...Step 1: During the years between 1200 and 1400 the Italian Proto Renaissance occurred in Northern Italy. This was a time where artist began to demonstrate a constant movement toward naturalism and humanistic thought which brought a "rebirth" of classical ideals. In the midst of this rebirth, was also the Great Schism and the bubonic plague that caused religious leaders and wealthy citizens to seek out artist and their work, in order to bring people closer to church. Following the end of the Proto Renaissance came the Renaissance between 1400-1500. The rise of humanism and humanist philosophy within this period along with the invention of moveable type led to the cultural and artistic explosion that would take place for the next two hundred years. This explosion was the High Renaissance taking place during the 1500s through the early 1700s. In this era was the birth of the old masters like Leonardo Da Vinci, Michelangelo Buonarroti and Raffaello Santi to name a few. This time brought about masterpieces like Leonardo's "The Last Supper", Michelangelo's "Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel", and Raphael's "School of Athens". During the mid-eighteenth century was the French Neoclassical period which ran alongside the French Revolution. Neoclassical artists depicted noble and stoic subjects from history and began replacing Rococo style. With the revolt against Rococo style painting taking place this lead to the commissioning of the painting "Oath of the Horatii" by painter Jacques-Louis...
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...Museum Paper The work of art I chose is “The Calling of Apostles Peter and Andrew.” This work of art was started in 1308 and ended in 1311 by Duccio di Buoninsegna. It is an oil on panel painting and is currently located at the National Gallery of Art in Washington DC. This work of art depicts a religious view while having a proto-renaissance style. This work of art is significant because it shows a sense of a belief. The belief of Peter and Andrew towards Jesus. The work of art has subtle details that tell a short story. When I look at this painting I look at the features of Jesus’s clothing, the rock Jesus stands upon, the boat that the men stand in, the fish net, and the gesture Jesus gives to Andrew and Peter. Firstly, to me, the boat symbolizes instability as it can sway from side to side giving an idea that the two men’s faith is not yet decided in a manner of speaking. The rock Jesus stand upon shows strength and stability within him; his faith. Jesus beckoning symbolizes a calling to him while saying that if they do then it will be fulfilling or rewarding due to the fishing net being full. Jesus’s clothing also symbolizes two different things. Firstly, the red coloring of his outfit symbolizes his passion in faith. The purple coloring of his outfit symbolizes his status in royalty. Buoninsegna also paints one of the men in a reddish color to possibly indicate his passion. There are also several small designs around the head of Jesus which could indicate a sort...
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...UNIVERSITY OF CENTRAL ASIA FALL SEMESTER 2014 History of Art Dr Raymond-Josef Hoffmann Description: This course is an introduction to art as the embodiment of cultural, social, and political values, ranging from ancient civilizations to the modern period. The class examines painting, sculpture, and architecture , and both domestic and ornamental artifacts of Near Eastern, Mediterranean and Western civilisations. Various historical periods will be considered through an examination of creative practices, themes, and visual forms. Examples of the work of representative artists and movements, from Praxiteles in ancient Greece to recent artists will be explored. The course will also consider cultural and artistic exchanges between societies of Europe, the Americas, Asia (including central Asia), and Africa, when appropriate. Human beings have been culture-makers and illustrators from the beginning: the history of our species on earth can be traced from early cave drawings and implements for eating and hunting to decorative arts, gothic cathedrals, skyscrapers to non-cognitive forms of expression that defy interpretation. This course is an exploration of an essential aspect of our attempts to shape the world and to create an environment in which self-expression, pleasure, ideology and aspiration can thrive. 1. Structure: The course comprises two 80 minute discussion/seminars based on specific works of art each week. The topics and readings are given in the schedule...
