...Psychology is an academic and applied discipline that involves the scientific study of mental functions and behaviors.[1][2] Psychology has the immediate goal of understanding individuals and groups by both establishing general principles and researching specific cases,[3][4] and by many accounts it ultimately aims to benefit society.[5][6] In this field, a professional practitioner or researcher is called a psychologist and can be classified as a social, behavioral, or cognitive scientist. Psychologists attempt to understand the role of mental functions in individual and social behavior, while also exploring the physiological and biological processes that underlie cognitive functions and behaviors. Behavior Behavior or behaviour is the range of actions and mannerisms made by organisms, systems, or artificial entities in conjunction with themselves or their environment, which includes the other systems or organisms around as well as the (inanimate) physical environment. It is the response of the system or organism to various stimuli or inputs, whether internal or external, conscious or subconscious, overt or covert, and voluntary or involuntary. Branches of phychology 1. Abnormal Psychology Abnormal psychology is the branch of psychology that looks at psychopathology and abnormal behavior. The term covers a broad range of disorders, from depression to obsession-compulsion to sexual deviation and many more. Counselors, clinical psychologists, and psychotherapists often...
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...believe I possess and something I like very much. The subfield that this like fits in is personality psychology. Personality psychology puts together the pieces of the person--perceptions, thoughts, motives emotions, relationships--into one unified picture of the whole person. The three major kinds of puzzle pieces, thinking, feelings, and behavior are what personality psychologists are trying to explain, and we do this by referring to consistent patterns of thoughts and feelings that give rise to behaviors. But the relations between thinking, feelings, and behavior are not always as straight forward. People can show similar behaviors for many different reasons. Also we are not always perfectly consistent in our personalities. And the inconsistencies among our thoughts, feelings and behaviors are the puzzling part of the personality puzzle. Engaging the personality trait of being straight forward affects my state of consciousness in a positive way. By being straight forward one can avoid many pitfalls of negative personality traits, such as, having to lie to make other people like you. By being straight forward you are not concerned with what others may think of you but are yourself regardless of others views. This makes your life easier hence contributing positively to your over all psychological well being. The role of learning the psychology subfield of personality psychology has put a light on the puzzle of personality traits....
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...we continue the discussions about human behaviors in psychology. I noticed that our behavior is influenced by many factors. And one of these factors is biological or physiological. Biologically, our nervous system is the most complex and elaborate system in our body. The nervous system regulates our behavior in order for us to survive. During the discussions I found out that our nervous system is composed of more than 500 million of nerve cells or neurons. These neurons or nerve cells are very important in our body. These are responsible in receiving stimulus or information from the environment then carries it to the brain wherein the brain itself interprets the stimulus in order for us to produce responses accordingly. Without these neurons, we could not coordinate our responses, nor could we perceive, feel or think. But the most important part of our nervous system is our brain because it is the one responsible of all voluntary and some involuntary behaviors. And it is the most intricate, complex and unique mechanism of the human body. So in order for us to have a remarkable behavior, we need to protect and take good care of our brain. In the midway part of the discussions we tackled about Sensation and Perception. This so-called Sensation also affects or influenced our behavior. Through our senses or sensory organs, we come to know our world and what we sense often affects our behavior. Our sense organs are responsible in sensation. And one must be aware or conscious of the...
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...Which school of psychology is Wilhelm Wundt associated with? Selected Answer: Structuralism Correct Answer: Structuralism Question 2 Which of the following psychologists was a leading proponent of behaviorism? Selected Answer: B. F. Skinner Correct Answer: B. F. Skinner Question 3 Which perspective of psychology would best explain the fact that polar bears are found predominantly in the arctic regions? Selected Answer: The evolutionary approach Correct Answer: The evolutionary approach Question 4 During a therapy session, Mrs. Brown's therapist, Donald, asks Mrs. Brown about her dreams because he believes that they are a key to her unconscious mind. In this scenario, Donald is most likely using the _____ approach to psychology. Selected Answer: psychodynamic Correct Answer: psychodynamic Question 5 George, a scientist, is studying how the levels of certain neurotransmitters in the brain create the condition of depression. George's study fits best into the area of specialization known as _____. Selected Answer: behavioral neuroscience Correct Answer: behavioral neuroscience Question 6 A psychologist's research focuses on how ecological changes affect a child's growth. The psychologist's focus fits best into the area of specialization known as _____ psychology. Selected Answer: developmental Correct Answer: developmental Question 7 Which of the following statements is true of industrial and organizational psychology? Selected Answer:...
