...Mäori & Public Health: Ethics A discussion paper Preamble Being asked to write a paper on Mäori perspectives on Public Health ethics raises issues for me. Some years ago my research colleagues and I invited Moana Jackson to participate in a project on genetic engineering. Our first question for him was along the lines of whether Mäori had a ‘unique perspective’ on genetic engineering. It was then that we received our lesson about the use of the word ‘perspective’ (Cram, Pihama & Philip-Barbara, 2000:66-67). Moana said that, ‘The word perspective to me is interesting. It assumes that there is something that is a given upon which Mäori can be expected to have a valid point of view. The moment you do that you situate the Päkehä model as the truth; and you ask Mäori to give a view on it. I think there are Mäori truths and they exist independently of whatever Päkehä view as reality or truth and to seek a Mäori perspective is to legitimate the Päkehä perspective on the issue. So to ask for a Mäori perspective on say the use of land is to validate the Päkehä concepts of property and seek to fit a Mäori view of that within it. Whereas what we should begin with is: what is the Mäori truth on land and how does that sit alongside, rather then fit within, the Päkehä view?’ Perhaps even more scary than asking whether there is a Mäori ‘perspective’ on Public Health ethics is the thought of asking what the Mäori ‘truth’ about Public Health ethics is. Once again, Moana is able...
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...challenged me to applying and analyzing data. The scope of the work was reasonable but challenged me to apply my public health background and utilize my written and oral communication skills. I gained an understanding how hospital acquire infection can affect hospital quality mesures and finances. I felt very proud to work under the most knowledgeable person Dr Abdul. His insight of infection control and knowledge have enables me to be cautions when given care to patient as a health practitioner. Practicum experience with Dr Abdul have also enables me to make improvement in area of direct communication with various departments in the whole hospital. Even though the limitations of Dr Abdul busy schedule and the nature of my practicum the amount of oversight was sufficient. Practicum experiences have prepared me for the reality of public health practitioner and reinforced my ability to work both independently and in collaboration with others. Practicum experience at Laurie regional Hospital have allowed me to apply health promotion activities such as stress management class, hand infection prevention class, community health fair and reporting communicable disease to health local health department. This experiences have also developed my interpersonal skills and project management skills which make me to be more prepare to enter workforce of public health. Educating staffs at Laurie Regional hospital on hospital acquired infections and ways to prevent spread of infection...
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...DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH PROFILE NORTH SOUTH UNIVERSITY (Centre of Excellence for Higher Education) JULY 2009 DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH AT A GLANCE Chairman, Department of Public Health Dr. GU Ahsan, PhD Teaching Staff FULL TIME : Professor – 1 Associate Professor – 1 Assistant Professor –1 Senior Lecturer – 1 Lecturers – 1 Junior Lecturers – 2 PART-TIME : Professor – 4 Associate Professor – 1 Assistant Professor –3 Senior Lecturer – 2 Lecturers – 2 Non-Teaching and Support Staff Program Officer Office Secretary Teaching: Graduate Assistants (TAs/ GAs) Office Support Service Staff (OSS) Masters of Public Health Program: Started in 2006 Students are mostly doctors and health planners (e.g., High and mid label Officials from DG Health, DG Family Planning and others), health managers, public health workers and researchers, etc. Number students enrolled till date: 550 Number of students graduated: 50 Introduction and Background of the Department of Public Health This is our intense gratification to introduce North South University (NSU), Dhaka, Bangladesh as “The Center of Excellence for Higher Education” which is committed to provide high quality education and training in public health and in various emerging and reemerging health issues. In addition NSU is providing education in Business, Computer Science, Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Microbiology, Economics, English and others which is highly recognized at home and abroad. Moreover, North...
