organs, including genitals, and secondary sex characteristics that can operate to influence a person's behavior. Thus some research indicates that hormones are responsible for the gender makeup that acts as determinants of feminine and masculine traits. In addition, hormones affect behavior by interacting...
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...all associated with genetics, some other factors that have been documented are: congenital malformations, intercerebral hemorrhage, infection and maternal alcohol abuse. Two article will be discussed in the paper; one article is dedicated to genetics while the second article discusses environmental factors that have been associated with hydrocephalus. Article 1 Genetics of human hydrocephalus The article discusses that evidence is mounting that genetic factors play a role in the “pathogenesis of hydrocephalus”. Hydrocephalus has two forms; acquired and inherited. There are several documented instanced of genetic involved in hydrocephalus in animals, but the documentation that has been gathered to date is not as substantial in human hydrocephalus. “Hydrocephalus is considered complex and has multifactorial neurological defects.” It is believed that one of the possible causes is related to protein and signal disruption during the early development of the fetal brain. The article covers the documentation obtained on animals and believes that this is an initial phase in human research, but at this time human research has not developed into a significant number of studies. To better understand hydrocephalus and to develop better research tools, a large and diverse research study group will have...
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...Autism: It’s Time to Listen 1 Autism: It’s Time to Listen. Kelly Fitzpatrick Intro to Psychology Professor Carter 07, 2012 This paper is submitted in partial fulfillment of the Associate of Science Degree in the Medical Assisting Program at Southern Technical College Autism 2 Abstract This paper will discuss what Autism is, when it is usually diagnosed and what behaviors are usually displayed by those on the spectrum. This paper will also provide information about some possible causes of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) as well as some facts about ASD. This paper will talk about treatments and resources available to individuals diagnosed with ASD and to their families. Autism 3 Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and autism are equally common terms for a group of complex disorders of brain development. ASD and Autism are characteristic of, in fluctuating degrees, difficulty in social interaction, verbal and nonverbal communication and repetitive behaviors (Autism Speaks, 2012). Autism can be connected to intellectual disabilities, problems with motor skills development, attention deficits, sleep issues, and gastrointestinal disorders (Autism Speaks, 2012). Autism is believed to originate in early brain development. While this is believed to be true most signs of Autism do not surface until the child is 2 to 3 years old. Other than the characteristics mentioned already ASD or Autism symptoms may include difficulty...
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...Span Development in Cambodia Crystal M Rowe Harper College March 5th 2012 Cambodia is an amazing country that has overcome much recent adversity. It is a ideal recent example to study human development in a redeveloping country. In fact as far as my research has taken me there is no published research on human development or transition to adult hood in Cambodia. The country of Cambodia or officially known as the Kingdom of Cambodia located in the southern portion of the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. Its total landmass is 181,035 square kilometers (69,898 sq mi), bordered by Thailand to the northwest, Laos to the northeast, Vietnam to the east and the Gulf of Thailand to the southwest [ (Wikipedia) ]. Cambodia has a population size of approximately 14.8 million with the official religion is Theravada Buddhism which is practiced by about 95% of the total countries population. Cambodia is one of poorest and least developed country in the region. In 2003 Cambodia is ranked 130th out of 175 countries worldwide and the human development index was 0.556. Cambodia largest city is Phnom Penh was originally colonization by the French and has grown to become the nation's center of economic ,industrial, political and rich in cultural heritage. It was once know more commonly known as the "Pearl of Asia". Little attention has been given to life span development in Cambodia. In this paper we will go though and discuss all phases of human development from prenatal to death...
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...As humans, we develop constantly throughout our entire lives. The four stages of development are prenatal and newborn, infancy and childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Each individual may develop in a way unique to how they function as a person, but overall there are many strategies humans can follow or enforce in order to develop in what psychologists consider a healthy way. These strategies can include acts such as breastfeeding, exposing children to enriched environments and the “just right” parental style, participation in volunteer work or service learning, and last but not least, maintaining a healthy diet along with exercise. This paper will highlight these strategies. Breastfeeding has many known benefits to the development of children in their prenatal/newborn stage. When compared to formula-feeding, breastfeeding has been found to prevent infection, chronic disease and allergies in the child, enhance their...
