...women and youth players are at increased risk for head trauma and that the integration of protective headgear into the sport should be considered. This source was most useful while drafting valid objections, for the increased rate of concussions in women’s lacrosse is a prominent danger of the sport. The information provide by this, unlike other sources I explored, also maintained that protective headgear is a necessary adaptation to the game. Therefore,...
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...1017/BJN20061865 Nuts and coronary heart disease: an epidemiological perspective ´ John H. Kelly Jr and Joan Sabate* Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA The epidemiological evidence for the cardio-protective effect of nut consumption is presented and reviewed. Four large prospective epidemiological studies of primary prevention of coronary heart disease are reviewed and discussed (Adventist Health Study, Iowa Women’s Health Study, Nurses’ Health Study and the Physicians’ Health Study). Other studies of nuts and coronary heart disease risk are addressed. The combined evidence for a cardio-protective effect from nut consumption is summarized and presented graphically. The risk of coronary heart disease is 37 % lower for those consuming nuts more than four times per week compared to those who never or seldom consume nuts, with an average reduction of 8·3 % for each weekly serving of nuts. The evidence for a causal relationship between nut consumption and reduced risk of coronary heart disease is outlined using Hill’s criteria for causality and is found to support a causal cardio-protective relationship. Nuts: Cardiovascular: Coronary heart disease: Diabetes: Cohort studies: Causality: Hill’s criteria Nuts have constituted a part of mankind’s diet since pre-agricultural times (Eaton & Konner, 1985), providing a complex food rich in macronutrients and micronutrients and fibre, as well as other bioactive phytonutrients...
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...population and is been registered for use in the United States since1956 (EPA). According to the US Environmental Protection Agency, the administration of the Malathion pesticide is not harmful to humans or the environment if applied in accordance to the product safety regulations. It the responsibility of the City Council members of Genericville to make and inform a decision that is in the best interest of the residents of Genericville, the city council members, and their visitors. Due to an enlarged mosquito breeding area after a season of heavy rainfall, recent studies have been performed in our wetlands. There are projections that there could be 50 cases of WNV in Genericville this year with two fatalities. With a population of 100,000, this would mean that one out of every 2,000 people will likely become infected this year without the use of pesticides. The Malathion pesticide program could reduce the number of cases from 50 to five, with less than a 20% chance of a fatality. These numbers are too significant to ignore. There is also the concern about the summer tourism and the Generic River, and how they could be affected if the mosquito infestation continues. It is believed by the community that if measures are not taken to control the mosquito population, the Genericville population will suffer economically, as many businesses have come to rely on summer vacationers. The exposure of Malathion via air, water or food on bystanders is prejudicial only if exposed to exceeded...
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...high-risk families, whose children have already been maltreated. But, as Jane Waldfogel explains, it has also begun developing prevention procedures for children at lower risk—those who are referred to CPS but whose cases do not meet the criteria for ongoing services. Preventive services delivered by CPS to high-risk families, says Waldfogel, typically include case management and supervision. The families may also receive one or more other preventive services, including individual and family counseling, respite care, parenting education, housing assistance, substance abuse treatment, child care, and home visits. Researchers generally find little evidence, however, that these services reduce the risk of subsequent maltreatment, although there is some promising evidence on the role of child care. Many families receive few services beyond periodic visits by usually overburdened caseworkers, and the services they do receive are often poor in quality. Preventive services for lower-risk families often focus on increasing parents’ understanding of the developmental stages of childhood and on improving their child-rearing competencies. The evidence base on the effectiveness of these services remains thin. Most research focuses on home-visiting and parent education programs. Studies of home...
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...Melnyk and Fineout-Overholt (2011, p. 242) defines evidence-based practice as “the integration of the best research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values to facilitate clinical decision making.” EBP practices are imperative for the achievement of optimal outcomes in healthcare interventions. Following this assignment, it is demonstrated how the process of evidence-based practice can be utilized in the case of Mr. Banks to provide viable solutions to challenges faced as a result of depression and type 2 diabetes. The work commences with the problem identification. Then an answerable question is developed to guide the work in identifying the best evidence-based literature to address Mr. Banks’ issue. The identified scholarly material...