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...we continue the discussions about human behaviors in psychology. I noticed that our behavior is influenced by many factors. And one of these factors is biological or physiological. Biologically, our nervous system is the most complex and elaborate system in our body. The nervous system regulates our behavior in order for us to survive. During the discussions I found out that our nervous system is composed of more than 500 million of nerve cells or neurons. These neurons or nerve cells are very important in our body. These are responsible in receiving stimulus or information from the environment then carries it to the brain wherein the brain itself interprets the stimulus in order for us to produce responses accordingly. Without these neurons, we could not coordinate our responses, nor could we perceive, feel or think. But the most important part of our nervous system is our brain because it is the one responsible of all voluntary and some involuntary behaviors. And it is the most intricate, complex and unique mechanism of the human body. So in order for us to have a remarkable behavior, we need to protect and take good care of our brain. In the midway part of the discussions we tackled about Sensation and Perception. This so-called Sensation also affects or influenced our behavior. Through our senses or sensory organs, we come to know our world and what we sense often affects our behavior. Our sense organs are responsible in sensation. And one must be aware or conscious of the...
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...Sensation and Perception Chapter: Sensation and Perception Sensation and Perception Sensation versus Perception Psychophysics and Thresholds Vision USING PSYCHOLOGY: Color Visual receptor: The Eye Operation of the Eye Eye Problem: Color Blindness Hearing Operation of the Ear Ear Problem: Deafness Chemical senses—Smell and Taste Chemical Senses Receptors: The Nose and Taste Buds Operation of the Chemical Senses Other senses: Skin Other Senses: Balance and Body Position Perception Figure-ground Perception The Wholeness of Figure Perception Perceptual Grouping Perception and Attention Stimulus Variation and Perception Perceptual Constancies Visual Perception of Distance Visual Perception of Motion Hearing Perception Illusions as "Errors" in Perception USING PSYCHOLOGY: Clothing Extrasensory perception (ESP) REVIEW QUESTIONS ACTIVITIES INTERESTED IN MORE? 183 Sensation and Perception WHAT'S THE ANSWER? Instructors in Driver Education advise their students to look twice in both directions before driving across an intersection. Why? "Watch it, Klausman! Watch where you're going!. . . Well, would you look at that. He ran into the goal post!" PSYCHOLOGY: Exploring Behavior Sensation and Perception 184 Moments later, "Klausman, how many times have I told you? You've got to look where you're going! What if that had been a defensive player from the opposing team? How do you feel?" "I feel OK, coach, but I've got a bad ringing in my ears." What causes the ringing in...
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...Sensation, Perception, and Attention Outline Mary Bazile Psychology/300 October 6, 2013 Carlton Bowden Explanation of Sensation, Perception, and Attention The recommendations for the authority sensations, perceptive, and attention to learning would be like if a person would sit down to study, the person would not be bother by the distracting environmental stimuli. Why? Because some people and certain other people cannot lie in the difference of ability to focus and control each other attention toward their own perceptive processes derived from sensations. A report says that (Kowalski & Westen, 2009) acknowledges that the human sensory systems, visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, touch, proprioceptive, vestibular, and kinesthetic all specialized cells that respond to environmental stimuli called sensory. A short term for olfactory is small. The term for gustatory is taste. An example for touch is pain. Proprioceptive is sensory information about body’s position and movement. Vestibular is sensory information on position of body in space by sensing gravity and movement. Kinesthetic is a sensory information about movement and position of limbs and other parts of the body relative to one another. All the words are transformed...
