...DRINKING HAVE ON PROSPECTIVE MEMORY? SARAH HILL P4042678 Dr Janice Bartholomew Abstract This study aims to examine and investigate what effects alcohol binge drinking and non-binge drinking has on prospective memory. Introduction One of the most widely used drugs in the world is the alcohol. It has been shown to play a detrimental role within society and on an individuals health. According to the NHS, excessive alcohol use can increase the risk of having a heart attack and also cause health problems related to the liver, fertility and high blood pressure (NHS, 2014). Excessive alcohol use can also have an impact on mental health and abusing alcohol can cause psychological traits such as impulsiveness and low self-esteem (‘Understanding alcohol use disorders and their treatment’, n.d.). In 2002 as study was conducted to measure memory deficits of chronic alcohol use and the results make clear that chronic heavy alcohol users outline more impairments within prospective memory (Heffernan, 2002). Prospective memory (PM) is “the cognitive function we use for formulating plans and promises, for retaining them, and for re-collecting them subsequently either at the right time or on the occurrence of appropriate cues” (Graf, 2012, pp. 7-8). Memories such as realising that you need to take medicine before bedtime or remembering to pick up a birthday present for a loved one. It's important to fundamentally understand the context of what prospective memory is and its ubiquity...
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...WHO The book describes a strategic alliance as a cooperative strategy in which firms combine some of their resources and capabilities for the purpose of creating a competitive advantage. Cedarhurst is a dedicated company determined to properly assist the elderly and needy, but is also always looking for ways to improve the quality of life they can provide for its residents. After some careful research we found that some great opportunities and potential business lie within a few companies located near our prospective locations in which to expand. We proposed that one of new locations should be Farragut, Tn. There is a company in Farragut called Summit View which strives to provide exceptional and innovative senior care and share many of the same goals and ideas that Cedarhurst boasts. They have a talented staff with state-of-the-art facilities which enable them provide exceptional memory care which is a main focus of the Cedarhurst family. Summit View works hard to rehabilitate its short-term patients and to get them back into their own homes. This is a refreshing example of not only caring for their residents, but also seeking their long-term happiness. Summit View relishes on having high customer service and high quality of life for its residents and this resides closely to Cedarhurst and how they instill a family oriented atmosphere throughout their business. Cedarhurst could have a very successful business-level cooperative strategy with Summit View and could greatly...
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...these methods is the cognitive interview. Cognitive interview was created by Fisher and Geiselman (1992).The Cognitive Interview technique is a questioning technique used by the police to enhance retrieval of information from the witnesses’ memory. The cognitive interview involves the encouragement of eyewitnesses’ to do four basic things when being interviewed. The first thing that the cognitive interview expects is for the EW to report every detail, regardless of how trivial it may seem. Secondly the cognitive interview expects every EW to recreate the context of the event with the witness encouraged to mentally recreate the environment or contacts they may have had. The EW will also be expected to recall the event in different orders such as in reverse order or at different stages. The last basic expectation from the EW Is to recall the event from different points of view or perspectives of what others may have been. These aspects of the cognitive interview were introduced because Geiselman et al realised the importance of recalled every detail, big or small. This is why he proposed looking at an event from different prospective, his thought process behind this was that people may recall more details if they take different routes to the memory. Geiselman (1992) based his research statistics of the accuracy of the EW’s statements with and without the cognitive interview. Geiselman found that when using the cognitive interview the number of correct statements produced was 41.1%...
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...Chapter 6: Analyzing Consumer Markets GENERAL CONCEPT QUESTIONS Multiple Choice 1. ________ is the study of how individuals, groups, and organizations select, buy, use, and dispose of goods, services, ideas, or experiences to satisfy their needs and wants. 1. Target marketing 2. Psychographic segmentation 3. Psychology 4. Consumer behavior 5. Product differentiation Answer: d Page: 150 Difficulty: Easy AACSB: Analytic Skills 2. The fundamental determinant of a person’s wants and behavior is the person’s ________. 1. psyche 2. national origin 3. culture 4. peer group 5. family tree Answer: c Page: 150 Difficulty: Medium AACSB: Analytic Skills 3. A child growing up in the United States is exposed to all of the following values EXCEPT ________. 1. achievement and success 2. activity 3. efficiency and practicality 4. the importance of the group in daily life 5. freedom Answer: d Page: 150 Difficulty: Medium AACSB: Reflective Thinking 4. Which of the following would be the best illustration of a subculture? 1. A religion 2. A group of close friends 3. Your university 4. A fraternity or sorority 5. Your occupation Answer: a Page: 150 Difficulty: Hard 5. Based on information provided in the text, which of the following trends has lead to increased household consumption? 1. Growing female economic power ...
