...Psychotropic Drugs Aren’t the Answer Johnathan Thomas COM/155 September 18, 2013 JEANNE HUFFMAN Abstract According to the National Institute of Mental Health, an estimated 17 million adult Americans suffer from depression during any 1-year period. Depression is a real illness and carries with it a high cost in terms of relationship problems, family suffering and lost work productivity. Yet, depression is a highly treatable illness. There are many types of effective therapy available. Three of the more common methods used in depression treatment include cognitive behavioral therapy, interpersonal therapy, and psychodynamic therapy. Often, a blended approach is used. Life style changes can prevent and treat depression with proper exercise, nutrition, sleep, social support and stress reduction. Once depression takes hold there are common measures used to combat it, psychotherapy and medications. Having said that, medications without psychotherapy, is as useless as a screen door on a submarine. Psychotropic Drugs Aren’t the Answer Medications can be harmful. Medication is an important part of the therapy process for some individuals, however, psychotropic medications (like all drugs), do not come without potential risks or side effects. Physical side effects from medication may include, but are not limited to, dizziness, drowsiness, changes in appetite, sleep disturbance, and/or weight gain. Side effects can also be emotional/psychological...
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...individuals in contrast to those who have not been diagnosed perform less adequately in the tasks of every day living. Ruminative thinking patterns impair judgment. The self-concept that an individual performance is inadequate to another clouds executive control resource allocation. A firm building block for analyzing depression would be to approach the issue from a cognitive behavioral perspective because this angle of methodology outlines the basis for how the spiraling effects of change alter the minds subconscious and argumentatively the actions of persons influence by the disorder. Supporting Argument 1: Ruminative thinking impairs judgment. "The majority of research on cognitive functioning in depression to date has focused on loss of motivation and rumination (r.g., Fossati, Ergis, & Allilaire, 2002; Hertel, 2000; Scheurich et el., 2008), on cognitive impairments in effortful tasks (Wenzlaff & Eisenberg, 2001; Wenzlaff & Luxton, 2003), and on valence specific deficits in working memory" (Joormann & Gotlib, 2008; Levens & Gotlib, 2009). "Findings complement research reported by Hertel (1998) and the dual-process model of cognitive vulnerability in depression (Beevers, 2005), which posits that rumination weakens cognitive performance by capturing attention and cognitive resources, thereby preventing allocation to effortful tasks. "Rumination or negative schemata (Beck, 1976) may underlie the impairment in executive procession observed in depressed individuals by adding...
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...about clinical depression? What are the implications for treatment? Shvawn Christensen Psych 435 Athabasca University What does research indicate about clinical depression and what are the implications for treatment? The purpose of this paper is to logically provide a review about the biological and situational aspects of depression and the various forms of treatment. I will define what depression is, evaluate who depression affects and why, then proceed with the description of the most widely used methods of treatment, behavioral therapy and prescribed medication. I What is Depression? When it is referred to as your mood no one is exempt from some imbalance from time to time. This would be considered as normal day to day stress and living. However a diagnosis of depression is arrived at after a person has had or displayed a long struggle with feelings of sadness and hopelessness. As well if these feelings continue to affect and interfere with the person’s daily life. Unipolar and Bipolar are two types of mood disorders that can affect anyone of us. [People only troubled by depression would be diagnosed with “unipolar disorder” as this emotional disorder only affects one end of the mood continuum. However “bipolar disorder” affects both emotional ends of the mood continuum. People with this disorder will experience periods of both depression and mania] (Weiten & McCainn, 2007, p. 591) Depression has a negative effect...