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...Introduction The Renaissance period covers the 200 years between 1400 and 1600; although exact dates are still argued by many specialists. The word “renaissance” literally means “rebirth” and is the French translation of the Italian “rinascita”. The Renaissance style is primarily composed of a revival of the classical forms developed originally by the ancient Greeks and Romans and of the deepened concern for secular life – interest in humanism and assertion of the importance of the individual. In art history, the Renaissance period corresponds to the start of the great Western age of discovery and exploration. At the time, there was great desire to study all aspects of nature and the world. During the Renaissance, artists became independent personalities. They were no longer considered as mere artisans as they have been in the medieval times. Artists tried to find new solutions to formal and visual problems. Many of them devoted to scientific experimentations. During this time, a lot of mathematical and linear outlooks were developed. This resulted to proportionality and rationality in every aspect of painting and sculpture. Paintings became a window to the natural world and it was the painters’ job to depict this world in their art. Artists at the time dedicated themselves to the rendition of landscape. In addition, artists also developed aerial perspective --- an angle where wherein objects become less distinctive and less sharply colored as the eye moves away. Painters...
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...the realms of art, democracy, medicine, philosophy and literature that has influenced the modern world the most. It is interesting to note that the loss of Greek thought after Roman civilization inducted a period popularly characterized as the Dark Ages. During this time human life was, in words popularized by Thomas Hobbes, “nasty, brutish and short.” Superstition, disease and a short life span were the hallmark of the age. It is crucial to understand that the middle “dark” ages finally ended with the re-discovery of greek texts to usher in the re-birth of civilization, ie: the Renaissance. It was the Catholic theologian St. Thomas Aquinas that set Western civilization on its current track by reintroducing Greek thinkers to European intellectuals. The popularizing of Greek philosophers renewed Western interest in Greek achievements, specifically within the realms of art, democracy, medicine, literature, and philosophy. While some of these subjects remained underdeveloped in Greek times, such as the discipline of medicine and democracy, others were so advanced as to set a standard to this day in the realm of art, philosophy, and literature. Discussed herein is a brief exploration of those Greek achievements that left their greatest influence on Western Civilization. To begin, Greek visual art has had a huge influence on the development of Western Civilization. Greek sculptures and plays have influenced Western society most profoundly since the renaissance. Visual art is focused on...
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...Student’s Name Professor’s Name Course Name Date of Submission Pablo Picasso In the 20th century, he dominated the Western art, he was considered a symbolical representation before he attained the age of 50 years. During his 75th career, he finished numerous paintings, ceramics, sculpture and paintings. He nearly, since handedly made a modern art; this artist is no one other than Pablo Picasso. The interesting part that led to the selection of this topic is due to the fact that Pablo Picasso transformed art, such that no other artist has ever had such a big following. Several artist before him had a few follower that were mainly considered to be of the upper class of the society. The audience of Picasso was almost a million. Many of us know Picasso as just a name, but this essay will focus on the his biography together with the subject, form and content of his work, Pablo Picasso was born on the October 25th, 1881 in the town of Malaga in Spain. He was brought up by his mother, Maria Picasso and his father who was an art teacher It is being told that Picasso almost died when he was born due to some breathing defect, it took his uncle to blow cigay smoke in his face so that he could be able to breath. He was bright boy by the time he attained the age of ten years old, the age at which he painted his initial paint work. Many of the art painting that he did were displayed on bullfighting, since he was exposed to the bullfighting at the when he was three...
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...Baroque is a period of artistic style that used exaggerated motion and clear, * Interpreted detail to produce drama, tension, exuberance, and grandeur in sculpture, painting, architecture, literature, dance and music. * The style began around 1600 in Rome, Italy and spread to most of Europe. * The Baroque style was encouraged by the Roman Catholic Church, What is Baroque Art? * Baroque art above all reflected the religious tensions of the age to reassert itself in the wake of the Protestant Reformation. * Was designed essentially to appeal to the growing aspirations of the merchant and middle classes * Baroque art tended to be large-scale works of public art, such as monumental wall-paintings and huge frescoes for the ceilings and vaults of palaces and churches. Baroque Architecture * Was designed to create spectacle and illusion. * The straight lines of the Renaissance were replaced with flowing curves, while domes/roofs were enlarged, and interiors carefully constructed to produce spectacular effects of light and shade. * Characterized by an emphasis on unity among the arts. * It was an emotional style, which, wherever possible, exploited the theatrical potential of the urban landscape - as illustrated by St Peter's Square (1656-67) in Rome, designed by architect, Bernini, Baroque Painting * Painters and sculptors built and expanded on the naturalistic tradition * The illusionistic effects of deep space interested many painters, including...