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...Specific Language Impairment. Within the science on word blindness, there is a prevalent concurrence that phonological deficits are the immediate source of the reading impairment, at least for a majority of dyslexic people (Vellutino, 1979; Frith, 1985; Snowling, 2000). Even alternate theories recognize a phonological lack as a decisive negotiator between other constituent and reading impairment (Tallal, 1980; Nicolson et al., 2001; Stein, 2001). With consideration to Specific Language Impairment, at least two prominent theories depend on phonological deficits: either as a negotiator between noncontiguous auditory processing and broader speech impairment (Tallal and Piercy, 1973; Tallal, 2003), or in the configuration of a verbal short-term memory deficit affecting morphosyntactic processing and lexical learning (Gathercole and Baddeley, 1990). Alternatively, some theories of dyslexia (Ahissar, 2007; Vidyasagar and Pammer, 2010) and of SLI (van der Lely, 2005) do not form a phonological deficit as an essential element of these maladies. The inquiry of the predominance, quality and causative role of phonological deficits is therefore of lofty speculative significance for both word blindness and SLI, and their overlap (Messaoud-Galusi and Marshall, 2010; van der Lely and Marshall, 2010). The actuality that people with both SLI and dyslexia show phonological deficits promotes a complicate topic. If a phonological deficit causes reading impairment in word blindness, and if the same...
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...(happiness, interest, surprise, fear, anger, sadness, disgust). | | Reflexes decline. | Repeats chance behaviors leading to pleasurable and interesting results. | Establishes joint attention with caregiver, who labels objects and events. | Social smile and laughter emerge. | | Sleep organized into a day-night schedule. | Aware of object permanence and other object properties in habituation-dishabituation tasks. | | Matches adults emotional expressions during face-to-face interaction. | | Holds head up, rolls over, and reaches for object. | Attention becomes more efficient. | | Emotional expressions become better organized and clearly tied to social events. | | Can be classically and operantly conditioned. | Recognition memory for people, places, and objects improves. | | I-self emerges. | | Habituates to unchanging stimuli; dishabituates to novel stimuli. | Forms perceptual categories based on objects and similar features. | | | | Hearing well developed; by the end of this period, displays greater sensitivity to speech sounds of own language. | | | | | Depth and pattern perception emerge and improve. | | | | 7 -12 Months | Sits alone, crawls, and walks. | Combines sensorimotor schemes. | Babbling expands to include sounds of spoken languages and, by the end of this period, sounds of the childs language community. | Anger and fear increase in frequency and intensity. | | Shows refined pincer grasp. | Engages in intentional...
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...NEUROSCIENCE OF MEMORY What is memory? It is often associated with the “thinking of again” or “recalling to the mind” of something learned at an earlier time. Descriptions of this sort imply a conscious awareness in the rememberer that they are recollecting something of the past. For example, we might remember our first day of school or some general knowledge such as who the prime minister is. On closer reflection, this is only really the tip of the iceberg when we look at the full range of human memory capabilities. Much of our memory is submerged from conscious view (e.g., skills such as driving or typewriting). Performance on complex tasks such as playing a musical instrument can even be disrupted when conscious awareness intrudes. We learn and remember how to use language often without having to be conscious of its grammatical rules. A better description of memory could be ‘the ability to retain and utilize acquired information or knowledge’. Memory is an integral part of our existence, yet it is only vaguely understood. Through empirical studies on people, the methods of cognitive psychology have lead to some useful descriptions, distinctions and theoretical advances in our understanding of different types of memory. These approaches have paid little attention to the biological substrate of memory – the brain. This is probably partly because, until recently, the tremendous complexity of the brain has hampered our ability to gain useful insights into memory from...