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...THIRD WORLD COUNTRY ( MADAGASCAR) PUBLIC HEALTH STATUS Public Health Life expectancy at birth has gradually improved from an average of 37.5 years for men and 38.3 years for women in 1966 to an average of fifty-two years for men and fifty-five years for women in 1990 (for a combined average of fifty-four). Malaria remains the most serious tropical disease, although eradication campaigns against mosquitoes waged since 1948 initially resulted in spectacular declines in incidence and a dramatic decrease in the island's mortality rate during a twenty-year period. Indeed, in some regions, especially the central highlands, these campaigns were almost completely successful, although malaria continues to be prevalent in the coastal regions, especially the east coast. As prevention practices faltered during the late 1970s and throughout the 1980s, the mosquito staged a comeback. The effect on a population with a significantly reduced resistance to malaria was devastating. For example, the Malagasy Ministry of Health reported 490,000 cases and 6,200 deaths from malaria in 1985, but these figures rose--to 760,000 cases and 11,000 deaths--in 1987. As of 1994, other serious diseases included schistosomiasis, tuberculosis, and leprosy. The prevalence of schistosomiasis, a parasitic ailment that spreads primarily through the passing of human wastes into ponds, irrigation canals, and slow-moving streams, reflects the continued lack of adequate sewage facilities, especially in the rural areas...
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...Introduction Public Health Law is a tool for protecting and promoting the health of the public and it is guided by a set of three principles known as the Core Functions of Public Health, which includes assessment, policy development, and assurance (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012; Florida Department of Health, 2012). It plays a critical role in reducing illness and premature death. It also examines the authority of the government at various jurisdictional levels to improve the health of the general population within societal limits and norms, in addition to, improving the likelihood that citizens nationally and globally can lead healthy, long, and productive lives (Public Health Law Association, 2010; Wikipedia, 2012). The Core public health functions provided by public health law define the important role that the public health system plays, at the local, state, and national levels, in maintaining the health and safety of citizens (Minnesota Department of Health, 2012). These functions represent the spectrum of activities and responsibilities that are shared among public health system partners (Key Elements of Wisconsin’s Public Health System, 2012). Public Health Core Function Principally Addressed In the article, Public Health Law in a New Century, Lawrence Gostin mainly addressed the importance of policy development by the government in public health. The government is the single most important force shaping our healthcare system (The Role of State...
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...Public Health 150 October 26, 2011 MIDTERM EXAMINATION Select the best answer from the multiple choice questions. There are 85 questions and 12 pages on the examination. Notify the instructor if your examination does not have 12 pages. Clearly indicate on the scan form the one best answer to each question among the answers provided. Be sure that you have selected your choice correctly on the scan form. Be sure that you have entered your name and identification number on the scan form and filled out the bubbles in the columns for the letters of your name and numbers of your identification number correctly (see front and back). Use a #2 pencil and fill all circles completely. 1. The goal of public health is to guarantee that all members of society achieve optimal health. a. True b. False The major reason(s) for the increase in longevity globally has been: a. Improved treatment of diabetes b. Adoption of more health lifestyles c. Improved sanitation d. Increasing provision of clean water e. c. and d. above According to Professor Detels, the major cause of ill health globally is: a. Smoking b. Obesity c. Poverty d. Sedentary lifestyles e. Malnutrition The major contributing factor associated with death in children under five years of age globally is: a. Pneumonia b. Measles c. Prematurity d. Under-nutrition e. Injuries The United States has led the world in increasing the average life span a. True b. False The highest proportion of premature deaths in the United States is due...
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...P2 – Public Health Today “The choices people make can have a lasting impact on their health. Improving patient care isn't just about treating people's individual diseases, it also means changing and preventing harmful behaviours which can improve and even save people's lives.” (Hscic.gov.uk, 2015) Health Care Campaigns help the well-being of individuals. Stoptober and the new smoking law Stoptober is a campaign which is England wide. The campaign encourages smokers across England to take up the challenge to stop smoking for 28 days. Celebrity Stoptober advocates, including the former England football player Ian Wright, Al Murray and Paddy McGuiness have pledged their support for the innovative campaign. Promotion of the campaign, which is backed by Cancer Research UK and the British Heart Foundation, includes ads on TV, radio and in the press, plus national media partnerships, posters, and in-pharmacy literature. People joining the campaign are able to receive support from a Stoptober pack, an online and smartphone app and a 28-day text support service. Research shows those who stop smoking for 28 days are 5 times more likely to stay smoke free. Stoptober will lend a hand to help smokers achieve this goal. Smoking is the biggest cause of premature death in England and each year it accounts for over 100,000 deaths in the UK and 1 in 2 long-term smokers will die prematurely from a smoking disease. As well as Stoptober, it has now been made illegal to smoke in a car with...
