...Positioning 7 Pronunciation factor of learners 7 Culturally relevant pedagogy 9 Conclusion 10 Works Cited 11 Introduction With rise in economic globalisation and information technology, the need for a common language became a necessity for all. It wasn’t possible to trade and have subsidiaries in foreign countries without being able to converse. Now, world has become a global village and IT has further reduced the regional barriers, that is why English came up as a common language to communicate. English became a global language and it became the necessity for every country to be equipped with English performance (Khamkhien, 2010). It has been seen that with the rise of globalization of English language teaching, the total of Non Native English Speaking (NNES) in the US who are graduated in the TESOL teaching programs have increased at a massive rate (Brain, 2004). From the last decade a considerable growth has been observed in the research of NNES and their experiences in school and society. Experts gave their views related to non-native English speaking and its advantages and drawbacks in TESOL, NNESs attitude and their behaviour in classroom, challenges to credibility of NNESs, their perceptions, behavioural difference of NNES and NES in classrooms etc (Lu, 2005). NNESs are seen to face various issues of language adeptness, and also they face issues related to credibility due to their racial and ethnic backgrounds that challenge their English teaching abilities especially...
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...CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND Introduction Many people would happily their profession with a teacher. A teacher has to be mantle of a lucid communicator, a fair evaluator, an adept manager, a strict disciplinarian, a healing therapist and a skillful team leader. Teachers provide more than just content to students; they are sometimes regarded as family to many students. Thus, a teacher should possess certain requisite qualities expected of him. This will help the teachers elicit the best from his students and enjoy a rewarding career too. In the following lines, we have mentioned a few characteristics of good teacher istypical. Teacher is a person who systematically works to improve another understands of a topic. The role of teacher encompasses both those who teach in classroom and the more informal teacher who, for example, work in zoos, museum and recreational areas. The work of teacher varies depending on the institution that employs them and the age or grade level of the people he or she teaches. A characteristic is a particular quality or feature that is typical of someone or something. A feature that helps to identify tell apart or describe recognizably; a distinguishing mark or trait. It is a quality or property an element of character, that which characterized. In today’s global world, the importance of English cannot be denied and ignored since English is the most common language spoken everywhere. With the help of developing technology, English has been...
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...4.2 Books focused on SC pronunciation Let us look at the titles written in English first. The number of textbooks and teaching materials concerned solely with SC pronunciation is quite small. Huang (1969) is limited to simple descriptions of the articulation of particular consonants, vowels, diphthongs, and triphthongs, accompanied by sketches of vocal organs, adding explanation of tones (note that Huang uses the IPA symbols in comparison with various romanization systems including Pinyin). Dow (1972) treats the topic more comprehensively (up to stress, but not intonation), although the main emphasis is on description of vowels and consonants (he does not work with Pinyin, using the IPA instead; the sketches of the position of articulatory...
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...1 Introduction: Phonology is the study of how sounds function within a given language. The study of English phonology for our purposes can be divided into two broad approaches: segmental and suprasegmental. Segmental phonology is a bottom up view of phonology which deals with the individual sounds which make a difference to meaning. These are called phonemes and their effect can be seen clearly in the following example: * Red (colour). * Read (past tense of the verb to read). * Read (present tense of the verb to read). The pronunciation of 1 and 2 is the same; they are homophones. The spelling of 2 and 3 is the same; they are homographs. All three examples are made of 3 distinct phonemes /r/ followed by a vowel and ending with /d/. The difference in pronunciation of 2 and 3 is only the vowel sound. If we keep the vowel sound the same and change the initial consonant sound from /r/ to /b/ we have a distinguishably different word: bed or bead. In summary a phoneme is the smallest unit of sound which carries meaning. A morpheme is the smallest linguistic unit that makes semantic sense (semantics is the study of meaning.) Take for example the word “childlike”. This word has both two syllables and two morphemes: child – a young human- being, -like – a suffix, meaning “having the characteristics of”. The suffixes –ed and –ing are also morphemes as they change meaning when added. Morphemes are composed of phonemes when spoken. 2 The...
