...Privatization of Telecoms in Asia John Ure and Araya Vivorakij* Privatization viewed as a panacea for the most pressing problems besetting the modernization and development of telecommunications has become, in recent years, a widely accepted part of orthodox thinking. Wellenius, Stern, Nulty and Stern (1989) illustrate the point. ‘How should privatization be defined?’ asks the International Finance Corporation (IFC, 1995). ‘A generous stance would admit any transfer of ownership or control from public to private sector. A more exacting definition would require that the transfer be enough to give the private operators substantive independent power.’ 1 Hence, by privatization is usually meant the transfer of state-owned assets to private sector ownership, management and control typified by the sale of part or all of the shares of a state owned (and operated) telecommunications enterprise (SOTE). We shall argue that the ‘more exacting definition’ is exactly appropriate for the experience of Western economies from which it originates - see below - while it is too narrow, too precise, insufficiently ‘generous’ to capture the less clearly defined lines of demarcation between public and private capital in the context of Asian telecommunications. We shall argue that this is because the delineation between state (political society) and civil society is less well developed in Asia, certainly less well articulated in law, and unevenly developed even within single large Asian countries...
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...No | Segments | Factors | Analysis | Impact/ Predictions/ Forecasts | 1 | Demographic | * Asia’s rapid economic growth | * It increases the demand for air travel very significantly | * Increase the international trade and investment | 2 | Global | * Economic crisis in 1997 * Privatization and free market | * Airlines industry is vulnerable to external events * It leads to substantial deregulation of the airlines industry started in late 1970s in the US with Europe and the rest of the world | * It affects most of the East and South East Asia, most countries suffering their most severe recession for decades and to substantial declines in air travel * Increases competitions and others inclined to reduce competition. | 3 | Political/ Legal | * Ownership of national airlines and airport and their regulation of airlines and travel * Government regulations and intervention * Deregulations | * Government closely monitored the airlines industry because of the impact that air travel had an economic growth * National airlines as essential for eco growth or important for national prestige * Opened air travel markets, allowing second and third domestic airlines to operates and improved access for foreign airlines | * Required to serve economic domestic routes to support national development and to maintain some international routes for reputation purposes * Lead to large number of new airlines following the creation of open-skies | 4 | Technology...
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...understanding was that the Consensus was a set of economic policies advocated for developing countries in general by official Washington, such as the IMF, Bank and US Treasury Department. These policies augmented the original policies advocated by Williamson, and emphasized institutional reforms. The third meaning was espoused by critics of the IMF and Bank who suggested these were policies imposed on client countries, and were an attempt to minimize the role of the state. Williamson criticized the third view as one not grounded in fact. In retrospect, he added that he was wishful in his thinking about a consensus on the issue exchange rate policies. He was also strongly critical of the IMF’s move to rapidly dismember capital controls in Asia during the financial crisis of the late 1990’s. Williamson then discussed the ten policy reforms of the Consensus. First, was that budget deficits should be small enough be financed without recourse to the inflation tax. He said the view that widely held was that macroeconomic stability was an indispensable precondition for growth, the reasonable price stability was an essential aspect of macroeconomic stability and in most of Latin America price stability had been undermined by excessive budget deficits. Therefore, restoration of fiscal discipline was essential and there should be...
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...FTA: South Korea & The EU | | | Table of Contents Executive Summary 2 Introduction 4 International Trade between South Korea & the European Union 6 A Macroeconomic Analysis of South Korea 6 The Free Trade Agreement between South Korea & the EU 6 International Trade between SK & EU 9 Other FTA Examples of South-Korea 10 World Trade Organization (WTO): Position regarding Bilateral Agreements 11 Conclusion & Recommendations 14 References / Endnotes 15 Appendices 17 Executive Summary This report analyzes trade relations between South Korea, one of the four Asian dragons, with the European Union, which has the largest nominal GDP and GDP PPP in the world. South Korea's industrialization, urbanization and GDP are rapidly growing mainly because of its comparative advantage in manufacturing and exporting of technological goods, its political centralization also supports a clear coordination and effectiveness of laws reforms. However, its aging population, low fertility rates, recent decline in FDIs and unresolved political disputes with Democratic People's Republic of Korea should be amended in order to increase consumer confidence and improve its international potential. South Korea's main partners are the United States of America and the European Union. The EU-South Korea Free Trade Agreement (2011) offers, among other things, preferential import duties and liberalization in trade of services via provisions for intellectual...