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...CONTENT Exercise 1. 2 Exercise 2. 5 Exercise 3. 8 Exercise 4. 11 Exercise 5. 15 Exercise 6. 18 Exercise 7. 21 Exercise 8. 25 Exercise 9. 28 Exercise 10. 31 Exercise 11. 34 Exercise 12. 37 Exercise 13. 40 Exercise 14. 43 Exercise 15. 46 Exercise 16. 49 Exercise 17. 53 Exercise 18. 57 Exercise 19. 61 Exercise 20. 65 Exercise 21. 68 Exercise 22. 72 Exercise 23. 76 Exercise 24. 80 说明： 题目来源： Exercise 1-24：所有题目都来自官方真题 其中： Exercise 1-14：我们将OG和PP2中的题目编排为前14个Exercise, 每个Exercise都是按照GRE考试中阅读部分的出题习惯编排，即每个Exercise 10个题目，形式为（1长+2短+1逻辑 or 4短+1逻辑）。 Exercise 15-24：我们将近年来考试中出现的文章和老GRE中极为接近现行出题风格的文章编排为后10个Exercise，每个Exercise 13个题目左右，形式为（1长+1短+2逻辑）。 练习方法： 建议大家第一遍做能够限时练习，按照考试的要求每个Exercise的大致难度和应该用的时间都标在了前面。没做完6个exercise可以做一个回顾总结，将文章反复做一遍，总结单词，长难句，文章的出题规律，句子之间的关系。 答案显示方法： 如果你打印出来练习：参考答案见P 页 如果你在电脑上练习：windows 系统：Ctrl+Shift+8；Mac系统：Command+8 Exercise 1. 20min While most scholarship on women’s employment in the United States recognizes that the Second World War (1939–1945) dramatically changed the role of women in the workforce, these studies also acknowledge that few women remained in manufacturing jobs once men returned from the war. But in agriculture, unlike other industries where women were viewed as temporary workers, women’s employment did not end with the war. Instead, the expansion of agriculture and a steady decrease in the number of male farmworkers combined to cause the industry to hire more women in the postwar years...
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...LAB EXPERIENCE PAPER MEMORY in HUMAN BEINGS SECTION I: OVERVIEW Memory, is an abstract term with no real concrete definition or absolute understanding thus making the word intriguing enough to draw attention to the greater subject of what it is, how it works and why it goes wrong. It is an essential concept in our daily life yet is the most elusive and misunderstood human attribute. Its constant presence in our everyday and its intricately complex mysteries is what ignites my interest in the research conducted in this field of Psychology. As a college student memory plays a great role in our academic performance, from weather we can recall mathematical formulas to recalling something a professor said in class to remembering certain solutions, key words and definitions we read in course material. Therefore from a personal standpoint the topic of memory interests me, as by understanding this complex concept and going into the depths of it’s functioning, I might be able to improve my own. Memory is formed from childhood and I am interested to see if memory is an natural capacity, and if so what factors lead to a better memory and if not can memory be affected by daily everyday factors. From a Psychological perspective memory excites me because the way we remember things and how can help us understand behavior and reactions to various situations. Memory hence affects decision-making and all other spheres of human life. The recollection of memory, the gaps, failures...
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...MEMORY Memory is one of the most important concepts in learning; if things are not remembered, no learning can take place. Futhermore, memory has served as a battleground for opposing theories and paradigms of learning (e.g., Adams, 1967; Ashcraft, 1989; Bartlett, 1932; Klatzky, 1980; Loftus & Loftus, 1976; Tulving & Donaldson, 1972). Some of the major issues include recall versus recognition, the nature of forgetting (i.e., interference versus decay), the structure of memory, and intentional versus incidental learning. According to the early behaviorist theories (e.g., Thorndike, Guthrie, Hull), remembering was a function of S-R pairings which acquired strength due to contiguity or reinforcement. Stimulus sampling theory explained many memory phenomenon on the basis of statistical outcomes. On the other hand, cognitive theories (e.g., Tolman) insisted that meaning (i.e., semantic factors) played an important role in remembering. In particular, Miller suggested that information was organized into "chunks" according to some commonality. The idea that memory is always an active reconstruction of existing knowledge was championed by Bruner and is found in the theories of Ausubel and Schank. Some theories of memory have concerned themselves with the nature of the processing. Paivio suggests a dual coding scheme for verbal and visual information. Craik & Lockhart proposed that information can be processed to different levels of understanding. Rumelhart & Norman describe three...
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...Human Memory Model, Thinking, and Intelligence Kasia Nlabandian American Intercontinental University Online 03/09/2014 Abstract In this week project subject is human memory model, which I’m going to discuss about in my paper about the following step by step. How many memory models and stages of memory a human have, how memory operate, the factors that enhance or impede information that flow in each step of the process, I’m also going to talk about proactive and retroactive interference, how we can counteract, there effects, type of forgetting, how can we improve memory consolidation and how can we retrieve. Memory, Thinking, and Intelligence Everyone knows about human memory is what allows us to store memories and use them or retrieve them in the future like colors, images, conversations and more, I’m going to discuss in details the memory system from stimuli into long term memory. We have technical enhance impede flow in every step. Proactive interference and retroactive interference show us how we will contract our effects while studying facilitates the maximum retention into long-term memory and also I’m going to discuss how we can forget things and what other types of forgetting we have. The strategy can improve our memory, consolidation and retrieval. Human Memory processes and stages Human memory is like a computer anything we need or is important we will store them for later; the same thing is with our brain we will encode, store and reuse them from our...