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...influence of quality-orientededucation and the western language teaching mode,pronunciation teaching in China tends touse the imitation method and the basic knowledge of phonetics is undervalued.It is worth tonotice that English acquisition environment for Chinese students is different from the West.First,English teachers in China are mostly Chinese.Even if there are foreign teachers,theforeigners teaching force is relatively weak.Second,the language surrounding to the studentsis mainly in Chinese.And students in the oral English class are not active to participate andinteract.Moreover,English belongs to Indo-European language system,while Chinesebelongs to Sino-Tibetan language system.They belong to different language families andthere are many differences in tone,syllable and phoneme.Thus the negative influence ofChinese on the English acquisition is great.Without any basic knowledge of phonetics,thelearners will meet lots of difficulties when they learn a new language which is quite differentfrom their mother tongue.Therefore,the Chinese phonetic teaching only relying on theimitation phonics method is premature.This study aims at the practical problems in phonetics teaching.And the basic currentsituation of English phonetics teaching in Hengshui is summed up by the way of surveys,questionnaires,interviews,statistics analysis,etc.According to the survey results,this thesisanalyzes the reasons for bad English pronunciation habits and puts forward some...
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...English besides reading, listening and writing. In order to mastering speaking, we must have a good pronunciation and high confidence. It is also strengthened by Harmer (2001) that pronunciation is what learners have to concern with because sound or voice is a part of pronunciation. It is in the line with Brown’s statement. Brown (1974) states that one of the significant benefits of pronunciation is to helps student feel confident when speaking. However, pronunciation is one of the most difficult problems that faced by the students largely. It usually becomes the largest constraint to overcome when trying to achieve fluency in speaking. There are many students that have studied English for many years start from elementary school until Senior High School, but they are unable to speak like native speakers because of their inability to pronounce the sounds of words properly. This problem of course can create ambiguity and difficult to understand for the people who became their interlocutors. Sometimes there are some students who able to speak fluently because they knew many vocabulary to speak and also have a high confidence, but they cannot pronounce the words properly. This problem also happens in Islamic Senior High School 1 Serang. Based on my interview with Atang Santosa, an English teacher there, I found that there are many students who have problem with their pronunciation in speaking especially in the first grade. Some students in Islamic Senior High School 1 Serang (MAN...
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...the causal correlations between factors and learning success Attitudinal objective: the students will realize the need for further research A. Internal/ Individual B. External a. 1. Age 2. Aptitude 3. Motivation and Attitude 4. Personality 5. Cognitive Style 6. Hemisphere specialisation 7. Learning Strategies 1. Learning and Teaching Contexts 2.Teaching a second language: Effects 2.1. Input and interaction: How these elements affect learning A.1. AGE AND L2 LEARNING • Effects of age on RATE of second language learning ΚAdults are superior to children in rate of acquisition ΚOlder children learn more rapidly than younger children ΚWith regards to morphology and syntax, the adolescents do best, followed by the adults and then the children ΚGrammar differences diminish over time, and children begin to catch up, but adults outperform children in the short term Κ Where pronunciation is concerned, adults do not always progress more rapidly than children do Thus: adults learn faster than children, and this is more applicable to grammar than pronunciation, although in the case of formal learning situations adults seem to do better even in the pronunciation area. It is not clear when children start to catch up. b. GLA Factors affecting SLA success • Effects of age on the acquisition of native speaker proficiency Conflictive results: Some people say that under the right conditions adults can achieve native-like proficiency in...
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...STUDY HABITS AND ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE. STUDY OF SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN OGUTA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF IMO STATE. TABLE OF CONTENT Title Page i Approval page ii Dedication iii Acknowledgements iv Table of contents v Abstract viii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the Study 1 1.2 Statement of the Problem 2 1.3 Scope of the Study 3 1.4 Purpose of the Study 3 1.5 Significance of the Study 4 1.6 Research questions 4 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 The concept of Study Habits 6 2.2 Defective study Habits 8 2.3 Factors Affecting Academic Performance 10 2.4 Study Habits in relation to Academic performance 13 2.5 Need for Orientation of Students on study Habits 18 2.6 Criteria for Good Study Habits 22 CHAPTER THREE 3.1 Design of the Study 28 3.2 Area of the Study 29 3.3 Population of the Study 29 3.4 Sample and Sampling Techniques 29 3.5 Instrumentation 30 3.6 Validation of Instruments 31 3.7 Reliability of the Instrument 31 3.8 Method of data Collection 31 3.9 Method of data Analysis 32 CHAPTER FOUR 4.1 Data Analysis and Presentation 33 Chapter Five 5.0 Discussion and Interpretation of Result 38 5.1 Discussion of Result 38 5.2 Education Implication of the Findings 42 5.3 Recommendation 43...