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...Gender Identity August 5, 2013 Gender Identity Paper Gender identity and sexual differentiation form a complex, interrelated paradigm involving genetic inheritance, internal and external physiology, endocrinology, neurological structure, sexual orientation, and socio-environmental factors. Before the 1950’s gender assignment at birth was a matter of ‘predominant sex’; in other words, dependent on external genitalia, structure of gonads, and sex chromosomes (Cohen-Kettenis, 2005). In the wake of the behavioral-cognitive movement that sprang up shortly thereafter, the ‘psychosexual neutrality’ theory was embraced, built upon the supposed, all-encompassing mechanism of experiential learning. More recently a policy of ‘optimal gender’ has been adopted, in which gender assignment is based on reproductive abilities, overall psychological functionality, and psychosexual efficacy. Regardless of which policy is used for gender assignment, an understanding of the underlying genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors involved in sexual differentiation is the key to elucidating the more complicated subjects of gender identity and sexual orientation. When the 23 single chromosomes of the male sperm and female ovum combine to create a genetically unique human zygote, complete with 23 pairs of chromosomes, it is the 23rd chromosome that determines genetic sex (Wickens, 2005). If the alleles of the 23rd chromosome are both an X, then the zygote is genetically female; if one X and one...
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...Gender Identity Paper Barbra Kill PSY/340 April 4th, 2012 Kelle Franklin Gender Identity Paper Gender is a psychological term that refers to the awareness and reaction to the biological term of sex. It is also a term that can have more than one meaning. Gender role is when someone adopts the masculine or feminine behavioral traits that are associated with each sex. Gender identity refers to a person’s personal sense of whether they are male or female, and sexual orientation or preference is whom a person is physically and sexually attracted to. Before the 1950’s gender assignment at birth was a matter of ‘predominant sex’; in other words, dependent on external genitalia, structure of gonads, and sex chromosomes (Cohen-Kettenis, 2005). In the wake of the behavioral-cognitive movement that sprang up shortly thereafter, the ‘psychosexual neutrality’ theory was embraced, built upon the supposed, all-encompassing mechanism of experiential learning. More recently a policy of ‘optimal gender’ has been adopted, in which gender assignment is based on reproductive abilities, overall psychological functionality, and psychosexual efficacy. Regardless of which policy is used for gender assignment, an understanding of the underlying genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors involved in sexual differentiation is the key to elucidating the more complicated subjects of gender identity and sexual orientation. Biological factors play a huge role in shaping children’s physical...
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...The topic that will be discussed in this paper is fetal alcohol syndrome. This topic was chosen because I work closely with parents that expose their children to substance abuse before birth. Alcohol is one of those substances unfortunately that parents are exposing their children too. This is a major phenomenon in today’s society and is a relevant issue for many social workers. As a social worker I can use the science behind fetal alcohol syndrome to educate and inform my clients to make better decisions. This education can allow my client’s to live healthy life styles and became aware of their decisions. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is defined as a medical diagnosis in an infant or child whose prenatal growth is not up to par. The child may be under weight or length in the tenth percentile. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome can be rage on different severity levels and is defined on the amount of alcohol the mother consumes during prenatal care (Froschl,Bruner-Ziegler, Wirl 2013).The central nervous system and neurological system usually experience abnormalities in development. Behavioral dysfunction, intellectual impairment, and facial abnormalities are also signs for Fetal Alcohol syndrome (Pancratz, 1993). Due to the intellectual impairment the average IQ score of some one...