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...discharge following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest is very poor. Among the few survivors to hospital discharge, neurologic impairment often remains a lasting morbidity (Becker et al., 1993). A large body of evidence from animal models indicate that hyperthermia (a temperature higher than the threshold value of 37C) due to brain injury or ischemia can exacerbate the degree of permanent neurological damage following cardiac arrest. Each degree Celsius higher than 37C can cause cerebral destruction through increased metabolic expenditure, excitatory neurotransmitters resulting in calcium cellular reflux and accumulation of oxygen free radicals (Busto et al., 1987). To improve the outcome of patients who survive cardiac arrest requires not only reducing the ischemic process as quickly as possible, caused by cardiac arrest, but also preventing post resuscitation syndrome caused from reperfusion (Safar, 1993). Cerebral reperfusion after successful resuscitation can trigger harmful chemical cascades such as oxygen free radical production which can result in multifocal brain damage. Therapeutic hypothermia (TH) is considered as an effective method for reducing the deleterious neurological outcomes in patients who have out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Clinical and animal studies have shown that TH following cardiac arrest reduces both the cerebral metabolic rate and oxygen demand and it is thought to attenuate reperfusion injury, global inflammation and endothelial dysfunction, all consequences...
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...Evidence-Based Policing Introduction to Criminal Justice Evidence-Based Policing According to our text book criminal investigation is “the process of discovering, collecting, preparing, identifying, and presenting evidence to determine what happened and who responsible” when a crime occurs. ( Schmalleger 2010). Now in this process the case belongs to the detective in charge, but any officer can be involve in the preliminary investigation by securing the initial crime scene and evidence. Evidence- based policing is when police based their decision about a case by following the path of observation determined by the evidence; hence the name evidence based policing. This practice was derived from medicine when it resolves that the method use in medical practice can apply by the police force to achieve a scientific result. Police agency accreditation can come under great scrutiny from different angle for instance the public who feel a decision might be wrong, the prosecution office involving the case etc; this is why evidence is vital to case decision. Disadvantage of evidence base policing is that policies and procedures will only be as good as research itself. In some cases researchers may not be sufficient in their theory and data collecting which will alter the final result, and even many officers may not be sufficiently versed in research method to execute the proper strategies. In result only the strictest and comprehensive studies should be adopt by the processing police department...
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...1 Evidence-Based Counseling Interventions With Children of Divorce: Implications for Elementary School Counselors Marianne E. Connolly Johns Hopkins University Eric J. Green The Chicago School of Professional Psychology Evidence-Based Counseling 2 Abstract Parental divorce has become increasingly common for large numbers of families in schools (Lamden, King, & Goldman, 2002). This article addresses the effects of divorce on children and protective factors supporting their adjustment. Evidence-based interventions for children of divorce in elementary school counseling programs are discussed. School-based consultation, the Children of Divorce Intervention Program, and the Children’s Support Group are three evidence-based practices described. Implications for schools counselors are provided to help integrate research findings and practice. Evidence-Based Counseling 3 Evidence-Based Counseling Interventions With Children of Divorce: Implications for Elementary School Counselors Children of divorce comprise a significant portion of the U.S. school population. Each year in the United States, more than one million children experience parental divorce (U.S. Census Bureau, 2000). Projections indicate that by age 18, approximately 40% of children will experience their parents’ divorce. Because divorce affects a significant number of children, a body of empirical literature has emerged addressing its impact (Amato, 2001; Amato & Keith, 1991; Hipke...
