...Public laws are any laws conducted by the state and federal laws. These laws are conducted by a branch called legislative. Private laws are a set of rules agreed upon by two parties. Public law and private laws are two totally different things. Private laws can become public laws if a contract or agreement is breached. Public laws have to be followed by everyone within in the state. There are severe consequences if the laws aren’t followed. An example of public laws includes criminal laws such as murder. Private laws would be signing a contract for a cell phone and you just completely stop paying the bill. This would be a breach of contract and you can get sued. By being sued it becomes a public law. Public laws and private laws are different by are related. In August 2002, the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) issued a rule giving patients certain rights to control their own personal health information. The rule also describes what health workers need to do to protect the privacy of their patients’ health information. The rule, known as the Privacy Rule, is part of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996. The Privacy Rule protects patient health information by placing limits on how patient information can be used or disclosed (shared with others). The rule applies to any health care workers who send patient health information to others electronically. (Thomas P. Christensen). The only time its ok for a health information management...
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...year law student. I am writing this letter to explain how the legal classification has assist me in developing the competency for this quarter (i.e. Legal analysis) furthermore I will explain about the public and private law distinction which is in crisis and at last, I have made a table that classifies my first year subjects in three different categories which are: public law, private law and International law. Classification of law has played a major role for me in developing the competency for this quarter; legal analysis is the specific competence that enables us to understand the legal issues (legal questions) and applying the legal rules to the relevant facts so that we can come to a conclusion....
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...Law 1. Define company? How many kinds of companies? Distinguish between private Ltd. and public Ltd. company. 2. What is Memorandum of Association? What are the elements of Memorandum of Association? What are the stages in the formation of a company? 3. What is capital? Describe briefly the source of companies’ capital? Define share? Describe briefly the classification of share? 4. Define contract? Describe briefly the essential elements of contract? Define Law? Describe briefly the classification of law? 5. Define partnership? The essential elements of partnership? Classes of partners and classes of partnership? 6. Short Notes: a) Article of Association. b) Difference between Memorandum of Association and Article of Association. c) Authorized Capital. d) Paid-up capital. e) AGM f) EGM. Q: What is contract? Describe the elements of contract? Ans. Section 2(h) of the Contract Act, 1872 provides that, “An agreement enforceable by law is a contract.”Therefore, in a contract there must be (1) on agreement and (2) the agreement must be enforceable by law. Agreements which are not enforceable by law they are not contract. Elements of contract: The essential elements of a contract are explained below: (1) Offer and acceptance: There must be a lawful offer by one party and a lawful acceptance of the offer by the other party or parties. “Lawful” implies that the offer and acceptance must conform to the rules laid down in the contract act 1872. (2) Intention...
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...officers determined the need for private agencies which try to fill the gap between the need and supply of officers. Fear and concern about the safety of the citizens, protection of the property and more important the prevention of crime caused the growth of privatized security agencies. With most of the best officers recruited to the better paying jobs with Federal Government and with decrease of new recruits willing to “serve and protect” new economic opportunity arose for the private sector to fill in the gap. I will attempt to cover the legal, ethical, managerial, economic issues, evaluate the daily practices of both professions, and what the future may hold for them. (Stephens, 2009). In comparison, private policing is more adapt at the protection of personal and corporate interests whereas public police is more concerned and equipped to enforce the regulations of the judicial system and interest of the public. Described as passive policing, private policing is more proactive rather than reactive in its crime prevention efforts. The opposite to what public policing provides, which is more reactive in nature thank private policing. Position requirements for private policing vary and depend on the type of work to perform and state laws. There are few at best, statutes or laws, giving the private security industry any form of governmentally granted rights or powers to legitimize its existence. (Stephens, 2009). The high standards required by public policing is not regulated, accreditation...
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...history. The public/ private distinction originated out of individuals desire to set boundaries for private and public spheres. The idea behind the public/private distinction is that the law should enhance the public good, while respecting and creating a balance for private liberty. Out of this distinction, various issues on ones natural rights and the responsibility of the law to protect these rights both in the private and public have been raised. The feminist movement and housing rights have been directly impacted negatively by the public/private dichotomy and the separation of the two realms. In these two movements, and many other campaigns, the public/private separation has placed...