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...Luminosity in the Muslim World At its peak, Islam was the intellectual center for science, education, philosophy and medicine not found anywhere else in the world. “The Medieval Islamic world…offered vastly more freedom than any of its predecessors, its contemporaries, and most of its successors,” said Bernard Lewis, a historian of the Middle East. (Akoyl) Islamic scholars and teachers lit the flame that would spread to Europe and ignite the fire which brought forth the Renaissance and Age of Enlightenment. For centuries, Islam was at the forefront of human civilization and achievements. The Golden Age of Islam was extraordinary, ground breaking and original, but like many things throughout time, it came to an end. Contemporary Islam no longer...
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...For other meanings, see Perseus (disambiguation). Perseus | | Abode | Argos | Symbol | Medusa's head | Consort | Andromeda | Parents | Zeus and Danae | Children | Perses, Heleus | Mount | Pegasus | Topics in Greek mythology | Gods * Primordial gods and Titans * Zeus and the Olympians * Pan and the nymphs * Apollo and Dionysus * Sea-gods and Earth-gods | Heroes * Heracles and his Labors * Achilles and the Trojan War * Odysseus and the Odyssey * Jason and the Argonauts * Perseus and Medusa/Gorgon * Pirithous and the Centauromachy * Oedipus and Thebes * Orpheus and the Orphic Mysteries * Theseus and the Minotaur * Triptolemus and the Eleusinian Mysteries | Related * Satyrs, centaurs and dragons * Religion in Ancient Greece | Greek mythology portal | Perseus (Greek: Περσεύς), the legendary founder of Mycenae and of the Perseid dynastyof Danaans there, was the first of the heroes of Greek mythology whose exploits in defeating various archaic monsters provided the founding myths of the Twelve Olympians. Perseus was the Greek hero who killed the Gorgon Medusa, and claimed Andromeda, having rescued her from a sea monster sent by Poseidon in retribution for QueenCassiopeia declaring that her daughter, Andromeda, was more beautiful than the Nereids. Contents [hide] * 1 Etymology * 2 Origin at Argos * 3 Overcoming the Gorgon * 4 Marriage to Andromeda * 5 The oracle fulfilled * 6 King of Mycenae * 7 Descendants...
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...stylized, non-realistic, idealized or emblematic tales presented in the form of an adventure through the use of a discovery quest. Yet its evocative powers of horror and terror explore the gratification and titillations of shockingly perverse. Before being applied to the context of a literary form the term gothic originally referred to an ancient Germanic tribe that derived from what is now known as southern Sweden, before migrating to the shores of the Baltic Sea known as the Goths. This tribe eventually split into two factions that would be known as the Visigoths or West Goths and the Ostrogoths or East Goths. Centuries would pass before the term gothic would once again emerge this time with a different meaning. Sometime during the renaissance Greco-Roman culture was rediscovered by Europeans. In this rediscovery the term “gothic” now referred to certain types of architecture that was built in the middle ages. Strange however that the term would not be applied to these structures for any visible connection to the Goth tribes but because the style of these structures were a far cry from the classical style so admired during the time. Once again the term gothic would again fade from society before once again emerging with yet...
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...the atrium and the church which was assigned to penitents. a. baldachino c. narthex b. apse 10. A dome placed on the drum. a. simple c. compound b. superpositioned 11. The architect of a church of Santa Sophia Constantinople, the most important church in Constantinople. a. Ictinus and Callicrates b. Apollodorous of Damascus and Isidorous on Miletus c. Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorous of Miletus 12. The second largest medieval cathedral. a. Milan Cathedral c. Certosa, Pavia b. S. Antonio, Padua 13. It is one of the largest churches in Europe and contains many monuments to celebrated Italians; hence, it is called the Westminster Abbey of Itay. a. Florence Cathedral c. S. Croce, Florence b. Milan Cathedral 14. The English movement in applied art and directly in architecture during the 2nd half of 19th century, emphasized the...
