...relationship is seen. Empirical Validity. This is the most important factor in evaluating a theory, and means that the theory has been supported by research evidence. Ideology. A belief system and a set of core values or philosophy. In a pure sense, an ideology states or explains how things should be, and a theory explains how things actually are. Internal Logical Consistency. A theory needs to be presented in a logical manner and to have clearly stated propositions that agree with or do not contradict one another. Restated, does the theory make logical and consistent sense? Macro. Macro theories of criminal behavior explain the “big picture” of crime—crime across the world or across a society. They attempt to answer why there are variations in group rates of crime. Other authors have used the terms “epidemiology” or social structural theories. Micro. Micro theories of criminal behavior focus on a small group of offenders or on an individual crime. They attempt to answer why some individuals are more likely than others to commit crime. Other authors have used the terms “individual conduct” or processual theories. Necessary Condition. This means that X must be present to produce effect Y. If X is notpresent, Y will not occur. Parsimony. This refers to how many propositions, steps, or statements are involved. How simple is the theory? Policy Implications. If the theory is empirically valid, what solutions are suggested. Probabilistic Causality. A concept...
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...Carla Jones Unit 1 DB Penology Deterrence theory will help improve the criminal Justice System. People may seem to be more afraid of getting caught. For example you drive along a road every day and see a police officer there sitting maybe clocking peoples speed, the next time you travel that road you automatically slow down fear he will be there. Knowing if you get caught you will get a ticket or some sort of punishment from the officer. Therefore you obey the law. Another example is half of all state prisoners were under the influence of drugs and alcohol at the time of their offense therefore, it is unlikely that such persons are deterred by either the certainty or severity of punishment because of their temporary impaired capacity to consider pros and cons of their actions .(Christopher Mumola) The rehabilitation theory will benefit the criminal justice system. Re offending offenders are costing tax payers about to 9.5 to 13 billion a year that could be used other places. To benefit the system we need to give them proper and adequate training after release. We need to let offenders know and make help available to them to benefit in the long run. The help of finding them work and not to just release them and say we are done good luck. We need to offer programs for the younger generation to prevent committing crimes. Reformation will benefit the criminal justice system. To be able to offer the needs to offenders in and out of prisoners will cut down on the cost...
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...James Fondren 12/1/14 Criminology Dr. McGovern Deterrence Theory The deterrence theory has been a long study theory since 17th century, starting with Thomas Hobbes and then in more depth by Cesare Beccaria in 1764 when he published Dei Delitti e delle Pene (On Crimes and Punishments).Deterrence theory has continue to be study in more and more depth over the years by sociologist and criminologist and more recently the study of deterrence of specific crimes and using imprisonment times to deter crimes as well. The deterrence theory main idea is that punishment for crimes can be used as a threat to deter people from offending. There’s two parts of the deterrence theory, specific and general deterrence. Specific deterrence is focused fully on the individual; it instils fear in the specific individual being punished. This type of deterrence refrain the individual from future violation of the law. General deterrence is the Criminal Justice system making examples of specific criminals. The criminal isn’t the main focus but the criminal act and its punishment is received in a public view in order to deter other individuals from deviance in future. Thomas Hobbes was an English philosopher, best known for his work on political philosophy. Hobbes published Leviathan in 1651, which is the foundation of later Western political philosophy. In Leviathan, Hobbes describes men as neither good nor bad, he assumed that men are creatures of their own desire who want certain things and who...
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...Kianna Petty Social Organized Crime Perspective Paper CJA/384 April 12, 2015 Professor Edward Rafailovitc According to Webster II New Riverside University Dictionary definition, social institutions have been identified as groups of people that work together for common purposes or interest, possessing and developing, responsibilities, rights, protections, and objectives distinct different from other members (Webster II New Riverside University Dictionary, 1996).This paper will explore the social institutions as well as their relationship to organized crime, and further explore the empirical or speculative theories that are applicable to organized crime and behavior. Any type of social institutions consists of a group of people who share a desired result. Generally, there are five different types of social institutions. They are political, educational, religious, economic, and family. The average social institution is an organization of people who abide by the laws and follow the general rules and guidelines in a collective manner. These social groups could be a normal club with one thing or goal in common. Some social institutions that most people are familiar with are the Boys and Girl Clubs, the Cub Scouts, and the Girl Scouts. Further, family, school, church, government agencies are not the only social groups, organized crime organizations have adopted the philosophy of social institutions. Organized crime also had people with a vested interest in the business of killing...