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...world. Philosopher like Aristotle believed sensory information is the source of knowledge whether dualist like Plato thought knowledge in human’s soul. Different views of the source of knowledge encouraged a trend of open criticism and set the ground for the rise of studying human learning. After Renaissance, people were released from the restraint of church authority and returned to the environment of earlier Greek. More people interested in studying of human being. Science instead the position of church and many people started suggesting their own thought. Isaac Newton believed that universe was created by God and operated by inserted laws which can be discovered. Rene Descartes thought there were innate ideas built in human which can affect physical bodies, then initiated the development of studying the functions of human body, stimulus-response relationship and non-human beings to understand human. Besides empiricism and rationalism mentioned above, existentialism also rose in this period, which focus on the meaning of human, freedom of choice and the uniqueness of individual. It made a great influence on the development of humanistic approach. When natural scientist tried to accurately describe the physical world, physiologists rose to study the...
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...GHANA TELECOM UNIVERSITY COLLEGE FACULTY OF IT BUSINESS LEVEL 100: FIRST SEMESTER (SEPTEMBER, 2011) |General Information | | | | |Course Title: |INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY | |Course Code |BBA 109 | |Overall |Improve students’ perception and understanding of psychological principles underlying behaviour and | |module aims |also be in a position to relate what they have learnt to issues of everyday life. | | | | | |Lectures, PowerPoint Presentations | |Teaching Methods |Explanations on Whiteboard | | |Individual and group problem solving | | ...
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...Science of Psychology 1. Who founded the first Psychology laboratory and when was it (HINT: it was in Germany)? What else was he known for? a. First Lab 1879- Leipzig, Germany. Wilhelm Wundt, founder of psychology as discipline. Conscious experience and building blocks, trained many early psychologists 2. Identify the following, and the one or two main names (if applicable): Structuralists, Functionalists, Gestalt Psychology, Behaviorism Psychoanalysis, Humanistic Psychology, Cognitive Psychology b. Structuralists: Titchener- Wundt’s student. Wanted to examine the structure of mind and organization of basic elements of sensations, feelings, and images. “Structure of the mind” Example: I see a square as composed of four separate lines. Introspection: observing ones own conscious reactions. c. Functionalism- William James- first American psychologist. “Mental associations allow us to benefit from previous experience.” Deals with function, what does consciousness does to us, what is the purpose etc. d. Gestalt psychology- Max Wertheimer. Objects are well-organized structures, whole objects instead of parts. Ex. A square is a Square e. Behaviorism psychoanalysis – Sigmund Freud. Founded psychoanalysis in early 1900s, focused on unconscious thoughts in determining behavior. Psychoanalysis- feelings come from a hidden place in your mind called unconscious. f. Behaviorism- John Watson, B.F. Skinner. We can predict behaviors using behaviorism...
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...University of Phoenix Material Week 1 Assignment Worksheet Matching Match the following descriptions to the correct perspective: 1. ___B.___ perspective focuses on how learning experiences affect behavior, and focuses on behavior that is observable. 2. __E___ perspective focuses on the effect of unresolved conflicts from childhood, and how those conflicts unconsciously shape behavior. 3. __D___ perspective focuses on free will, conscious choices, and self-awareness, and views humans as distinct individuals with unique characteristics. 4. ___C__ perspective examines the mental processes used to obtain knowledge, and focuses on how information is processed, stored, retrieved, and manipulated. 5. __A___ perspective focuses on how factors like age, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, and income level influence behavior, attitudes, and mental processes. A. Sociocultural B. Behavioral C. Cognitive D. Humanistic E. Psychodynamic Table Provide a description of the function of the structures or hormones listed. |Structure |Hormone(s) released (if applicable) |Description or function | |Frontal lobe |CRH Corticotropin-releasing hormone |Helps with decision making | |Somatosensory cortex |CRH |Sensory receptive area for the sense of touch...