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...English: An Empirical Study Jose A. Mompean 1 Department of English Philology, University of Murcia, Spain Abstract This paper presents the results of a corpus-based study of ten words exhibiting phonological free variation in their phonemic or accentual makeup. The study uses data from the News archives of the BBC Learning English website. The rates of use of the variants for each lexical item are given and discussed. Key words: Phonological free variation, free variants, BBC English. I. Introduction Phonological free variation is a well-known phonological phenomenon that occurs when two (or more) phonemes –the free variants- may replace each other in the same position in a word without any change in meaning (e.g. again / gen/ or / ge n/). The phenomenon also applies to words that exhibit different stress patterns (e.g. controversy /k n tr v si/ or / k ntr v :si/) with no change in meaning or grammatical category. The existence of phonological free variants is caused by different types of factors. These include ongoing sound changes (e.g. / /-/ :/ for sure in BrE representing the general replacement of / / by / :/ in the system) or phonetic and/or phonological processes such as assimilation, dissimilation, epenthesis or liaison (e.g. / febju ri/ for February –as well as / febru ri/– due to dissimilation of the two nearby /r/s). Sociocultural aspects such as speakers’ awareness and knowledge or beliefs about the relationship between spelling and pronunciation in the mother tongue...
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...linguistic article focusing on exploring the relation between socio-linguistics and language teaching. Although there are too much to discuss, the work mainly concerns with a quick look at social theories of language, a definition of sociolinguistics and three aspects of sociolinguistics which is believed to illustrate how sociolinguistics is relevant to the teaching of language. Introduction From the perspectives of theoretical linguists, especially in the traditional approaches in English language teaching, the teaching focuses on language structure including some form of language such as grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation, or spelling to name a few. However, things have changed with the arrival of a new approach known as the Communicative Language Teaching, where the features of sociolinguistics in its relation with language teaching and learning are best illustrated. The Communicative Language Teaching has been built on the assumption that being successful in communicating in a second language involves more than just the grammatical competence. In fact, communicative competence (Canale & Swain, 1980) involves the knowledge of discourse and socio-cultural rules of language. That is to say, in order to be successful in real communication, it is important to know not only how to put together an utterance but also when this utterance should be used and by whom to whom. In the study of socio-linguistics, we gain a more thorough overview to define the language itself. We...
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... A Thesis Proposal Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Course Language Research March 2016 Chapter I Background of the Study Introduction Outcome-based education is an approach to education in which decisions about the curriculum are driven by the exit learning outcomes that the students should display at the end of the course. “In outcome-based education,” suggest Harden and colleagues, “product defines process. Outcome-based education can be summed up as results-orientedthinking and is the opposite of input-based education where the emphasis is on the educational process and where we are happy to accept whatever is the result” (emphasis original). There is a significant difference between outcome-based education and simply producing outcomes for an existing curriculum. Outcome-baseddoes not mean curriculum based with outcomes sprinkled on top. It is a transformational way of doing business in education. Outcomes-based education is not a single idea or set of procedures. Rather outcomes-based education is like democracy –there are many different versions practiced in different ways in different places, all with the label outcomes-based education. Examination of the different curriculum frameworks in the Australian States and Territories shows this to be the case, for all show some influence of principles of outcomes-based education. Like democracy, there are family resemblances between these different versions of outcomes-based...