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...changes in Indian economy post Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization – An Overview. Sanjay Deshpande TYBMM – A13 Executive Summary Contents Acknowledgements I would like to express profound gratitude to Prof. Perrie Subramanium for giving encouragement and guidance to work on Impact of Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization on Indian Economy - An Overview. Also I would like to express thanks to Ms. Priyamvada Jain and Mr. Aadi Vaidya for being beacon for support throughout the paper. Introduction Before diving into the specific details of the topic, let’s first understand what Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization (LPG) mean and the reasons for them to being implemented. Economic liberalization is a very broad term that usually refers to fewer government regulations and restrictions in the economy in exchange for greater participation of private entities; the doctrine is associated with classical liberalism. The arguments for economic liberalization include greater efficiency and effectiveness that would translate to a "bigger pie" for everybody. Thus, liberalization in short refers to "the removal of controls", to encourage economic development. Most first world countries, in order to remain globally competitive, have pursued the path of economic liberalization: partial or full privatization of government institutions and assets, greater...
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...Introduction Turkey, known officially as the Republic of Turkey, is a Eurasian country and it is located between Western Asia and Southern Europe. Turkey is surrounded by four seas; Mediterranean Sea in the south, Black Sea in the north, Aegean Sea in the west, and Marmara Sea in the north-west. The Bosporus and Dardanelles divide the boundary between East Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia. Neighbors of Turkey are Bulgaria, Greece, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran, Iraq, and Syria. According to CIA data (2012), population of Turkey is almost 80 million, 17th highest population of the world. The capital of Turkey is Ankara, and the population of the capital city is 3.8 million. Therefore, the largest city of Turkey is Istanbul, located at between Europe and Asia, with 10.3 million people. According to Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs, Turkey’s long-term economic prospects are bright. Economy of Turkey grew an average of 6.0% in 2002-2007, and that average is one of the highest sustained growths in the world. On the other hand, Turkey grew only 1.1% in 2008, and -4.7% in 2009 because of the global economic circumstances. However, strong baking system, stable growth, privatizations, and telecommunications sectors helped Turkish economy to raise foreign investment. Turkish economy grew 9% in 2010, and 7.5% in 2011. Turkey and European Union signed an agreement for free movements of goods in 1996, and in October 2005, European Union opened accession...
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...Table Of Contents Sl. No. Name of the Topic Page No. 1. Introduction 1 2. Bangladesh: An Emerging Destination For Foreign Economy 1-10 3. Foreign Investment Opportunities 10-13 4. Current Situation Of Foreign Investment In Bangladesh: 13-19 5. Foreign Investment Trends In Bangladesh 20-34 6. Why Should Foreign Investors Invest In Bangladesh 35-39 7. How Can Our Government Come Forward To Attract Foreign Investors 39-46 8. Recommendation 47 9. Conclusion 48 10 References 48 INTRODUCTION: Bangladesh is now trying to establish itself as the next rising star in South Asia for foreign investment. The government has implemented a number of policy reforms designed to create a more open and competitive climate for private investment, both foreign and local. The country has a genuinely democratic system of government and enjoys political stability seen as a sine qua non for ensuring a favorable climate for investment and sustained development. Bangladesh has been quick to undertake major restructuring for establishing a market economy, with the major thrust coming from the private sector. The country enjoys modest but steady economic growth. Its current development strategy is based on the premise that the creation and distribution of wealth occurs through the acceleration of growth driven by competitive market forces, with the government facilitating growth and making a clean break from the practices of a controlled economy where private...