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... Ovarian cancer is the fifth most common type of cancer among women, and ranks first among the different types of gynecological cancer mortality in Canada (Canadian Cancer Statistics, 2004). Ovarian cancer mostly affects elderly and middle aged women, with the highest incidence rates reported in North America and Northern Europe, and the lowest in Japan and in developing countries (Greenlee et al., 2000). Over the past 40 years, the rate of ovarian cancer mortality has increased among women 65 years of age and older. The incidence of ovarian cancer increases with age, from 1.5/100,000 annually among women 20 -30 years of age to 49/100,000 in women 60- 69 year of age (Mant and Vessey, 1995). In Canada, 2,500 new cases are reported annually, and 1,550 women die from this disease each year. The lack of screening tests for early diagnosis of ovarian cancer is an important determinant of the mortality rate from this disease. Because of the absence or subtlety of early symptoms, more than 70 % of patients are diagnosed with advanced stages of ovarian cancer (Goff et al., 2000) The increase in the incidence of ovarian cancer near the age of menopause can be related to the diminution of oocytes or germ cells, the reduction in circulating estrogen levels, or a significant increase in the pituitary gland’s production of the gonadotropic hormones (follicle-stimulating hormone [FSH] and luteinizing hormone [LH]). Ovulation, growth factors, cytokines, and environmental...
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...critical role as an antioxidant in the body was not defined until 1988. Lipoic acid is readily converted in the body to another compound called dihydrolipoic acid. Dihydrolipoic acid, or R-Dihydrolipoic acid, is the reduced form of lipoic acid that has more immediate effects than lipoic acid and has even more significant antioxidant effects than lipoic acid. Both of these antioxidants are particularly effective in destroying free radicals known as peroxynitrite radicals. These damaging compounds contain both oxygen and nitrogen and have been implicated in the development of chronic inflammation, nervous system diseases, pulmonary diseases, and arteriosclerosis. Lipoic acid acts as an antioxidant in the body and has been shown to have protective effects against nerve damage in diabetics, among other beneficial effects. Lipoic acid is believed to increase the antioxidant activity of other antioxidants, such as vitamin C and vitamin E. It has the unusual effect of acting as an antioxidant both in water-soluble and fat-soluble domains in cells and tissues. This is in contrast to vitamin C, which is only water soluble, and vitamin E, which is only fat soluble. When lipoic acid is combined with these other antioxidants, the...
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...Case Analysis #1 Tuesday, January 22, 2013 Matt Janes Merck & Company, Inc: The Recall of Vioxx Introduction Geroge W. Merck stated once stated, “We try never to forget that medicine is for the people. It is not for the profits. The profits follow. Initially, Vioxx was the blockbuster drug that Merck needed due to the upcoming Zocor patent cliff in 2006. With an estimated 27,785 heart attacks and sudden cardiac deaths that could have been avoided if Celebrex had been used instead of Vioxx, Merck faces the possibility of not only having to pay enormous civil and criminal penalties, but also losing the trust of patients. Many parties are partially culpable, but Merck faces the severe uphill battle of regaining a reputation that once served as a market differentiator; in the 1980’s, Merck was voted the “Most Admired Company in American Business” for seven consecutive years. A critical issue in this case is to analyze the events listed in the case and propose an alternate course of action that may help prevent future deaths from other pharmaceutical drugs while not prohibitively restricting innovative research that could potentially save lives if tested properly. Critical Points and Issues Merck was relying on the success of Vioxx due to Zocor’s expiring patent and the direct competition Vioxx was engaged in with Celebrex, which had a first mover advantage. While Celebrex was also a Cox-2 inhibitor, Vioxx was the only Cox-2 inhibitor proven to be beneficial...
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...Public Services | Units covered | Unit 14: Responding to Emergency Service Incidents | Learning aims/outcomes covered | 3. Understand the necessity for scene preservation at emergency incidents4. Be able to review health and safety considerations during an emergency response incident scenario | | Scenario | As a new recruit you must submit evidence for your portfolio to pass your probation period. You must complete a report describing the necessity of scene preservation and assessing the health and safety at a given scenario. | | Task 1P5, M2 | Word processed report describing the necessity of scene preservationYou must include a description of the following: * need for accident investigation eg serious and fatal road traffic collisions; * need for fire investigation eg malicious and suspicious ignitions; * role of Health and Safety Executive eg accidents in the workplace; * British Transport Police eg accidents on the railways, trains and the underground network; You must also describe why security for scene preservation including use of cordons is important and how it is carried out.Scene preservation for evidence collection: need for scene preservation eg to establish cause, to identify damage, to gather information to prevent further incidents; crime scene investigation eg use of photographs, video, forensics, witness testimony.You should explain how scene preservation and the service provision of specialist units, such as the Health and Safety Executive...
