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Price Technics

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Submitted By picsou44
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Marketing Opérationnel
Prix produit Commercialisation Distribution
Examen :Diagnostic + Recommandations Prix-Produits

La politique de prix 1) Les stratégies de Prix

Le Prix est le seul élément marketing qui n’engendre pas de cout mais uniquement des recettes. Il repose sur trois éléments que sont : * le coût * la demande * la concurrence

Ces trois éléments évoluent constamment et amènent donc des choix stratégiques en matière de modification des tarifs.

Exemple : Arrivée de free sur le marché téléphone donc baisse de prix Hausse des coûts des matières premières. Il y à donc plusieurs stratégies de prix

(1) Objectifs

* La rentabilité est le premier objectif d’une stratégie de prix. * Volume de vente. On fixe un prix bas (relativement au marché du produit) pour stimuler les ventes. C’est une stratégie de prix de pénétration. * Écrémage avec un prix très élevé pour toucher une cible étroite prête à payer le prix fort pour faire partie d’une communauté. Ces consommateurs sont intéressés par la qualité et la notoriété du produit. * Survie lorsqu’on est dans un secteur en guerre et que la baisse des prix à pour unique objectif de réaliser du chiffre d'affaires pour l’entreprise.

(2) Les stratégies

(a) Lancement de produit

Arrivant sur un marché trois possibilités :

Stratégie de pénétration, il s’agit de rentrer sur un marché en proposant des produits à un prix inférieur à celui de la concurrence. Pour que cela fonctionne il faut trois conditions : * le marché doit être sensible aux évolutions de prix. Aujourd’hui presque tous les marchés y sont sensibles. Tout le monde fait attention au prix de tout. * Les couts de production et de distribution à l’unité doivent fortement diminuer quand le volume augmente.

Quantité | 100 | 10000 | 100000 | Cout variable | 3 | 3 | 3 | Rapport CF/Q | 5000 | 50 | 5 | Total des coûts | 5003 | 53 | 8 |
Cout fixe : 500 000

* L’objectif est de réduire au maximum les coûts fixes. * Un prix bas doit décourager la concurrence d’entrer ou de se maintenir sur le marché.

Stratégie d’écrémage on va y privilégier la marge unitaire par rapport aux quantités vendues. On va vendre à un segment de marché qui va fortement valoriser le produit puis certaines entreprises baissent progressivement le prix pour élargir la clientèle et faire face l’arrivée des concurrents. Cette stratégie se justifie lorsque les conditions suivantes sont remplies.

Convaincre les innovateurs de ton avance technique et technologique. Une marque implantées peut faire beaucoup de communication
.
* Le produit doit avoir une image de grande qualité qui est conforme à la réalité et le différencie de ses concurrents. * Il faut qu’il y ait un nombre substantiel d’acheteurs qui éprouve un réel besoin pour le produit c’est-à-dire qu’ils ont envie d’acheter même s’ils n’en ont pas les moyens actuellement. * Les coûts de fabrication ne doivent pas bloquer la production en cas de faibles volumes. * Le prix élevé ne doit pas attirer les concurrents sur le marché car cela impliquerait pour eux trop d’investissement en R&D.

Exemple : en automobile haut de gamme aucune nouvelle marque si ce n’est Lexus filiale de Toyota.

La stratégie d’alignement sur la concurrence cette stratégie consiste à aligner ses prix sur le concurrent le mieux placé (+ grosse pdm ?) c’est aussi généralement la stratégie appliquée sur les marchées oligopolistiques où la guerre des prix aurait des conséquences néfastes pour tout le monde.

Exemple : Toutes les voitures du même niveau de gamme sont toutes au même prix
Contre-exemple: Free vient foutre le bordel dans le domaine téléphonique

(b) Au cours de la vie du produit

(i) Baisse de prix * Car on peut profiter d’une baisse des coûts * On peut vouloir repositionner le produit * On veut suivre un concurrent * Eliminer un concurrent (Régional niqué par les compagnies low-costs)

