...Alexandra Bennett AP Psychology Coach Burton April 8, 2015 Chapter 18 Social Psychology 21) Just-world-phenomenon- is the tendency for people to believe that the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get. Example: If you have this belief, and something good happens to you, you may conclude that the world is just because you are a good person and so good things happen to you. In the same way, when you see something bad happen to someone else, you may conclude that they did something to bring on this bad event. 22) Mere exposure effect- you begin to like something simply because you are exposed to it over and over again. Example: If you have ever heard a song you did not like and then after a while of hearing it over and over again, you become used to it. Then, you start singing along and you like it. 23) Normative social influence- influence resulting in the desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval Example: if you go to a play, many times you will applaud when others do even if you didn't really like the play that much. You do this to avoid the disapproval of the other people. 24) Obedience- occurs when you change your opinions, judgments, or actions because someone in a position of authority told you to. Example: An example of this is the story of the fake police man that called the McDonald’s manager and told her to strip search an employee. The manager only did this, because someone I authority told her...
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...promote learned optimism through conducting a mini-experiment of Albert Ellis’ ABCDE model. I. Project Objective The purpose of the project is to examine if there is a difference in reaction time between morning and evening, between genders, and ages. II. Method The Red Light – Green Light Reaction Time Test (The Online Reaction Time Test, 2002) will be used to record the various reaction times of participants. 1. Activating Events / Adversities: Record events as they occur which will be interpreted by habitual thinking style. 2. Belief (Irrational): Record beliefs which will be based on interpretations of habitual thinking style in response to the event. 3. Consequences: Record the results of what the beliefs motivate on resulting actions or mindset and the emotional and behavioral consequences. 4. Disputation: Challenge beliefs and change consequences by promoting optimistic thoughts as opposed to any negative habitual thinking by analyzing the evidence that the negative beliefs are incorrect; look for alternative ways to look at the problem; determine the implications and impact on goals or life in general or in the long run; and question the usefulness of the beliefs. 5. Effect (New): Promote positivity and optimism by disputing negative responses, emotions, and behaviors, and looking for new effective ones to replace them. III. Expectation(s): By conducting this experiment, the expected results are the positive...
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...Psychology Experiment Essay It is inevitable to stop people from creating their own perspectives, but is it possible to change those perspectives or not? The issue that we deiced to study tries to answer the question: Do you believe only what you want to believe? My group and I realized that during this time, especially with the presidential debates, it was important to find an answer to this question. We wanted to prove whether people react to new information in a biased manner, when it conflicts with their previous beliefs. In other words, are all people programmed to be narrow minded? To look further into this topic, we developed an experiment that will try to prove that people are prejudice towards new information. We believe that if people read something that contradicts their original beliefs on a topic, then they will defend their position regardless of the factual information presented because people develop personal biases towards what they want to believe in. In order to prove that people believe only what they want to believe, we have devised a survey which forces people to react in their biased manner. We decided that in order to receive strong reactions from people we needed to choose a controversial topic. During the course of our experiment we will interview 60 people. Of the 60 people 30 of them will be given the article that states marijuana is not a gate way drug. The other 30 people will be given the article that states marijuana is a gate way drug. Of...
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...Free Hugs Lauren English Kerri Churches Psych 170-D200 11 October, 2015 For my research study, I decided to conduct an experiment to see how many people would be freely willing to give me a hug when holding up a sign saying “Free Hugs”. How many people would be willing to give a complete stranger a hug? Would there be more women that would give someone a hug, rather than men? If I stood outside the RVC campus, held up my sign, and asked if they would like a hug, then I believe more women would feel comfortable to give me a hug rather than men. I decided to stand outside the Rock Valley College campus to perform my experiment because I was very curious to see how college students would react. Also, there are many different personalities that are being dealt with because the campus is so large and there are many people. Though many college students range around early twenties, there are also many older adults that are on campus that have the ages between forty and fifty. While conducting my experiment, many people were shy to approach me. A lot of people that passed by either giggled and walked pass, or refused to make eye contact. I was really afraid that I was going to walk out of this experiment with one to none hugs. About fifteen minutes goes past, and finally, a group of boys notice my sign and each of them gave me a hug. They seemed very happy and pleased when they saw my sign. When people saw what the group of boys did, more people began to join in and gave me...
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...Psychology 100 Essay #1 PSYC 100 5/30/2015 Recently, my roommate conducted a research project for her senior honors class. Over the course of this study, she made multiple mistakes, which resulted in incomplete results. We will be reviewing the hypothesis used, the study conducted, the results of the study, and a proposed alternative. She used the hypothesis: “Upper class men and women do better academically than freshmen and sophomores because they take a more serious approach to their studies.” The hypothesis itself leaves many questions; it is a very broad statement and there’s no clear description. Even though we have an idea who will take part in this experiment and a hint of what the dependent variable is, lacking specification will prove to make it difficult to measure the results. Restating this hypothesis can make a difference in the outcome of the study: “Upper class men and women (juniors and seniors) assert better study habits to received better grades than freshman and sophomores in the same course.” The proposed study cannot be tested properly, because of the non-specific statements used in the hypothesis. There is no measurement for “a more serious approach to their studies.” Although the hypothesis is worded incorrectly there is an operational definition: “better grades”, which can be measured. To restate, the variables I would have used include: the...