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...Executive Summary The thesis investigates the performance of problems and opportunities of Direct Foreign Investment in Bangladesh. It also identifies the overall direct foreign investment system in Bangladesh. Problems and opportunities of direct investment in Bangladesh follow the rules and regulation prescribed by the investment forum for schedule countries on companies. The functions of the country or company cover a wide range of investment and functional activities to individual, firms, corporate bodies and other multinational agencies. It is very important to the national economy as a whole because the expansion and condition of the company or firm affect the level of business activity through their effect on the nation’s money supply. The direct foreign investment extended its credit facilities to different sectors to diversify its credit portfolio in compliance with credit policies of direct investment of the foreign country such as Industrial, Housing, Contract work, Working capital for trades, manufacturing processing plants and export oriented industries and other business. Introduction This Century is” Century of Globalization of trade and economy”. The world is facing competition in marketing of the products in global market. In this circumstance the companies goes to investment, those has available capital to invest out side the country where they can get competitive advantages in terms of cost, Expansion of market, Raw materials. The countries have available work...
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...The terms ‘imperialism’, defines the dynamics of a long-term process of social change and transformation, together with associated class struggles and also to establish hegemony over the world system.1 The old imperialism rise in the late 19th century as direct consequences of industrial capitalism and engaged Europe, the US and Japan in a competitive struggle for markets and territorial control. 2 Actually, structures of exploitation mean exploit a country by using certain level of strategies. In old imperialism, firstly they enter a country by colonized them, secondly they produced and exported manufactured goods in exchange for raw materials, minerals and other industrial inputs or consumer commodities their colonies. Imperialist dominated all the resources in colonial countries where this is way allowing them to accumulate capital3 via ‘unequal exchange 4and unequal development. According to James Petras, there are no differences in new imperialism and old imperialism. But there are some differences, which are in new imperialism, there more focus on development as a form of imperialism. There is still existing of structure exploitation in new imperialism where developing countries are dominated by multinational corporations. In addition, most developing countries where introduced and practice the neo-liberalism system which is also a part of structure exploitation. Neo-liberalism benefited and makes richer the capitalist as much as possible while the developing countries remain...
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...focus on development as a form of imperialism. There is still existing of structure exploitation in new imperialism where developing countries are dominated by multinational corporations. In addition, most developing countries where introduced and practice the neo-liberalism system which is also a part of structure exploitation. Neo-liberalism benefited and makes richer the capitalist as much as possible while the developing countries remain underdeveloped. Industrialization is a process of transition from agriculture sector to industry sector where there are consists of two parties, capitalist and workers. The events that led to the adoption of industrialization as a strategy to promote economic growth for post-colonial in East Asia in late 1960’s and Latin America after the Second World War is...
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...An Analysis Report on Barriers to Globalization and External Factors Affecting Kenya Airways Professor: Student Name: Date of submission: Executive Summary Stiff competition, technological changes and the political and legal environment are the main factors determining the success of a company operating in the airline industry. Kenya Airways is subject to these factors and must find the best solution to help mitigate the adverse effects of these factors. It will help improve efficiency, effectiveness and the competitiveness of the company. Liberalization of many economies accompanied by globalization has turned the face of doing business across the globe. It has led to the essence of competition among organization for prosperity and survival. Technological aspects have also improved communication across the globe leading to integrated systems connecting companies and businesses. The report is an overview of the external environmental factors affecting Kenya Airways that is in the service sector in the Airline industry. The service sector requires up to date technology and is easily affected by the external environmental factors. These factors relate to the political stability, legal environment, social, cultural well-being, and the state of technology. Table of Contents Executive Summary…………………………………………………………….2 1.0 Introduction………………………………………………………………….4 2.0 Task 1 ………………………………………………………………………….5 2.1 Macro Environment analysis for Kenya Airways…………………………………...