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...Assessment Tool Analysis Dorcas NUR/440 March 26, 2012 Vicki Clithero Assessment Tool Analysis Assessment is an important aspect of nursing care; it is the first phase of the nursing process. Assessment involves gathering information or data about and related to the patient. Data collected include physiological, psychological, environmental, sociocultural, economical, spiritual, developmental history of the patient. Data may be objective or subjective. Objective data refer to the measurable and observable signs, e.g. the patient’s facial expression, gait, pulse rate, heart rate, blood pressure, color, warmth, etc. Subjective data are obtained from the patient; and they are the patient’s account of his or her feelings, needs, and strength. Data are obtained by physical examination and by interviewing the patient, family, friends, and other health care providers. Assessment tools are used during the assessment phase of the nursing process to identify areas of actual or potential problems that need further exploring; they are developed to pinpoint areas of health issues with the aim of promoting, improving, and maintaining the health of the individual. The three assessment tools chosen for this paper are: Social Support Questionnaire, Beck Depression Inventory, and Perceived Stress Scale. Social Support Questionnaire Social Support Questionnaire (SSQ) is an assessment tool that measures individual evaluation of social support that may be available to them in case...
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...patients to help assess and diagnose which psychological disorder they are suffering from. Case Overview As we examine the case of Martha, who suffers from severe depression and borderline personality disorder, a clinical psychologist uses the Rorschach method to possibly provide treatment. Martha is 24 years old and a biracial women. Her psychiatrist has referred her for psychological testing. Martha has been in the hospital several times due to depression and suicide attempts. She has been diagnosed with major depression as well as borderline personality disorder. She is only taking test because her father and psychiatrist are in her words “making me do this”. Martha is given several cards to examine. Only one of the few tools helping diagnose patients. (Contemporary clinical psychology, 2011) Level Two Heading Replace the level two heading with the words for your heading. The heading must be in bold font. Interventions Major Depression Disorder (MDD) has symptoms that overlap with those of Borderline Personality Disorder, and generally co-occur. Furthermore; treating BPD has been proven to decrease the symptoms associated with depression. However, treating depression alone does not alter, or lessen the symptoms of BPD (Beatson & Rao, 2012). The interventions recommended for treating Martha’s major depression and borderline personality disorders are cognitive-behavioral...
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...Mental Illness: Depression Phill S. Reg University of Phoenix Online HCA 240 July 20, 2014 Mental Illness: Depression Many American suffer from a form of mental illness. When you look at the statistics, it is quite alarming just how many Americans suffer from a mental illness. It is estimated that 26.2 percent of the American population from the ages of 18 and older suffer from a diagnosable mental illness (NIH, n.d). This is an astounding number to consider. If you do the math, that means that approximately 1 out of 4 Americans has a mental illness. We will discuss the mental illness of depression for this discussion. One of the most common mental illnesses in America is depression. A large number of Americans live with depression undiagnosed and untreated. What is Depression? “Over 9 million American adults suffer from clinical depression each year” (Stanford School of Medicine, 2014). Why does depression affect so many people? Let us first define depression. Most people would probably consider depression as being sad. However, clinical depression goes much deeper than just feeling sad. “Depression is a persistent state that can significantly impair an individual's thoughts, behavior, daily activities, and physical health” (Stanford School of Medicine, 2014). People who are diagnosed with depression will usually receive psychological assistance as well as regular prescriptions of some sort. The History of Depression “Melancholia” was...
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...Causes of Depression: Cognitive Behavioral vs Biological Jeanell McIver Developing a Psychology Perspective Dr. Horton Capella University October, 2014 Abstract Based on studies and research, we all have been exposed and affected by depression, whether personally or by family and friends, no matter your age, gender, economical or religious status. There are several studies that debate whether the main cause of those dealing with depression stems from a Biological or Cognitive-behavioral aspect. I will endeavor to show with supporting evidence that many develop depression based on their cognitive disposition. Many people are facing depression based on the lack of or inability to deal with life’s issues and the negative events that have or are presently taking place in their lives, and faulty thinking which include components like, pessimism and low self- esteem. Causes of Depression: Cognitive versus Biological With there being so much research evidencing the causal factors of the ongoing, the onset and the reappearance of depression which affects all nationalities, economic statuses, both male and female and religious orders, this paper will show the correlation or link and differences between the Cognitive Behavioral and Biological aspects. Even though those who are predisposed to depression based on family history are likely to deal with depression, there are many who do not develop depression because of a strong and stabilized belief system and how...