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...Cortisol is the end product of the HPA axis and it has both good and bad effects on the body, from helping to reduce inflammation in case of injury to storing fat in the belly region and impairing the immune system. Genetic makeup, prenatal experiences, and early life experiences are all different possible factors that can lead to different individuals to being more responsive to stress than others. Prolonged and repeated exposure to cortisol can increase susceptibility for certain illness and injuries amongst individuals. For instance, the rate of visits at a doctor’s office often increases amongst college students during finals week. Stress is part of life and it serves us in both positive and negative terms, however, in today’s fast paced work it’s doing more harm to our bodies than good. Our busy schedules with stress life situations are greatly impacting our stress levels and with repeated stimulation of the HPA (Hypothalamus, Pituitary Gland, and Adrenal Cortex) and...
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...Research Paper: Does Twin Language as child effect language later Chloe Wilborn B00745993 October 4, 2013 Introduction To me personally Twins is an interesting topic because I have a twin sister. Although we are not identical, we are so much alike. Language and communication are also important because they are the foundation of a society. A society must have credible and solid language. I wanted to research the communication between twins, because I wanted to know if being so close to one person effected their communications with others. Does the bond that twins have restrict them from closely communicating with someone that is not their twin? It’s suggested that growing up all twins have a twin language that they use to only talk to one another and no one else can understand it. I also wanted to know if that language between the twins ultimately would cause problems in language later for them. My sister and I did have a twin language and I also wanted to know if that could have had an effect on us. Article Summaries Thorpe, K. (2006). Twin children's language development. Early Human Development, 82(6), 387-395. doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2006.03.012 The purpose of this experiment was to study the delay in language in comparison between twins and single born children. On average, twins have scored lower than single born children on range of tests of verbal understanding. This was especially true in male twins though. Thorpe (2006) used twins from 20 months to 11 years...
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...Internal and External Factors Influencing the Development of Gender Identity Lanita Doub Liberty University COUN 502-Human Growth & Development Laura Rolen August 11, 2012 Internal and External Factors Influencing the Development of Gender Identity Gender identity is defined as "the perception of oneself as male or female", ( Feldman, 2011). Gender is established by the time a child reaches his or her preschool years. "By the age of two, children consistently label themselves and those around them as male or female" (Feldman, 2011). Preschoolers are very rigid in their beliefs about gender-appropriate behavior. These beliefs become more pronounced by the age of five years. By age seven years the beliefs are still there, although less rigid. Preschooler's ideas of stereotypical behavior are compared to those of traditional adults. Preschoolers develop a gender schema, "a cognitive framework that organizes information relevant to gender"(Feldman, 2011). For example, a preschool boy may refuse to wear makeup in a school play because he knows that makeup is for girls only. In 1966, Lawrence Kohlberg proposed a cognitive-developmental theory, which explains the rigidity of preschoolers as their understanding of gender, and gender appropriate behavior (Feldman, 2011). Shuvo Ghosh states that the development of gender identity "clearly begins in the intrauterine stage". He attributes this to hormone production...
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...Analysis of Newspaper Research Report Results Paper Diana Hernandez HCS/438 6/8/2015 Dr. Silvio Di Gregorio Introduction In this article, Wang (2014) has written about several studies which allow us to explore the possibility of risk factors that are associated with the link to autism before birth, and to look at what scientific evidence is showing as opposed to what the media coverage speculates about autism. This challenges us to approach the risks of autism different from what recent press attention has written about it and to explore other clues into autistic brains. The Statistical Procedures Mentioned in the Study New studies show that abnormalities may appear in autistic brains prior to birth. The purpose of this article is to open people’s eyes to true risk factors associated with autism and not false beliefs. The measure of risk ratio was used to compare odds of different circumstances in the life and environment of autistic children. The big question Wang asks is “How large is the increase risk for autism?” According to the CDC (2015), the Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) network estimates one out of every 68 children is identified with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In the last few years, the focus has shifted from environmental factors and the diagnosis at the age of two or three, and the new focus is on the importance of inheritance factors. The risk factors are divided into two sections. One side shows the amount of time...
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...help clients improve their everyday physical and mental health. There are a few specific areas that music therapists help their clients with. These include cognitive functions, emotional development, motor skills, social skills,...
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