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...socialist to democratic systems, reflecting related trends discussed in Chapter 1 toward| | |more market-oriented economic systems. | |2. |PRESENT an overview of the legal and regulatory environment in which MNCs operate worldwide, and highlight differences in | | |approach to different legal and regulatory issues in different jurisdictions. | | | | | |The current legal and regulatory environment is both complex and confusing. There are many different laws and regulations | | |to which MNCs doing...
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...CASE: Connecting within Oneworld Following 2010 approval by U.S. and Japanese authorities for antitrust immunity, American Airlines (AA) and Japan Airlines (JAL) began sharing routes in 2011 that connect mainland North America with East Asia through a nonequity joint venture. Flights between Honolulu and Japan are not included in the agreement. This joint venture is similar to one forged among AA, British Airways, and Iberia for trans-Atlantic travel that began operating in 2010. In both cases, the agreements allow representatives from each airline to jointly manage capacity, sell and promote space on flights operated by each other, divide revenues, and schedule connecting flights. The major thrusts for these ventures are to cut operating costs by better controlling capacity, avoid disruptive price competition among them, and schedule so that there are more and better departure times and connections for passengers. The proposals are merely extensions to a historical series of alliances linking international airlines. In fact, the airline industry is unique in that its need to form collaborative arrangements has been important almost from the start of international air travel because of regulatory, cost, and competitive factors. In recent years, this need has accelerated because of airlines’ difficult profit performance. In effect, the airlines have been squeezed. First, costs have been rising, particularly because of oil prices and the requirement for greater...
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...Competition Scenario in Bangladesh (Draft) Prepared for CUTS-International Prepared By Bangladesh Enterprise Institute July 2005 B A N G L A D E S H E N T E R P R I S E I N S T I T U T E [ Table of Contents CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ………………………. 1 I.1. Geographical Location ………………………. 2 I.2. Structure of GDP ………………………. 3 I.3. Economic policies ………………………. 4 A. Trade policy ………………………. 5 B. Industrial Policy ………………………. 6 C. Foreign Direct Investment Regime ………………………. 7 D. Privatization Policy ………………………. 8 E. Government Procurement Policy ………………………. 9 F. Labour Policy ………………………. 10 G. Competition Policy ………………………. 11 CHAPTER II NATURE OF MARKET/COMPETITION ………………………. 12 II.1 Agriculture ………………………. 13 II.2. Manufacturing ………………………. 14 II.2.1 Pharmaceutical Sector ………………………. 15 II.2.2 Toiletries Sector ………………………. 16 II.2.3 Tobacco Sector ………………………. 17 II.3 Financial Services ………………………. 18 II.4 Power ………………………. 19 II.5 Telecommunications ………………………. 20 II.6 Transportation ………………………. 21 II.7 Health Services ………………………. 22 CHAPTER III SECTORAL POLICIES ………………………. 23 III.1 Financial Services ………………………. 24 III.2 Power ………………………. 25 III.3 Telecommunications ………………………. 26 III.4 Transportation...
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...Corporate governance From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Corporate governance is the set of processes, customs, policies, laws, and institutions affecting the way a corporation is directed, administered or controlled. Corporate governance also includes the relationships among the many stakeholders involved and the goals for which the corporation is governed. The principal stakeholders are the shareholders, management, and the board of directors. Other stakeholders include labor(employees), customers, creditors (e.g., banks, bond holders), suppliers, regulators, and the community at large. Corporate governance is a multi-faceted subject.[1] An important theme of corporate governance is to ensure the accountability of certain individuals in an organization through mechanisms that try to reduce or eliminate the principal-agent problem. A related but separate thread of discussions focuses on the impact of a corporate governance system in economic efficiency, with a strong emphasis shareholders' welfare. There are yet other aspects to the corporate governance subject, such as the stakeholder view and the corporate governance models around the world (see section 9 below). There has been renewed interest in the corporate governance practices of modern corporations since 2001, particularly due to the high-profile collapses of a number of large U.S. firms such as Enron Corporation and Worldcom. In 2002, the U.S. federal government passed the Sarbanes-Oxley...
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