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...Briefly describe the private security industry in the U.S. Private security is an extremely important part of law enforcement today. Although the size of private securities is unknown, there are an estimated 90,000 private security organizations in the US. These organizations employ more than estimated 2 million people. Elizabeth Joh estimates that this amounts to be 3 private officers for every one public officer. Private securities include private detectives and investigators, security guards, patrol services, and loss prevention specialists. Private firms are responsible for public and private security from everything from housing communities to power plants and airports. They now play a major role in traffic regulations with installation of cameras that detect red-light running and speeding. They free up public officers to focus on other areas of law enforcement. But there are some concerns with private securities. Requirements for employment are minimal. The training qualifications are minimal and the ongoing training is nonexistent. Also, there are very few laws that guide private police conduct. There also seems to be a disconnect between private and public officers. Private police feel that public officers do not respect them. Private security effect on law enforcement cannot be understated. The 9/11 Commission notes that 85 % of the nations critical infrastructures are protected by private securities. Private securities are important and a necessary...
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...Annette Davis Inside Public and Private Policing CJA 500 Survey of Administration & Justice Dr. John Baiamonte, Jr. November 1, 2010 Assignment Write a 1500 to 2000 word paper that compares and contrasts the roles, responsibilities, and differences of public and private policing. Cite at least two scholarly works (articles or books) or government documents. However, your textbook cannot be used as a source. Public policing has been known to have a monopoly on policing until the increased trend of private policing in the United States. Private policing, while emerging as a new industry, is not a new phenomenon and predates the existence of public police as witnessed today (Wilson 1994). Public and private policing have many similarities, as well as differences and the distinction between public and private police are often blurred. Private police look and behave like public police and describing their function often involves a comparison of the activities and responsibilities of the two. Despite the differences, public and private police tend to mirror each other to a certain extent (Nalla & Newman, 1990). The increase of private policing has been in response to many changes in society such as the increase of "mass private property" (Shearing and Stenning, 1983) in the form of large shopping complexes, cinemas, large retail stores and large compound style housing estates or gated communities. These require constant surveillance for the safety of shoppers and residents...
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...Private Security Laws Joseph Hawley SEC/350 February 4, 2013 Ralph Martinez Private Security Laws The State of California requires that any person or company that provides private security, loss prevention, executive protection, private investigations or security officer training services must be licensed by the State. These licensing requirements are among the most stringent in the nation with significant penalties for anyone found to be in violation. Any person or company providing security, protective or loss prevention services must be licensed by the State. This license is called a Private Patrol Operator license or “PPO”. PPO licenses are issued by the California State Department of Consumer Affairs, Bureau of Security and Investigative Services. Anyone providing these services whether in uniform or plainclothes as an independent contractor (not your employee) is required to possess a valid PPO issued by the State. All employees whose job duties include a security, protective or loss prevention function, whether in uniform or plainclothes, whether they are an employee of your security vendor (PPO) or your own employee (Proprietary), must undergo a State required background check and submit fingerprints to State and Federal authorities from California Department of Justice and FBI. Additionally, employees of a PPO must also undergo State mandated training requirements. Once these conditions are satisfactorily completed the employee will receive a registration certificate...
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...Justice and Security | Public Policing versus Private Security Comparison | AJS/502 | Latisha Lipsey | 5/19/2014 | | Public policing and private security have many similarities as well as differences. There are a couple of different fields of policing, which include private security and public policing. State government, city government, and towns provide the community with public policing to enforce laws and serve and protect the citizens (The Debate on Private Versus Public Policing, 2007). Private security functions include loss prevention duties or protective services. Private security also specializes in closed circuit monitoring services, secret level clearance, and patrol. Public policing has the right to arrest, where as private policing does not have the right to arrest, but they are able to detain someone until law enforcement arrives (The Debate on Private Versus Public Policing, 2007). There are some cases where private security goes undercover, which is similar to public policing, this is to blend in with the environment and also used as asset protection. The vision between public policing and private security has been a little blurred through the years, private police look like and at times behave like public police, and there are also similarities of the job activities and responsibilities (The Debate on Private Versus Public Policing, 2007). But there is a huge difference between the two, in which the hiring process for public includes a physical...
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...Public Safety and Privacy Analysis Billie Barker University of Phoenix CJA/550 Legal Issues in Justice and Security Michael Barrett, Esq. April 2, 2012 Public Safety and Privacy Analysis Introduction The purpose of this paper is to learn about public safety and privacy issues. Understanding the search and seizure laws; that govern all law enforcement and private security perssonel. Next the paper looks at the laws for surveillance by the police. After that this paper is investigating the idea of cameras in the school system legal or not, for protection or is it a violation of the fourth amendment rights to the students. Last the paper looks at surveillance by private security. Understanding Search and Seizure Law The police are governed by the 4th Amendment to the U.S. constitution which places limits on the power they have. For the police to make arrests, search a person or their property they have to work under the fourth amendment, which are the laws set for search and seizure. The Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution reads as follows: "The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized" (The Charters of Freedom, nd). The fourth amendment provides for the search and seizure...