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...Expectations of an Ingroup: interactions within ingroups and how they punish deviant members Abstract Ingroup and outgroups in society view punishment of members differently, ingroups especially. The variables in this study were the group in which the offender belonged to and the writing task. In the study there were 6 male and 27 female psychology students they participated to aid in writing their research paper. Participants read a fictional scenario and were then asked to determine a fine and answer four questions that judged fairness and justice. The hypothesis was that the ingroup would judge deviant ingroup members higher on a retributive justice scale and give them a higher fine. The results of this study showed that when it came to justice the ingroup rated deviant ingroup members lower then the outgroup but created a higher fine. Expectations of an Ingroup: interactions within ingroups and how they punish deviant members In society people are divided into two groups the ingroup and the outgroup both Social Identity Theory and the Black Sheep Effect deal with the idea of these two types of groups. Social Identity Theory is the expectation the ingroup offenders would be treated less harsh than outgroup offenders (Gollwitzer & Keller, 2010). While the Black Sheep Effect states that people see unlikable ingroup members more adversely than unlikeable outgroup members (van Prooijen & Lam, 2007). The theory that these two support is that ingroup members judge deviant...
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...because reading is done much more often than naming ink colors. But where is the exact interference occurring in this process and why? It has been suggested that the interference occurs at the output or response stage as an individual struggles to express the correct color word from alternatives. Others believe the interference happens during encoding as an individual analyzes the word and is distracted from ink color. Still others would say it happens somewhere between the encoding and the output. All of these suggestions have various criticisms. The search for the correct answer to this phenomenon continues. Literature Review In an attempt to determine where the interference was taking place, Naish (1985) designed two experiments, the first to see if the interference occurred earlier than the output stage and the...
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...Psychology p.1 Psychology Experiments Psychology p.2 Abstract I have just been asked to teach the concept of adaptation to a psychology class. I will conduct three experiments for this. Then I will write a paper that describes adaption and how I experienced it in my experiments. The paper will cover the following. I will fully describe process and results of the experiments that I chose. I will also answer what is sensory adaptation. Then I will explain the concept of sensory adaptation, and refer to my text for the definition of sensory adaptation. Next I will explain how adaptation is evident in each of my experimental results. I will provide a comprehensive description of the sensory systems that are involved in the experiments that I performed. This description will include what happens from the receptors to the brain. My discussion will illustrate what was experienced in each experiment. Finally I will discuss how adaptation is important from an evolutionary perspective. Psychology p.3 There are three experiments I will conduct and they are as fallows. Experiment 1: Rub your index fingers gently over a piece of very coarse sandpaper a few times and rate its coarseness on a scale from 1 (very soft) to 7 (very coarse). After a minute or two, rub the same finger over the paper and again rate its coarseness. Did your perception of the coarseness change? How? Record your reaction. In experiment 2 we will Prepare one cup with sugar water and one with fresh...
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...game has received extensive interests in behavioural economics. It is a common social phenomenon, i.e. customer asks for a discount price on certain goods or buys them somewhere else; employees want better salary package or resign for better job. Most of the studies are under gain framework, which means the accepters can either something or nothing. Meanwhile, it is suggested that the framing of the study (gain and loss) could affect the outcome (ATHK1001, 2014). Zhou and Wu (2011) have conducted a study which asked participants to spilt either a gain or a loss of 10 Chinese Yuan in both gain and loss frames to investigate the effects of framing and explanations of the outcomes. Their study consists of three experiments while experiment 1 is made of two sub-experiments. They found that loss framing has higher rejection rates in all situations and they conclude that loss frame for the UG was like a negatively framed negotiation which makes it harder to come to a compromise (Zhou and Wu, 2011). They suspected that loss framing is associated with unfairness. To examine their finding, ATHK 1001 has conducted a similar survey to validate Zhou and Wu’s study. Hypotheses A series of null hypotheses have been used. The first hypothesis (H1) proposed that gain frame condition makes proposers to make more unfair offers. The second hypothesis (H2) postulates that very unfair offers are more likely to be accepted in the loss frame condition. While the last hypothesis (H3) assumed that...
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...A Research on the Effectiveness of the Type of Handout in the Test Scores of Freshmen Students of Silliman University: Plain Handouts VS Fill-in-the-Blank Handouts Submitted to: Professor Lourdes Angela Piñero Submitted by: Caballero, Frances Nicole T. Dela Peña, Cheska May A. Pineda, Kristy Zaren E. Table of Contents Chapter I Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Rationale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Review of Related Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Theoretical Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Conceptual Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Statement of Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Significance of Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Scope and Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 Chapter II: Research Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12...