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...Postpartum Depression I always thought that Postpartum Depression was not a real condition, until I had my second son, and it hit me like a ton of bricks. It was so overwhelming to suddenly realize that this was a very real condition and that it was happening to me. Postpartum Depression is a depressive disorder that can occur any time after your baby is born, up until one year after the birth. It can vary from mild symptoms, to severe symptoms, to suicidal thoughts and actions. It can affect women and men from all walks of life. Postpartum Depression is a very serious condition and should be treated as such. Postpartum Depression can be defined as; postpartum: occurring in or being the period following parturition. Parturition: the action of or process of giving birth to offspring. Depression: a psychoneurotic or psychotic disorder marked esp. by sadness, inactivity, difficulty with thinking and concentration, a significant increase or decrease in appetite and time spent sleeping, feelings of dejection and hopelessness, and sometimes suicidal thoughts or an attempt to commit suicide (Merriam-Webster’s, Merriam-Webster’s Medical Desk Dictionary, Springfield, Massachusetts, Merriam-Webster, Incorporated, 2005). There are other terms associated with Postpartum Depression. Some people think that Postpartum is the same thing as having the “Baby Blues”, which it is not. The baby blues commonly only last a few days to a few weeks, at most, and are very mild symptoms of crying,...
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...from depression. For the ease of writing this paper, I will refer to this person as Lucy. While there are many types of depression, I will be focusing on unipolar depression. Unipolar depression a type of depression in which the person does not suffer from a history of mania. 2Depression is a low, sad state marked by high levels of sadness, loss of energy, low self-worth, feelings of guilt and other related symptoms. Lucy has not suffered from depression for long but her symptoms are quite severe. She frequently has crying spells and sometimes struggles to leave the house and complete ordinary daily tasks. What once seemed like an easy task to Lucy now seems like an overwhelming task that she could not...
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...trials and describes Merck’s decision tree evaluation process. It also provides information to evaluate a specific licensing opportunity, including the costs of the three phases of the review process, the present value of the revenues associated with successful outcomes, and the probability of various outcomes. Questions 1. How has Merck been able to achieve substantial returns to capital given the large costs and lengthy time to develop drug? 2. Build a decision tree that shows the cash flows and probabilities at all stages of the FDA approval process. 3. Should Merck bid to license Davanrik? How much should they pay? Is this the STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM? 4. What is the expected value of the licensing arrangement to LAB? Assume a 5% royalty fee on any cash flows that Merck receives from Davanrik after a successful launch. 5. How would your analysis change if the costs of launching Davanrik for weight loss were $225 million instead of $100 million as given in the case? 6. WHAT IS YOUR RECOMMENDATION? Exhibit TN-1 Decision Alternatives |Phase I |Phase II |Phase III | |Testing for Safety |Testing for Efficiency |Testing for Long Term Use | |Success |Depression |Success ...
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...Specific Cognitive Behaviour Therapy Interventions – WHM-M-030 Introduction The purpose of the paper is to discuss the current theory and empirical literature for using a transdiagnostic approach in cognitive behaviour therapy and it’s relevance in current practice. I will discuss the theory and evidence for using a transdiagnostic approach and highlight the main processes. A discussion on the strengths and limitations of the approach will conclude the first part of the paper. The second part will be a review of personal clinical work discussing the transdiagnostic process and its hypothesised effectiveness. To conclude the author will provide a personal reflection. There has been a long widely accepted claim for the effectiveness of CBT with prolific amount of evidence for it’s effectiveness for Depression, Anxiety and Mood disorders (Roth & Fongy, 1995) Models such as cognitive therapy for depression (Beck, Rush, Shaw, & Emery, 1979), panic disorder (Clark, 1986,), posttraumatic stress disorder (Clark & Ehlers, 2004); and obsessive-compulsive disorder (Salkovskis, 1989) have led to disorder-specific interventions for treating common mental health problems. The benefits of devising a model on specific disorders is the high degree of research and comparable data involved; from that the therapist will be highly trained in the use of the model to deliver the approach for each disorder (Salkovskis 2002). Disorder specific models are seen to be easily delivered, able to...