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...http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2015/07/14/black-children-are-nearly-four-times-as-likely-as-white-children-to-live-in-poverty-report-says/ “Black children are nearly four times as likely as white children to live in poverty, report says” What is poverty? Poverty is the state of being extremely poor or the state of being inferior in quality. Poverty is a major issue in America today. according to this article, the poverty rate of white children is four times less likely to live in property than black children. This article talks about how children under the age of 18 in America make up a very large portion of the world’s population. Even though the economy has greatly improved over the past years, the poverty levels for black children have not. A theoretical perspective that can relate to this article would be social equality. Basically social equality is that everyone in a society has equal access to various things such as status, wealth, goods and services. There are two types of inequality, the first is physical inequality and the second is political inequality. Physical inequality is just differences in physical features such as health and age. Political inequality is just differences in people that have more power or money. Political inequality is the one that is going to focused on more. The theoretical perspective social inequality can relate to the above article. Mark Berman states in his article, “Black children are nearly four times as...
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...Pros and Cons: the Abolishment of Death Penalty Death penalty, from a legal perspective, is the killing of a person by a state authority through judicial process as a punishment for an offense. The capital punishment has been used by nearly all societies and the use of it extends to the beginning of recorded history. People believe that if we owe one’s money, we must pay back for it, so as one’s life. This kind of idea has deeply carved in many people’s mind for a long time. Compared with Christianity, who are strictly on the side of abolishment of the death penalty, Chinese tend to in favor of the saying of an eye for an eye and teeth for teeth. According to Amnesty International, at least 23 countries were known to had executions in 2010 and at least 17,000 people worldwide were sentenced to death. In addition, there are countries which do not publish information on the use of capital punishment, most significantly China, which is estimated to execute hundreds of people each year. Although there are many execution in China each year in the present day, there was a time in Tang Dynasty when the death penalty was abolished. This was in the year 747, enacted by Emperor Xuanzong. Depending on the severity of the crime, a punishment of severe scourging with the thick rod or of exile to the remote Lingnan region might take the place of capital punishment. However the death penalty was restored only 12 years later in 759 in response to the An Lushan...
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...The offices that are being referred to are government offices such as Welfare, DMV, and Section 8. In contrast, patron-client facilities are offices or places that focus upon pleasing their clients because if they don’t, the patron will go to another facility to get their needs met. This brings us to the similarities and differences of the models of organized crime. According to Lyman (2007) there are three theories of organized crime that help in the understanding of criminal organizations. The first theory is the Alien Conspiracy theory, which blames outside influences and outsiders for the rise of organized crime in American society. Second, the Rational Choice theory is when a person weighs the pros and cons of living a certain lifestyle; in addition they also know what the consequences of their actions are as well. Finally, the deterrence theory is one that believes that putting large punishments and fear in place to make criminals think about the consequences before they commit a crime. There are also other theories such as the Learning theory, which is when an individual has the attitude, values, and morality of a criminal and uses these tools to have a criminal career. In addition, social disorganization links the...
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...The Study of Crime By Juan Andres Alvarez Crime & Society Instructor: Sara Rogers September 19, 2011 The Study of Crime: Throughout recorded history there have been numerous theories that explain why criminal behavior exists. One of those theories is The Classical Theory of Criminology, it states that the combination of free will, hedonistic decision making and the failure of the social contact in producing criminal behavior. I tend to agree that it all come done to free-will and the desire to commit such acts. In order to comprehend the study of crime we must first learn to prevent crime. There are many crime prevention programs that have work others have not. Unlike these theories many of these programs have not yet been evaluated or hold enough creditable scientific evidence to draw positive conclusions. Enough evidence is available, however, to create provisional lists of what might work; what hasn’t, and what’s potential to work in the foreseeable future. In order to formulate a possible list of programs in our neighborhoods we must continue to study of crime and its many possibilities; and to purse and punish those criminals that break the law and bring them to justice. We as society should focus on not just what type of crimes are been committed or to what rate they are been committed but we should focus our attention on the aspect of crime that has not been studied before the learning to find peace amongst ourselves. Before we can learn to find...