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...Title: Integrating Genomics in Public Health Students name: Institutional Affiliation: Introduction Integration of genetics into public health is essential in predicting patient risk for common diseases. Genetic research creates new information and technology that will assist in improving population health. Most of the ailments arise from the interactions among the environmental factors, human factors as well as genetics. Public health genomics will assist in disease prevention and health improvement to individuals who are at a higher risk due to their genetic makeup (Khoury, 2000). Health professionals by applying genetic research are everyday coming up with new discoveries in areas like birth defects, heart diseases and cancer improving health services for the public (Brand A, 2006). However, there is no need to allocate significant resources on genomics for public health. Resources Spent On Genomics for Public Health Significant resources should not be allocated to genomics for public health. This is because genetic research is not necessary beneficial to all individuals. It mostly applies to specific persons due to their genetic makeup. Pubic health sector can prioritize by establishing which genetic research will be most beneficial to the population as a whole. The rest of the diseases are left out since their effects are not adverse. There is also the risk of possible misuse of genetic information (Laberge, 2004). Newborn genetic screening discovers treatable...
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...COMMUNITY AND HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY – PYC4811 PYC 4811 UNIQUE NO: 657794 Assignment 01 Critically compare and contrast the community psychology and public health approaches to social problems. Introduction to Community Psychology and Public health approach Community psychology is essentially concerned with the relationship between social systems and individual well-being in the community context. Public health refers to all organized measures to prevent disease, promote health, and prolong life among the population as a whole. Its activities aim to provide conditions in which people can be healthy and focus on entire populations, not on individual patients or diseases. Thus public health and community psychology are both concerned with a population at large and not an individual alone. (http://www.who.int/trade/glossary/story076/en/). Both approaches have a shared belief that effective treatment should focus on preventative measures that address the causes and effects of diseases as opposed to curative measures which merely treat the incidences and symptoms. (Guernina, 1995). Characteristics of both approaches Community psychology places emphasis on principles and strategies that can prevent social, emotional and behavioral problems and wellness and health promotion at the individual and community levels, borrowed from public health and preventive medicine, rather than a passive, and treatment-based medical model. Early identification and intervention...
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...Public health is defined as the science of protection as well as improvement of the health of families and the entire society through promoting healthy lifestyles, researching on injury and disease prevention and controlling infectious diseases. Hence, public health is concerned with ensuring the health of whole populaces. These populaces can be as little as a nearby neighborhood, or as large as a whole nation or locale of the world. In this manner, public health is concerned with the aggregate framework and not just the annihilation of a specific disease. The three principle public health capacities incorporate the accompanying. The primary capacity is appraisal and observing of the health of groups and populaces at danger to distinguish health issues and needs. The detailing of public strategies intended to comprehend the national health issues and needs. It also helps to guarantee that all populaces have entry to a suitable and a financially savvy care, including health advancement and disease anticipation administrations. Why the government should manage public health Law and the public perceive security of health and well-being as a function of government. Government has an obligation to execute compelling public health measures that build the data accessible to the public and chiefs, shield individuals from mischief, advance health, and make situations that backing healthy practices. The health, monetary, and benefit picks up from public health activities advantage people...
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...P2 Considerably public health has developed over many years and changes occurred over time reflecting concerns on the health of the nation during each period. This changes have produced the public health system that is in place till this present time. The early reformers of social and economic conditions played a huge impact in balancing the health status of the nation in a way that, every individual will benefit from it. Health professionals increase their medical knowledge greatly relative to how diseases where spread and also various progress where made in helping to decrease the incidence of the contagious disease which killed several people. As part of P1 assignment I discussed the key aspects of the public health strategies in the UK. Several changes which took place within the Public Health System are as a result of awareness promotions and awareness which is highlighted in general by individuals and groups across the nation. The government take into considerations the health needs of the people and acts on the findings demonstrated through national statistics. The government act on these findings by passing laws that are considered to power the overall health and well-being of the nation. In the 19th century, scientist discovered that microorganisms are responsible for the killer diseases like cholera and tuberculosis, and the public health was officially lunched in an effort to provide clean water supplies and waste disposal systems. Poor law system (1834) which...