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...------------------------------------------------- Study skills From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Study skills or study strategies are approaches applied to learning. They are generally critical to success in school,[1] considered essential for acquiring good grades, and useful for learning throughout one's life. There are an array of study skills, which may tackle the process of organizing and taking in new information, retaining information, or dealing with assessments. They include mnemonics, which aid the retention of lists of information, effective reading and concentration techniques,[2] as well as efficient notetaking.[3] While often left up to the student and their support network, study skills are increasingly taught in High School and at the University level. A number of books and websites are available, from works on specific techniques such as Tony Buzan's books on mind-mapping, to general guides to successful study such as those by Stella Cottrell. More broadly, any skill which boosts a person's ability to study and pass exams can be termed a study skill, and this could include time management and motivational techniques. Study Skills are discrete techniques that can be learned, usually in a short time, and applied to all or most fields of study. They must therefore be distinguished from strategies that are specific to a particular field of study e.g. music or technology, and from abilities inherent in the student, such as aspects of intelligence or learning...
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...Critically discuss the psychological evidence that helps to explain the use of evidence given in court by children under the age of 11, (usually described as ‘child witnesses’) In the past 20 years the number of psychological studies on child witnesses and the competency of them being interviewed as well as the evidence being given by them has grown from very few quality studies to several thousand. Issues such as suggestibility, the effects of individual differences and the effects of long delays on their recall have been brought up and discussed in these studies. (Memon, Vrij & Bull, 2006) Traditionally, most Criminal Justice Systems have been reluctant to accept the testimony of young children, believing that they make less reliable witnesses than adults do. Although in recent years the balance has shifted and the evidence of children is now much more likely to be accepted. (Ainsworth, 1998) All witnesses defined as a child at the date of the trial, and irrespective of the nature of the offence, are automatically classified as vulnerable and this eligible for a range of protective special measures to enable them to give a testimony in court. There special measures include in-court screens, live TV link, removal of wigs and gowns and provision of any necessary aids to communication. (Raitt, 2007) The issue of children’s competency to testify in court has changed from the presumption that no minor is competent to the belief that all children are competent...
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...Thesis Statement Example 1 In this example of thesis statement, the emphasis of the study is to find a correlation, either positive or negative, between Mozart’s music and short term memory. This is an example of a research paper with data observation and analysis. The observations were recorded by running ANOVA and Post Hoc tests to compute values for the variables. The goal was to find a positive correlation between the two variables. For that a hypothesis was tested that was proven to be negative. Alternatively, this proved the scientific validation of the null hypothesis i.e. “positive correlation exists between short term memory and listening to Mozart’s music.” The actual thesis statement is both precise and straight to the point yet some explanation has been given to elaborate the details of the study. Thesis Subject: The Effect of Mozart’s Music on Short Term Memory Sample Thesis Statement: The thesis statement is created from the essential question i.e. “is there any presence of a positive cause and effect relationship on the memory status of the students who listen to Mozart’s music, as it is propagated in the theory of Mozart’s effect”. The hypothesis tested for this study is, “Listening to Mozart’s music has no effect on human memory”. Thesis Statement Example 2 This is an example of a research essay thesis statement. While writing a thesis statement for a research essay you have to strictly take a for or against approach and then justify your argument. For...
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...Prevalence Cramming is often done the night before an exam; in Japan this is known informally as one-night pickling (一夜漬, いちやづけ ichiya-dzuke?). In Commonwealth countries, cramming usually occurs during the revision week (week before exams), also known as "swotvac" or "stuvac". Over a longer term, cram schools exist in various countries, often designed to impart large amounts of information over the course of a year or longer. The pressure to excel academically has led to cramming behavior among students as young as five years old.[2] Cramming as a study technique H.E. Gorst stated in his book, The Curse of Education, “as long as education is synonymous with cramming on an organized plan, it will continue to produce mediocrity.” [3] Generally considered as a negative study technique, cramming is becoming more and more common among students both at the secondary and post-secondary level. Pressure to perform well in the classroom and engage in extracurricular activities in addition to other responsibilities often results in the cramming method of studying. Cramming is a widely-used study skill performed in preparation for an examination or other performance-based assessment. Most common among high school and college-aged students, cramming is often used as a means of memorizing large amounts of information in a short amount of time. Students are often forced to cram after improper time utilization or in efforts to understand information shortly before being tested. Improper...
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