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...head: DETERRENCE IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE 1 DETERRENCE IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE 2 Deterrence in Criminal Justice The theory of deterrence says that punishment for a crime will dissuade people from committing crime. There are two types of deterrence : general deterrence and specific deterrence. General deterrence is defined by Siegel (2011) as “a crime control policy that depends on the fear of criminal penalties, convincing the potential law violator that the pains associated with crime outweigh it's benefits.” (p. 95). In other words, general deterrence uses the punishment of one person's crime to teach the rest of society that this is what will happen to you if you commit this crime or any crime like it. It is meant to scare others so that they will not commit crime. Siegel (2011) defines specific deterrence as “the view that criminal sanctions should be so powerful that offenders will never repeat their criminal acts.” (p. 99). This form of deterrence is geared at stopping the offender from re-offending by making their punishment as harsh and unpleasant as possible. Today in society, the main concern with the criminal justice system is deterrence. The question is, what types of deterrence do we currently use and do they work? In this paper, we will overlook a few forms of deterrence that are currently used in the American Criminal Justice System. The most frequently used form of deterrence is imprisonment. This is also the oldest form of deterrence. The...
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...Punishment Versus Rehabilitation Isabel Nevarez University of Phoenix AJS/504 Nicholas Russo August 17, 2015 This paper, I will discuss the issues of punishment versus rehabilitation. I will point out issues on how punishment and rehabilitation affects deterrence of crime, how it affects victims and their family. I will also discuss how it affects offenders, the impact it has on society, and the fiscal impact upon society. Punishment and rehabilitation helps the inmate in different ways. This will show both pros and cons to punishment and rehabilitation. Punishment versus Rehabilitation The criminal justice system uses two objectives, these are punishment and rehabilitation. Society looks at these two with high prospects but the question is will the justice system live up to these expectation? The justice system and the community have beliefs on punishment and rehabilitation and how they should or should not work. Each one of these objectives will be addressed. Deterrence of Crime Deterrence theory comes down to if an offender commits a crime the benefit should outweigh the crime itself, if not, the offender will think twice before committing another crime. The deterrence theory does not explain criminal behavior. To prevent crime from happening again the criminal justice system use punishment, but the punishment should outweigh the potential crime. Crime has been a part of society for centuries. The most common form of punishment for the offender is to be put...
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...College In this essay, I will go over the issues of punishment versus rehabilitation for convicted offenders. The issues I will point out will be how punishment and rehabilitation affects deterrence of crime, how it impacts the victims and their families, and the financial impact upon society. This debate will show both pros and cons to punishment and rehabilitation. The criminal justice system and the public have opinions on how each should work and not work. I will go over each side of the issue when it should be time to punish or rehabilitate. The Deterrence theory is if one commits a crime the punishment should outweigh the crime. To prevent crime from occurring the law will show through punishment. The punishment should outweigh the crime. If you put the fear of punishment into the criminal, then he will think twice about committing the crime. Crime has been part of society for a long time, and the usual punishment is to incarcerate. Even though incarceration is a temporary fix for the felon, research shows “recidivism amongst convicted felons following release from prison is as high as 63%” and most of the inmates had arrest records and convictions prior to the incarceration of their current offense “ (Carson & Mulako-Wangota, 1989). Others argue rehabilitation is a deterrence to crime. Rehabilitation has long-term effect on offenders since it would prevent future crime from happening. Also rehabilitation changes the criminal behavior, and gets them back in to society...
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...Pros and Cons of Capital Punishment Capital punishment is a topic that anyone can count on to stir emotional discussions with plenty of opinions. In the world today, people commit horrific crimes daily. There are many who feel that those who carry out these terrible crimes deserve one fate: death. Capital punishment is used in reference to the death penalty that is issued in a judicial manner to execute those found guilty of a capital or hard offense. This according to our text is called legal punishment. Legal punishment is defined as the state-authorized imposition of some form of deprivation-of liberty, resources, or even life-upon a person justly convicted of a violation of the criminal law. (Stohr, pg 3) In this review of the pros and cons of the death penalty we will examine some different aspects of the process and allow the reader to form their own opinion. History The death penalty can be traced back a long time throughout history. The first established death penalty laws date back to the Eighteenth Century B.C. In the code of King Hammaurabi of Babylon, which gave the death penalty for 25 different crimes. This code expressed the well-known concept of lex talionis (the law of equal retaliation), which is further enunciated in the Mosaic code, the ancient law of the Hebrews, as “an eye for an eye; a tooth for a tooth.” (Stohr, pg. 3) During the 18th century, many philosophers like Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham wrote influential writings on prison...