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...Childhood Depression and Play Therapy Techniques Reflections Viewing videos regarding both play therapy and childhood depression was both challenging and beneficial. There is so much left for me to learn about treating clients. It is important to remove all stereotypes from my mind when meeting a client. Sometimes it is important to acknowledge and accept a level of ignorance. It is in our humility that we can truly learn and become effective in the lives of others. Play Therapy Techniques Review Nancy Boyd Webb demonstrates several techniques for beginning therapy with young children. Ranging in age from 4-10 years old her clients each present with different issues and concerns. Depending upon the age and cognitive level of each child she...
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...Rumination and Unipolar Depression: How Do We Change Such Negative Thoughts? PY3103: Psychopathology Syed Mohammad Alwi Aidid James Cook University (Singapore) 12717347 Tutorial C Abstract Ruminative thinking has been found to be one of the most common symptoms in patients suffering from unipolar depression due to their tendency to reflect upon themselves negatively. In this essay, the manner in which this thinking pattern has been found to worsen patients’ depressed condition is further investigated. Subsequently, a large part of it will explore research on two forms of treatment that have been tested for its work with depressive rumination, specifically, metacognitive therapy, which seeks to removing patients’ Cognitive Attentional Syndrome and alter their metacognitive beliefs, and rumination-focused cognitive behaviour therapy, that aims to help reduce maladaptive ruminative styles and helping patients adopt a more concrete, process-driven and specific style of thinking instead. Finally, a potential avenue for treating depressed patients’ ruminative thinking patterns, imagery is investigated further. Key words: rumination, unipolar depression, metacognitive therapy, cognitive behaviour therapy, imagery restructuring, treatment. Depression is a highly common illness, with the World Health Organization (WHO) estimating that, as of 2012, 350 million people are afflicted by it worldwide (World Health Organization, 2012). There are many different subtypes of this illness...
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...Severe Depression Brandy Morris Ashford University Severe Depression I. Severe depression is a mental disorder that is characterized by a persistent and pervasive low mood, which is accompanied by a loss of interest or pleasure and a low self-esteem in activities that are normally enjoyable. A. The severe disorder has been found to be a condition that is disabling and has profound effects on an individual's family, eating habits, sleeping, school life, or work. B. According to DSM-5, a manual used in examining mental health conditions, this condition is marked by moods that are depressed, and it may occur every day for about two weeks to a person. The symptoms may frequently be in the morning. II. It is believed that social, psychological, and biological factors play an active role in the cause of the severe disorder. This is according to biopsychological model. A. According to the diathesis-stress model, depression is as a result of diathesis or preexisting vulnerabilities that are activated by an event that is stressful (Adler,1956). This is according to Adler. Preexisting vulnerabilities, in this case, may refer to the genetic meaning interaction between nurture and nature, or schematic. B. Severe depression may be triggered by grief after losing a loved one through, divorce, death, or separation. Major challenges in life, feeling of being deprived or social isolation may be the cause of depression (Klein, Herron & Belcher...
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...Depression Paper Nuewana Fultz 8/15/2015 PSY/270 Debbi Kutner University of Phoenix Unipolar and Bipolar There is often a confusion between Unipolar Depression and Bipolar Disorder Depression due to the fact they share the same symptoms of sadness, hopelessness, pessimism; anxiety and sleep problems; although Unipolar Depression and Bipolar Depression take very different directions. It is important that we are able to tell them apart and understand the differences in diagnosing and treating these disorders. Making an inaccurate diagnosis can result in making the disorder worse. There are two types of mood disorders: Unipolar Depression and Bipolar Disorder. It is believed both are genetic disorders and they share many of the same symptoms. These disorders differ in treatments, and some of the symptoms are also different. Both can be very severe and carry a risk of suicide. Unipolar Depression Unipolar depression is a mood disorder that is categorized by depression without mania. Depression and mania are the opposite of each other; depression is a state of sadness that one is overcome by all of life’s challenges, whereas mania is when one is on a state of elation and has extravagant beliefs that the world is theirs. Unipolar can be brought on by many different types of circumstances one experiences chemically or in life’s...
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