... 2012). This in turn increases revenue because with high demand, comes high supply due to wanting or needing the product. With high supply and low price, than comes high demand due to the lower price. Demands and supply for health care products and medications continues to be in high demand as products are developed. The newer the product, the higher the demand, and the higher the price. Product Lovenox is a product used to treat and prevent deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolisms. This medication is given subcutaneously by a care giver or the patient may be trained to give their own. Lovenox is also known by the generic name of Enoxaparin. Lovenox is used in the treatment of many other diagnosis such as thrombophlebitis, carotid artery dissection, peripartum cardiomyopathy, pulmonary infarction, and Factor V Leiden thrombophilia. Lovenox is a low molecular weight heparin and thins the blood to prevent clotting (MEDgle, 2012). A study conducted in 176 centers, in the United States, Canada, South America, and Europe shows the cost effectiveness of...
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...manufacturing chemical weapons. Bayer formed a close relationship with German firms during the World War which formed the conglomerate called IG Farben. They became the largest donor to Hitler’s army. In the post-war years Bayer grew to become the third largest pharmaceutical company in the world. In the mid-1980s Bayer was one of the companies which sold a product called Factor VIII concentrate to treat haemophilia. Factor VIII turned out to be infected with HIV and in the U.S. alone; it infected thousands of haemophiliacs, many of whom died in one of the worst drug-related medical disasters ever. But it was only in 2003 that the New York Times revealed that Bayer had continued producing and selling this infected product to Asia and Latin America after February 1984 when a safe product had become available, in order to save money. Dr. Sidney M. Wolfe, who investigated the scandal, commented, "These are the most incriminating internal pharmaceutical industry documents I have ever “(Bayer:history,2012) Bayer has been a company with many unethical practices that have placed people at risk of serious infections and even death. In 2001 Bayer had to recall its anti-cholesterol drug Baycol/Lipobay, which was subsequently linked to over 100 deaths and 1,600...
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...DVT is a condition in which a thrombus is developed that blocks the deep veins of the leg or pelvis causing inflammation. Assessment of postoperative DVT and its risk factors is very important in preventing and managing DVT and thromboembolism. (Knott, 2013) Postoperative patients should be assessed for DVT, if they have risk factors, which can lead to thromboembolism, typically to a pulmonary embolism (PE). Risk factors for developing DVT can be surgery related, patient related or both. Surgery related risk factors include infections, immobilization, dehydration and type of surgery whereas patient related risk factors include cancer, previous DVTs, advancing age, varicose veins and estrogen use. (Zurawska, et al., 2007) According to the NICE recommendations, if the client is presenting with signs and symptoms of DVT, an assessment of the general medical history and a physical examination should be done. Assess for signs and symptoms of DVT including edema or swelling of the calf, pain and tenderness along the line of deep veins in calf or thigh, distension of superficial veins, increase in skin temperature around the swelling, redden...
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...Exploring the Effects of Patient Pay for Health Care- View of the Patient Currently the United States has many different ways to have your health care paid for. Unfortunately I am a patient which has to pay out of pocket for my services. I currently have a job which does not over insurance and I make too much money qualify for any type of insurance help. I looked into buying insurance but I have a history of asthma and pulmonary embolisms which makes my cost for insurance more than my house payment. I am a single mother, so I struggle a little, well a lot with bills and when I get sick I know a huge bill is to come. It is a game of Russian roulette if I can stay healthy I win. If I happen to get sick and get put in the hospital I am going to be overloaded with huge bills which I more than likely won’t be able to afford. Most people in America are using third-party payment. Those of us who are self-pay can many times find discounted prices for medical services. (Miller,2013) Many areas have clinics known as convenient clinics, and urgent care clinics. Pharmacies are also helping the patients by offering things such as four dollar generic medications. Many Pharmaceutical companies offer discount and coupons to patients as well. (Miller,2013 ) I do struggle with bills and the flu season is rapidly approaching, the fear of being sick is knocking on my front door. I can try and find a clinic which offers cheap shots, or take my chances again. When being a self-pay these are discussions...