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...SENSATION AND PERCEPTION REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE (FOREIGN) I. PSYCHOLOGY (Douglas A. Bernstein, Edward J. Roy, Thomas K. Skull, Christopher D. Wickens) BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF PSYCHOLOGY CONSCIOUSNESS MOTIVATION EMOTION PERCEPTION SENSATION The diagram above illustrates some of the relationships between different aspects of psychology through sensation. What happens if people are denied on this contact, if they deprived of stimulation form the senses? However, recent research has made it more difficult to draw a clear line between sensation and perception. That research shows that the process of interpreting sensations begins in the sense organs themselves and continues into the brain. Even previous experience can shape what you sense, causing you not to notice. Sensory Systems The senses gather information about the world by detecting various forms of energy, such as sound, light, heat, and physical pressure. For example, the eyes detect light energy, the ears detect the of sound , and the skin detects the energy of heat and pressure. Humans depend primarily on vision, hearing, and the skin senses to gain information about the world: they depend less than other animals on smell and taste. There are also senses that provide information to the brain from the rest of the body. All of these senses must detect stimuli, encode them into neural activity, and transfer this coded information to the brain. Steps in Sensation At each step...
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...Chapter 1 notes: What is Psychology? Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. Some people might think that psychologists are interested only in problem or abnormal behaviors. In fact they are interested in every aspect of human thought and behavior. Perhaps the best way to introduce psychology is to look at what topics interest psychologists. The Fields of Psychology Two major organizations American Psychological Association (APA), founded over 100 years ago, and the American Psychological Society (APS), founded in 1988. Developmental Psychology Development psychologists study human mental and physical growth from the prenatal period through childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and old age. Child psychologists focus on infants and children. Adolescent psychologists, who specialize in the teenage years. Life-span psychologists, who focus on the adult years. Physiological Psychology Physiological Psychologists investigate the biological basis of human behavior, thoughts, and emotions. Neuropsychologists are primarily interested n the brain and the nervous system. Psychobiologists specialize in the body’s biochemistry and in the way that hormones, psychoactive medications (such antidepressants), and “social drugs” (such as alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine) affect people. Behavioral geneticists investigate the impact of heredity on both normal and abnormal traits and behavior. Experimental Psychology Experimental psychologists conduct...
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...Personal Reflection While being in AP Psychology I have realized many different things about the brain and how people's lives can be very affected by different disorders. We have discussed serious mental disorders that people are unwillingly faced with. From people having a simple anxiety disorder to someone suffering with schizophrenia, the brain has the ability to do incredible, yet devastating things. Throughout my experience in the class, it has influenced the ways that I see many different things. I am very lucky not to have a life changing psychological disorder. This has also influenced my possible career path. I feel as if it would be great to work with people that have these serious disorder on hope to help them. Although...
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...dislike and fear and that is a spider. The sight of this eight legged creepy, web spinning, hairy, ugly creature sends me running for cover. Describe the subfield (e.g., cognitive psychology, developmental psychology, psychoanalytic psychology, etc.) you believe is best suited for providing psychological insight into your preference (the fact that you like or dislike the thing you do) and why you believe it is so. I believe that both cognitive and behavioral psychology provides me with the best psychological insight into my arachnophobia. Cognitive psychology explains my irrational fear of spiders because their perspectives of are based off of cognition which is memory, thinking, reasoning and decision making. This area of study suits my preference because my initial fear of spiders was based off of the memory of my grandmother, and her severe reaction to these small creatures. Behavioral psychology also offers insight into my fear because it focuses on observable behaviors, such as classical and operant conditioning, which are learned behaviors. Classical Conditioning is an originally neutral stimulus, which elicits a reaction and after repetition becomes a conditioned response, and Operant Conditioning is learned behaviors from positive/negative reinforcement and punishment. Behavioral psychology explains my fear because I was classically conditioned to fear spiders as a result of a bite by a brown recluse that forced me to make the association of a formally neutral stimulus...
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