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...Public Health Accreditation September 14, 2012 Accreditation may be defined as “the periodic issuance of credentials or endorsements to organizations that meet a specified set of performance standards.” (Novick and Mays, Public Health Administration, p. 765). And I personally feel that having accrediting bodies in the field of public health secures our society and the public health departments can play a very important role in promoting and preserving health. The Public Health Accreditation Board was established to help lead to quality public health in communities. Accreditation can lead to quality improvement in public health if specific criteria’s are mandated. To understand the relationship between accreditation and quality improvement, the potential strengths and limitations of the accreditation process should be evaluated. Public Health accreditation can yield maximum benefits and the impact of accreditation on various levels of public health outcomes. The existing accreditation programs in other industries show limited but encouraging evidence that accreditation will improve quality and strengthen the delivery of public health services. Accreditation in public health can be informed by other accredited industries but the public health field has its own set of challenges. Strategies and incentives like creating financing options and having a strong leadership will allow greater access to accreditation by all public health departments. The suggested accreditation...
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...#1…Public health IN THE United States, primary care remains a medical model. This is in contrast to much of the world, where the 1978 Declaration of Alma-At a which recognized that attaining health for all also requires interaction from social and economic sectors - is considered standard. Today, there is much buzz about patient-centered medical homes, a concept that promises to transform the practice of American medicine. There is much to praise about this most recent iteration of the medical home. But the missing ingrethent in all these definitions and models remains public health. A population focus that addresses the social determinants of health is an essential component of primary health care. In the United States, such a comprehensive approach has been labeled community-oriented primary care. This model is built firmly on the Alma-Ata principles and incorporates a public health approach to health services. Community-oriented primary care organizes the delivery of health services, around a population, not simply a collection of individuals. It identifies a population - most frequently a geographically defined community - and uses epidemiology and interventions to improve community and individual health and well-being. In this model, both individual patients and the community are the foci of the delivery of health services. Primary health care stands at the intersection of personal and population health services. It requires integrating medical models of primary care...
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...Public Health Management Abstract Many low-income countries need to significantly scale up coverage of priority health services. This will generally require additional national and international resources, but better leadership and management are key to using these resources effectively to achieve measurable results. Good leadership and management are about providing direction to, and gaining commitment from, partners and staff, facilitating change and achieving better health services through efficient, creative and responsible deployment of people and other resources. While leaders set the strategic vision and mobilize the efforts towards its realization, good managers ensure effective organization and utilization of resources to achieve results and meet the aims. Public health management is really needed in Africa. For active and resourceful nursing management in Africa, competencies are vital. It is important to know the expertise of the managers on these competencies. It is also important to know if there is a gap between what managers think they know and what they really know in regards to skills. The role of public health for case management is to upkeep early identification of possible circumstances and persons under investigation (PUI) via investigation, mapping communication, awareness activities to healthcare workers and the public. Public health experts can also partake in updating the channeling of PUIs’ likely plus confirmed cases to health care facilities...
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...NJ122 “Public Health Assignment” Oliver Stacey September 08 Public Health and Professional Practice – Smoking This essay aims to describe the epidemiology of smoking. The essay is going to notify the nurse’s role into promoting public health. I choose the topic of smoking due to the realisation of how many patients were smokers on the day surgery ward, which my placement was held. Today, tobacco consumption is recognised as the UK’s single greatest cause of preventable illness and early death with more than 114,000 people dying each year from smoking-related diseases including cancers (Canceresearchuk.org). Smoking also causes a substantial amount of cost to the NHS (National Health Service) every year. Rather than on health on an individual, public health focuses on health and disease in populations or communities as a whole (Ewles, Simnett 2003). Although there has been a decline of smoking, which could be due to a number of things, for example the smoking ban placed in the United Kingdom, smoking still sets high figures of deaths around the world. Around 90% of lung cancer cases are caused by tobacco smoking and, in addition, the 2002 IARC Working Group stated that tobacco smoking can also cause cancers of sites such as the stomach, pancreas, liver, lower urinary tract etc, (Cancerresearchuk.org). Smoking also costs the NHS £1.4 - £1.7 billion per year, (DOH, 2005). This in hand affects the role of the nurse, as smoking must always be evaluated when nursing...
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