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...ASHFORD CRJ 301 Entire Course For more course tutorials visit www.tutorialrank.com CRJ 301 Week 1 DQ 1 Case Law Terms CRJ 301 Week 1 DQ 2 Due Process CRJ 301 Week 2 DQ 1 Inchoate Offenses CRJ 301 Week 2 DQ 2 Adult vs. Juveniles CRJ 301 Week 2 Assignment Criminal Sentencing CRJ 301 Week 3 DQ 1 Preventing Juvenile Crime CRJ 301 Week 3 DQ 2 Theories of Juvenile Crime CRJ 301 Week 3 Assignment Juvenile's Rights CRJ 301 Week 4 DQ 1 Juvenile Probation CRJ 301 Week 4 DQ 2 Juvenile Trials CRJ 301 Week 5 DQ 1 Juvenile Gangs CRJ 301 Week 5 DQ 2 Future of Juvenile Justice CRJ 301 Week 5 Final Paper (Causes, Strategies, & Interventions Designed to Stop Juvenile Delinquency) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ASHFORD CRJ 301 Week 2 Assignment Criminal Sentencing For more course tutorials visit www.tutorialrank.com Criminal Sentencing. Using APA formatting, prepare a paper detailing the purposes and effectiveness of criminal sentencing. Your paper must include the concepts of deterrence, rehabilitation, incapacitation and retribution. The paper must be four to five pages in length (excluding the title and reference page), and formatted according to APA style. You must use at least two scholarly resources (at least one of which can be found in the Ashford Online Library) other than the textbook to support your claims and subclaims. Cite your resources in text and on the reference page. For information regarding...
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...[pic] BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION WITH HONOURS MAY / 2012 MPW2153 MORAL STUDIES MATRICULATION NO : 740704125850-001 IDENTITY CARD NO. : 740704-12-5850 TELEPHONE NO. : 016-3699817 E-MAIL : : madelinaj@maybank.com.my LEARNING CENTRE : SABAH LEARNING CENTRE Tables Of Contents 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Drug Laws 2.0 DISCUSSION 2.1 Global Overview on the Status of the Death Penalty for Drug Offences 2.2 The Pros of Death Penalty 2.2.1 Precedent Server 2.2.2 Just Punishment 2.2.3 Society Safety Concerns 2.2.4 Excess Sympathy 2.3 The Cons Of Death Penalty 2.3.1 Wrong Convictions 2.3.2 Costs 2.3.3 Deterrence 2.3.4 Rehabilitation 2.4 Religious Views On Death Penalty 2.4.1 Buddhism 2.4.2 Hinduism 2.4.3 Christianity 2.4.4 Islam 3.0 SUGGESTION TO REPLACE DEATH PENALTY 3.1 Life Imprisonment 3.2 Prison with Parole 3.3 Rehabilitation or Reformatories 3.4 Community Service Orders 4.0 SUMMARY REFERENCE 1.0 INTRODUCTION Law is a system of rules and guidelines which are enforced through social institutions to govern behavior. Laws are made by governments, specifically...
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...SOC: 101 Introduction to Sociology The Death Penalty: Is It a Crime Deterrent? The death penalty is morally permissible punishment for those who kill. Intentionally taking the life of an innocent victim is so malicious that in short supply extenuating circumstances, the murderer surrenders his or her own right to live and society is justified in sentencing him to die. Every year more people are convicted and sentenced to death row. Many are executed. Once a jury has convicted a criminal of an offense they go to the second part of the trial, the punishment phase. If the jury recommends the death penalty and the judge concurs then the criminal will face a form of execution, lethal injection is the most common form used today. There was a period from 1972 to 1976 that capital punishment was ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court (Honeyman & Ogloff, 1996). Their reason for this decision was that the death penalty was cruel and unusual punishment under the eighth amendment. The decision was reversed when new methods of execution were introduced (Honeyman & Ogloff, 1996). The Gallup pole lists public opinion of the life without parole as compared to the death penalty 48% versus 47% (Stop killing, 2007). Capital punishment is a difficult issue and there are as many different opinions as there are people. There are many murders each year. Does the death penalty create a deterrent for these criminals...
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