2) La fixation des prix

(3) La prise en compte des coûts
Cela sert essentiellement à définir le prix « plancher ». On distingue deux grands types de coût. Il y à les coûts fixes c'est à dire ceux qui ne varient pas avec le volume d’activité (Loyer, charges, R&D, salaires).
Il y a également les coûts variables qui eux évoluent avec le volume de production. (Ex : l’emballage d’un ordinateur). Les coûts totaux correspondent à la somme des coûts fixes et des coûts variables nécessaires pour un niveau de production donné.
Le coup moyen c’est les coûts totaux divisés par les quantités produites.
Exemple : Si je fais une usine qui peut produire jusqu’à 1500 pièces, jusqu’à 1000 pièces produites par jour mon coût de production diminue. Apres ce seuil il augmente car sur-utilisation des machines donc plus de casse, plus de produits mal finis etc..
Comparer les évolutions de prix pour 3-4 usines. Plus on produit plus on va abaisser les coûts mais attention à pouvoir écouler tout ce qui est produit. Baisse des charges fixes passe par restructuration c'est à dire une baisse des salaires, la fermeture d’usines.
Les entreprises vont donc chercher à déterminer le point mort. Ce point mort est le chiffre d'affaires qui permettra un équilibre entre les recettes et les coûts. C’est ce qu’on appelle le seuil de rentabilité.
Une autre méthode très utilisée est appelée méthode volontariste. Lorsque l’on fait les études de marchés correspondant à un nouveau produit, on détermine d’abord le prix souhaité par les consommateurs puis la marge souhaitée par l’entreprise, cela permet de déterminer le niveau de coûts. La R&D s’orientera donc vers des produits et des niveaux de production qui s’orienteront vers le Target Costing. On décide du coup du produit.
Exemple : Dacia. (4) La prise en compte de la Demande
En théorie le prix à un impact sur le niveau de la demande c'est à dire que plus le prix est bas plus la demande pour le produit sera élevée.
% variation de la d / % variation du prix [[ (D1-D0) ] / D0] / [(P1-P2) ] /P2]
Effet Veblen, plus le produit est cher plus il est demandé. On achète par pour ce que le produit est mais pour ce qu’il représente (Luxe)
Effet Giffen, la consommation de certains biens qui augmente lorsque le prix augmente. C’est le cas des produits alimentaires de base tels que le pain, la farine, le sucre. La hausse du prix entraine une crainte chez le consommateur que cette hausse persiste du coup il fait des réserves.
En général le consommateur est sensible au prix des produits qui coûtent cher où qu’il achète fréquemment. Les entreprises ont donc tendance pour certains produits à offrir des services complémentaires qui ne permettent plus une comparaison objective. Aujourd’hui, la multiplication des outils de comparaison des prix a remis en avant la vérité sur le prix du produit.
Exemple : Depuis l’arrivée de Free on peut réellement comparer les offres téléphoniques car avant elles n’étaient jamais identiques. (5) La prise en compte des concurrents
Il y à deux moyens de les connaitre. On a les relevés de prix et les enquêtes auprès des consommateurs pour apprécier le rapport qualité/prix.
Le prix est l’élément principal du positionnement du produit. (Position que tu veux que le produit ait dans la tête du consommateur) (6) Les nouvelles pratiques de fixation des prix

* Yield Management
C’est la tarification en temps réel elle a été créée pour le domaine du transport et de l’hôtellerie pour optimiser les recettes et la rentabilité. Deux particularités de base : le coût est fixe et non stockable car à risque.
Exemple : Deux avions de même capacité qu’il y ait 10 ou 300 personnes les frais sont quasiment les mêmes.
Il s’agit de maximiser la clientèle en offrant un service qui correspond aux capacités de paiement de chaque segment de clientèle.
Exemple : en faits on paie cher quand il y à beaucoup d’affluence et si notre réservation est faite au dernier moment. On paie moins cher si on réserve très longtemps à l’avance ou sur des créneaux avec peu de demande * Le prix bas tous les jours
EDLP everyday low price
Au lieu d’avoir des promotions tous les jours, l’entreprise choisi d’être toujours considérée comme l’entreprise qui pratique des prix justes et clairs sur l’année.
Exemple : Brico Dépôt et c’est également le nouvel axe de positionnement du groupe carrefour.
L’objectif est de fidéliser le client plutôt qu’il n’aille comparer avec la concurrence. * Les enchères
Enchères classiques ascendantes (Ebay)
Les enchères descendantes * Un vendeur plusieurs acheteurs (poisson, cochon) * Des vendeurs et un acheteur (électronique, vidéo conférence pour des conserves chez un distributeur) * Les appels d’offres sur les fournisseurs. Il faut définir ce qu’on veut et on prend celui qui répond au meilleur prix avec les meilleurs produits.

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