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...As a result of drawing from multiple sources of credible evidence, authors by effect stay steadfast to a systematic style of writing, clearly, concisely and in plain language so as to not derange important amounts of scientific knowledge to their audience. That being said, use of generating and citing evidence is at the core of shaping writing style in this discipline. Different from writing in the humanities, psychologists do not use personal examples, narratives or opinions in any major form of contributive writing. In the experimental report written by Pfeir et al, one would expect an introduction to include explanation of personal motive answering why the researcher/s have interest in contributing to psychological research on young adolescent minorities, however, this is not the case. The closest rationale the reader receives is “Experts have underscored a need for more research investigation if and how mentoring relationships impact young people's sense of themselves as cultural beings (Spencer & Rhodes, 2005)" (Pfeifer et al, 2016). By reading this line, the reader can assume this void in the research matters to the authors significantly, in a way that drove them to conduct a study in this realm, moreover their personal opinion is in effect...
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...On the other hand, positive caregiver-child interactions are said to facilitate social-emotional development (Walker et al., 2011). This is especially true in infancy.” “Lack of caregiver-child interaction has been cited as a risk factor that contributes to loss of developmental potential. On the other hand, positive caregiver-child interactions are said to facilitate social-emotional development (Walker et al., 2011). This is especially true in infancy.” In this essay I wish to discuss the above emphasised statements in the context of normal social behaviour. This essay places specific emphases on three main areas; the role of attachment in child developement, how a lack of caregiver-child interactions affect the infant and the protective factors that could facilitate the child’s social-emotional development. After World War II, it was found that many children who lost their parents presented similar psychological difficulties (Cassidy & Shaver, 1999). Psychiatrist and psychoanalyst John Bowlby wrote a pamphlet on the situation, entitled “Meternal Deprivation”. Out of this work spawned the attachment theory. For the first time people became aware that the close careciver-child attachment, usually mother-child, was very important in the healthy development of a child. Research has since and is still being done on understanding the role of attachment. Principles of the theory have been used to explain a number of social behaviours, such as social dominence, hierarchical...
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...A STUDY ON DRUG ABUSE AMONG YOUTHS AND FAMILY RELATIONSHIP 青年濫藥與家庭關係的研究 THE FINAL REPORT (FINAL version) February 2011 1 PREFACE The project on the study on “DRUG ABUSE AMONG YOUTHS AND FAMILY RELATIONSHIP” (“the Study”) is being undertaken by the Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention and the Department of Social Work and Social Administration at the University of Hong Kong (“the Consultant”). The research team comprises the principal investigator (PI), Professor Paul YIP, Director of the Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention and Professor of the Department of Social Work and Social Administration at the University of Hong Kong, and eight co-investigators (Co-Is), Dr. CHEUNG Siu Lan Karen (Demographer), Dr. Sandra Tsang (Social and Family Worker), Dr. Samson Tse (Focus group expert on mental health and drug abuse), Dr. Wong Oi Ling (Family therapist, Family Institute), Prof. Karen Laidler (Sociologist, expertise on assessing drug abuse problem), Dr. Paul Wong (Clinical psychologist), Ms. Frances Law (Social Worker), and Dr. Lilian Wong (Associate Consultant, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Tseung Kwan O Hospital, Hospital Authority). We would like to thank Mr. Gary Ip, the research assistant of the Department of Social Work and Social Administration, Ms. Garlum Lau, the senior research officer 2 of the Department of Sociology, the participants and NGOs for focus groups and case studies for their kind and valuable support on this...
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