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...Globalization is the process of international integration arising from the interchange of world views, products, ideas, and other aspects of culture.[1][2] Put in simple terms, globalization refers to processes that promote world-wide exchanges of national and cultural resources. In particular, advances in transportation and telecommunications infrastructure, including the rise of the Internet, are major factors in globalization and precipitate further interdependence of economic and cultural activities.[3. Though several scholars situate the origins of globalization in modernity, others map its history long before the European age of discovery and voyages to the New World. Some even trace the origins to the third millennium B.C.E.[4][5] Globalizing processes affect and are affected by business and work organization, economics, socio-cultural resources, and the natural environment. The term globalization is derived from the word globalize, which refers to the emergence of an international network of social and economic systems.[7] One of the earliest known usages of the term as the noun was in 1930 in a publication entitled Towards New Education where it denoted a holistic view of human experience in education.[8] A related term, corporate giants, was coined by Charles Taze Russell in 1897[9] to refer to the largely national trusts and other large enterprises of the time. By the 1960s, both terms began to be used as synonyms by economists and other social scientists. It then reached...
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...Linguistics Introduction the scientific study of language. The word was first used in the middle of the 19th century to emphasize the difference between a newer approach to the study of language that was then developing and the more traditional approach of philology. The differences were and are largely matters of attitude, emphasis, and purpose. The philologist is concerned primarily with the historical development of languages as it is manifest in written texts and in the context of the associated literature and culture. The linguist, though he may be interested in written texts and in the development of languages through time, tends to give priority to spoken languages and to the problems of analyzing them as they operate at a given point in time. The field of linguistics may be divided in terms of three dichotomies: synchronic versus diachronic, theoretical versus applied, microlinguistics versus macrolinguistics. A synchronic description of a language describes the language as it is at a given time; a diachronic description is concerned with the historical development of the language and the structural changes that have taken place in it. The goal of theoretical linguistics is the construction of a general theory of the structure of language or of a general theoretical framework for the description of languages; the aim of applied linguistics is the application of the findings and techniques of the scientific study of language to practical tasks, especially to the elaboration...
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...languages (such as pidgins and creoles.) English is the (or an) official language in England, Canada, Australia and New Zealand; however, the United States has no official language. Indo-European language and people English is classified genetically as a Low West Germanic language of the Indo-European family of languages. The early history of the Germanic languages is based on reconstruction of a Proto-Germanic language that evolved into German, English, Dutch, Afrikaans, Yiddish, and the Scandinavian languages. In 1786, Sir William Jones discovered that Sanskrit contained many cognates to Greek and Latin. He conjectured a Proto-Indo-European language had existed many years before. Although there is no concrete proof to support this one language had existed, it is believed that many languages spoken in Europe and Western Asia are all derived from a common language. A few languages that are not included in the Indo-European branch of languages include Basque, Finnish, Estonian and Hungarian; of which the last three belong to the Finno-Ugric language family. Speakers of Proto-Indo-European (PIE) lived in Southwest Russia around 4,000 to 5,000 BCE. They had words for animals such as bear or wolf (as evidenced in the similarity of the words for these animals in the modern I-E languages.) They also had domesticated animals, and used horse-drawn wheeled carts. They drank alcohol made from grain, and not wine, indicating they did not live in a warm climate. They belonged to a patriarchal...
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...Introduction. * Old English. 5- mid 12th centuries (1150). German tribes arrive to England (Angles, Saxons, Jutes). The Celts also influenced English language. Then Romans came. Influence of Latin. Full inflections, with four cases: Nom., Acc., Gen., Dat. * Middle English. 1150 - 1500. Battle of Hastings (1066). Death of Anglo - Saxons. Feudalism. Norman invasion. Three languages live together: English, French and Latin. In 1476 printing press is invented by William Caxton. Levelled inflections, full inflections gradually disappear. * Early Modern English (1476 - 1756). Renaissance. Lost inflections, only a few endings survive. The grammar becomes far simpler. Different spelling live together for the same word. There are no authoritative dictionaries or voices. * Late modern English (1756 - nowadays). First authoritative dictionary of the English language, by Samuel Johnson, which provided spellings, sounds and ethimology. It was decided not to establish an Academy of English. Importance of the English language. A language lives only when it is spoken by anyone. Its importance depends on the importance or influence of the people who speak it. English is spoken by 340 million people as a mother tongue. It is the language of Western languages. Political, economical and scientific reasons are related to the importance of a language. But English is also very broadly spoken as second language (communication, commerce). The growth of the Spanish language goes with...
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