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...Role and Functions of Law Kristen Edwards LAW 421 September 10, 2012 Thomas Glenz Role and Functions of Law What are laws and how does it pertain to the people’s lives? According to Merriam-Webster’s collegiate dictionary, law means, “a rule of conduct or action prescribed or formally recognized as binding or enforced by a controlling authority.” It is a system of rules set by the Legislative branch of the government. This branch consists of the Congress that which is separated into two houses: the House and the Senate. The members of the Congress are responsible for passing the laws. The executive branch is composed of the President and the Cabinet. This branch is responsible for carrying out the tasks that had been set forth by Congress. The law serves many roles in our society and businesses for our protection. There is three main classifications of laws that pertain to our society and businesses such as Criminal and Civil law, Substantive and Procedural law, and Public and Private law. Criminal law is “prosecution by the government of a person for an act that has been classified as a crime” (Legal Information Institute, 2010). Civil law refers to the body of laws in dispute between individuals instead of offenses that relate to the government that which is criminal law. With criminal law, a person who commits a crime, such as murder or rape is prosecuted by the government with either fines or imprisonment or both. Civil law will pertain to individuals...
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...Early Roots in Policing AJS/502 March 14, 2013 Abstract: Early policing was an unorganized concept throughout civilization as rules and laws attempted to be by use armies of various kingdoms and other countries. Over the course of time a thought emerged that a more formal policing of the citizens could be accomplished by the creation of a police model that could free up military personnel while establishing law and order throughout areas with the premise that citizens could be coerced into believing that arrest would be the deterrent while protecting the public at large. This assignment will look at the early roots of policing, a man with a vision that changed the way of thinking that modernized policing in the 1800’s and how the connection is made to the present day, and the challenges and other ways policing is conducted. While history shows us that policing up to the 1820’s in England was an affair of money that was the policing policy of the day. If people were wealthy, they were far more protected from criminal activity than the poor. Although it can be said that policing did have some results that...
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...Public police is often referred as city or government security officers that are given the task to protect and serve the community from criminals, offenders, and gangs or groups which only purpose is to endanger the lives of all individuals within a target area. According to a definition of public police found on Encarta, public police is an “agency of a community or government that is responsible for maintaining public order and preventing and detecting crime. The basic police mission—preserving order by enforcing rules of conduct or laws—was the same in ancient societies as it is in sophisticated urban environments”. (MSN/Encarta. 1993-2009) Public police or law enforcement includes municipal, county, and local law enforcement. Police is essential in the community. Police handles emergencies, maintain order, regulates traffic and it also provides a sense of security as well. In order for police to properly perform their jobs and feel as part of the community, the community needs to make them feel as they are part of them. If the relationship between police and the community is hostile, then it could be almost impossible for police to be efficient in their duties. Furthermore, public police is essential to the communities since they provide a sense of confidence and security to the community in general. Public police agencies must also be organized in order to maintain proper order within their designated patrolling areas. Private Police performs the same tasks as public...
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...Public Policing versus Private Security Achievement in civic monitoring depends on a successful conglomerate structure which aggressively looks for innovative prospects for partnership opportunities in problem-solving. Public policing and private security are significant schemes of patrolling and safeguarding property and citizens. Both provide identical services and goals like preventing criminality and mayhem, recognizing offenders, and guaranteeing the safety of the general public and assets. When comparing public policing to private security there are several similarities and differences between the two roles. Additionally, public police officers have the authority to enforce laws and protect and serve society while private security officers are paid to protect private property and personnel. The separations of private and public security departments have been can be noted since the boom of private security companies in the early 2000’s and can be seen even before these years as private security has been around since the early 60’s, there are now major corporations dedicated to the private security sector who secure and manage numerous properties all over the countries and in causes such as Wackenhut Security company, all over the world. The developing section of the private security continues to be towards sentries and watch components in the community, shopping complex, isolated neighborhoods, high-rise compound, or financial institutes all have their own private...
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... |CJS/250 Version 2 | | |Introduction to Security | Copyright © 2009, 2007 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description This course is an introduction to contemporary security practices and programs. Students will study the origins of private security, its impact on our criminal justice system, and the roles of security personnel. Students will also examine the growth and privatization of the security industry, and study the elements of physical security including surveillance and alarm systems. The course will cover legal and liability issues, which determine the extent of private security authority as well as its limitations. This course will also focus on the current and future integration of private security services in law enforcement agencies. Policies Faculty and students/learners will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents: • University policies: You must be logged into the student website to view this document. • Instructor policies: This document is posted in the Course Materials forum. University policies are subject to change. Be sure to read the policies at the beginning of each class. Policies may be slightly different...
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