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...1. Introduction It does not require any further argument to state that English has become indispensable part of communication in the world. In Asia, almost each of countries has its own language which is extremely complex and quite difficult to understand. Hence, English is regarded as a bridge which helps information exchanges among Asian countries get to be more simply. It is fairly hard for Asian learners to use English correctly and effectively, especially speaking skill although they have been trained this language for a long time. When interviewing students from five Asian nations, Erlenawat has concluded that these learning difficulties are grounded in weaknesses in students’ prior learning experiences – focused on grammar and reading skills in classrooms, not conversational skills (Erlenawati Sawir, 2005). Vietnamese students are not exception of these problems and they are getting trouble with finding their own effective methods to overcome. Despite the fact that many Vietnamese learners spent nearly or even more than 10 years studying English at school, they cannot pronounce an English sentence exactly and fluently. As a result, they are not self-assured enough to speak out in the language. It can be clearly seen that a large number of students understand English grammar very well and get high score in written examinations whereas their oral communication skills are very poor and they are often shy to attempt to strike up a conversation (Trung Hieu, 2011). In “Language...
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...Developing Guidelines to Design Gestures for Teaching Chinese as a Second Language From the Perspectives of Kinesics and Linguistics Yihan Zhou Seton Hall University Abstract According to kinesics and linguistic theories, this project investigates what parts are involved in making gestures and how gestures carry meanings. A wide range of body parts are involved in making a gesture. According to David Mcneill, the physical movements acquire meaning by iconics, metaphorics, deictics, and beats. The project also discovers an etymological way to connect gestures to Chinese vocabulary. Based on the findings, the project further develops some guidelines to design gestures for teaching Chinese. They are making easy movements, identifying teaching content, making gestures understandable to your students, and applying gestures into teaching. In the end, the project applies the guidelines in designing activities for teaching Chinese pronunciation, vocabulary, character, and culture. Keywords: guidelines, gestures, teaching Chinese, kinesics, linguistics 1. Introduction 2.1 Background Gestures are common body movements: teachers instruct with gestures, referees in soccer game use gestures, people greet each other with gestures. Then what are gestures? Generally speaking, gestures are body movements which accompany and even sometimes replace verbal language. Because of its intimacy with language, it has attracted the people’s attention since Greek and Roman era...
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...language, the term “sound” can be interpreted in two rather different ways. In the first place, we can say that [t] and [d] are two different sounds in English, [t] being fortis and [d] being lenis1 and we can illustrate this by showing how they contrast with each other to make a difference of meaning in a large number of pairs, such as tie – die, seat – seed, etc. But on the other hand if we listen carefully to the [t] in let us and compare it with the [t] in let them we can hear that the two sounds are also not the same, the [t] of let us is alveolar, while the [t] of let them is dental. In both examples the sounds differ in one articulatory feature only; in the second case the difference between the sounds has functionally no significance. It is perfectly clear that the sense of “sound” in these two cases is different. To avoid this ambiguity, the linguist uses two separate terms: “phoneme” is used to mean “sound” in its contrastive sense, and “allophone” is used for sounds which are variants of a phoneme: they usually occur in different positions in the word (i. e. in different environments) and hence cannot contrast with each other, nor be used to make meaningful distinctions. 1 1.1. The Phoneme 1.1.1. The definition of the phoneme 1.1.2. The phoneme as a unity of three aspects...
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...According to Harmer (1991: 46-47) states that when the two people are engaged in talking to each other we can be sure that they in general way to suggest that a speaker makes a define decision to address someone. Speaking may be forced on him in the way but we still say that he wants or intends to speak, otherwise he would keep silent. According to Maybin (1992: 56) says that communication is an exchange between people, knowledge, information, ideas, options, feeling so there must be concept, ideas, in the fellow speaker of what they are going to say. The speakers have a basic competence in communication their ideas. The able to communicate their ideas, the students will be given opportunity to practice their English. According to Micheal (1998: 103) language is a symbolic system used by communicators to construct and convey information. Good languages developed by a system, set of rules followed by the wearer. According to Nunan (1991: 47) Speaking is one of four skills of English. It can help people to understand something from other interlocutors of language. Speaking will be focus for the first section on speaking. It involves fluent and accuracy expression meaning, the exercising of pragmatic, or communicative, competence and the observance of the rules of appropriate. Communication is a collaboration venture in which the interlocutors negotiate meaning in order to achieve their communication. According to Widdowson (1985: 57) that speaking is an oral communication that...
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