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...Medical Laboratory Sciences of Riverside College had been the subjects of this experiment. The hypothesis was: If one studies while playing classical music, then it is easier to remember. In order to test the hypothesis, 16 students of the first year BS in Medical Laboratory Sciences were selected to participate in the experiment. They were specifically selected—the target respondents were the members of their population; and they were randomly assigned based on their Cognitive Skills Quotient (CSQ) scores. The experimental type of research was used. The effect of music on the memory was measured by using a vocabulary test, confirmed valid and reliable. To measure the significant effect, the sample population of 16 respondents was divided into two groups: the control group and the experimental group. The results of the vocabulary test were used to indicate the difference between the two groups. After the statistical analysis, the study revealed that there was a significant effect on the memory of the respondents. As a result of the study recommendations were made by the researchers on ways of improving the memory by listening to music while studying, as well as having a good environment to study at. CLASSICS AND BRAINS A Research Presented to the Faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences Riverside College In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Subject of Experimental Psychology by Claudine J. Arañez Regie R. Getones Marie Bernadette B. Villanueva ...
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...used in sciences such as sociology and psychology, physics, chemistry, biology and medicine etc. It is a collection of research designs which use manipulation and controlled testing to understand causal processes. Generally, one or more variables are manipulated to determine their effect on a dependent variable. The experimental method is a systematic and scientific approach to research in which the researcher manipulates one or more variables, and controls and measures any change in other variables. Experimental Research is often used where: There is time priority in a causal relationship (cause precedes effect) There is consistency in a causal relationship (a cause will always lead to the same effect) The magnitude of the correlation is great. (Reference: en.wikipedia.org) The word experimental research has a range of definitions. In the strict sense, experimental research is what we call a true experiment. This is an experiment where the researcher manipulates one variable, and control/randomizes the rest of the variables. It has a control group, the subjects have been randomly assigned between the groups, and the researcher only tests one effect at a time. It is also important to know what variable(s) you want to test and measure. A very wide definition of experimental research, or a quasi experiment, is research where the scientist actively influences something to observe the consequences. Most experiments tend to fall in between the strict and...
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...Issues and Debates Homework: Research Methods – Planning Experiments You have been asked to conduct an experiment to test the effectiveness of two different types of revision. One type is doing some each day over an extended period (spaced revision). The other type is where the learner does all the revision in a short period of time (cramming). Write a plan for an experiment to test which of these two ways of revising is better. You should use either a laboratory experiment, a field experiment or a natural experiment. You should consider the following issues (there are others): • Design • Variables • Ethical issues • Type of data and how it would be gathered. (12) I would take a sample of people and have half revise using the spaced revision and the other half using the cramming method and test which has the better results. I would give both groups a standard a-level psychology text book, tell them to learn a small section from it and then give them a realistic type exam at the end to test who answers the questions better to see which technique of revising is better. I would do it this way as the materials are easy to gather and not that expensive. For the first group I would give them the text book two weeks before the exam and for the second group, three days before the exam. The independent variable of my experiment is the revision technique used by the participants and the dependent variable is the results gathered. The experimental design I would...
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...concepts in psychology, the so -called Hawthorne effect has a life of its own.” By Berkeley Rice http://www.cs.unc.edu/~stotts/204/nohawth.html Most students of social psych are familiar with, or had better be if they want to pass. For decades, countless textbooks, Ph.D. theses, journal articles, and learned panels have cited it as a possible explanation for everything from why juvenile criminals in experimental program decide to go straight to why insomniacs sleep better in the laboratory. Whenever psychologists gather, one I apt to hear mention of the Hawthorne effect-even though, as it happens, the effect was never actually demonstrated by the original study. Proponents of the Hawthorne effect say that people who are singled out for a study of any kind may improve their performance or behavior not because of any specific condition being tested, but simply because of all the attention they receive. Those who mention the effect usually want to cast doubt on whether a given social innovation, instructional method, or therapy is really responsible for the change in behavior. Though the Hawthorne effect has been generalized to every kind of psychological study, it grew out of a pioneering series of experiments that tested the impact of improved working conditions on productivity. In typical accounts of the findings, current textbooks report: “To the surprise of the researchers, every innovation had the effect of increasing productivity.” (Lawrence Wrightsman, Social Psychology, 3rd ed...
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...Given the opportunity to study an area of psychology I would choose clinical psychology. Helping people with psychological disorders and helping them understand themselves would be a great achievement and the wealth of knowledge can go both ways for the subject and doctor. There are many areas of study when reading about physiological disorders, one stick’s out like a sore thumb and that would be social anxiety disorder. Social anxiety is the fear of interaction with other people that brings on self-consciousness, feelings of being negatively judged and evaluated, and as a result, leads to avoidance. Just the task of public speaking can cause a waterfall of symptoms that can ruin somebody mentally and physically. Social anxiety causes three sets of symptoms which burden the person experiencing the symptoms in terrible ways. The first is emotional symptoms which lead to intense worry for days, weeks, months, and prior to presentation. Extreme fear of being watched or judged by others, especially by people you do not know. And the fear others will know you are nervous. These are just one set of symptoms that can occur naturally and a large hurtle one must overcome. Physical symptoms can also arise along with the emotional playing a big part in feeling distressed. Certain things may occur such as a red face or blushing, shortness of breath, upset stomach, shaking including a shaky voice, racing heart beat and tightness in your chest. Basically you feel like you are having a...
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