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...quantities that will be sold at a certain price, and the higher the price the higher the quantity supplied” (Hekla, 2012). This in turn increases revenue because with high demand, comes high supply due to wanting or needing the product. With high supply and low price, than comes high demand due to the lower price. Demands and supply for health care products and medications continues to be in high demand as products are developed. The newer the product, the higher the demand, and the higher the price. Product Lovenox is a product used to treat and prevent deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolisms. This medication is given subcutaneously by a care giver or the patient may be trained to give their own. Lovenox is also known by the generic name of Enoxaparin. Lovenox is used in the treatment of many other diagnosis such as thrombophlebitis, carotid artery dissection, peripartum cardiomyopathy, pulmonary infarction, and Factor V Leiden thrombophilia. Lovenox is a low molecular weight heparin and thins the blood to prevent clotting (MEDgle, 2012). A study conducted in 176 centers, in...
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...ADN vs. BSN Francesca Anderson Grand Canyon University Professional Dynamics NRS430V Joyce Turner August 14, 2015 ADN vs. BSN At face value, comparing the difference in competencies of the Associate to the Baccalaureate appears to be a relatively simple mathematical equation. The addition of more education equates to more competencies. As undeniable as the math may seem, it fails to grasp the complexity of the topic. At the Associate level the core knowledge to perform many, if not all, of the aspects of the nursing profession has been established. The Baccalaureate should be viewed more as an adjunct to the personal traits that lead an individual to the nursing profession. Taking the intrinsic need to care for the immediate medical issue and adding concepts that will establish a “wholistic” approach, ensuring a longer more fulfilling outcome. At the dawn of the twentieth century the nursing profession in the modern sense was in its infancy. Schools had been established based on the Nightingale model with the premise being that “pupil” nurses were trained on hospital wards under the watchful eye of a nursing superintendent (Friberg & Creasia, 2016). This method provided the basics of vocational-type training to provide hospitals with a less expensive but skilled workforce. As wonderful as this program was it started taking away from the “patient care aspect” as the role of a student nurse in a hospital-based school not only encompassed patient care but carrying...
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...MedDRA® TERM SELECTION: POINTS TO CONSIDER Release 3.13 Based on MedDRA Version 12.1 ICH-Endorsed Guide for MedDRA Users Application to Adverse Drug Reactions /Adverse Events & Medical and Social History & Indications 1 October 2009 © Copyright ICH Secretariat (c/o IFPMA) Copying is permitted, with reference to source, but material in this publication may not be used in any documentation or electronic media which is offered for sale, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. IFPMA Chemin Louis-Dunant, 15 P.O. Box 195 1211 Geneva 20 Switzerland Tel: +41 (22) 338 32 00 Fax: +41 (22) 338 32 99 2 Table of Contents 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17 3.18 3.19 3.20 3.21 3.22 3.23 3.24 3.25 3.26 4.0 4.1 4.2 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 4 OBJECTIVE OF THIS DOCUMENT ................................................................................................. 4 PURPOSES OF USING MEDDRA ................................................................................................. 5 BACKGROUND ........................................................................................................................... 5 SCOPE OF THE POINTS TO CONSIDER ......................................................................................... 6 GENERAL PRINCIPLES...
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...The Horrors of Her Own Reality She died leaving a trail of inspiration behind her. She died peacefully, finally free from the pain she endured from her realities. Frida Kahlo’s death was speculated as a possible overdose of morphine, but doctors stated her official cause of death as a Pulmonary Embolism. Although many regarded the artist’s death as a tragic event, Kahlo was finally free from the depression that surrounded the entirety of her life. She left behind dozens of self-portraits, all reflecting the pain that occurred in her five decades of life. Over the course of these years, Kahlo experienced the worst pain any artist could receive. Her art mirrors this, and personal agony would make her one of the most influential female artists...
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...1 Contents 1 Thesis statement 1 2 Introduction 1 3 Plastic Surgery 5 3.1 Methods 1 3.2 Reasons 3 3.3 Reputation of Plastic surgery 3 3.4 Pro´s and Con´s 4 3.5 Safeness 4 4 Discussion 7 2 Thesis statement “Plastic surgery does not always work” The following text deals with the plastic surgery. Whether plastic surgery always works is questionable. When people hear about plastic surgery, most of them tend to connect it with Hollywood. At the present time it is no longer surprising that people operate their body parts, even at the age of 18. But why not think about reconstructive surgery. There are thousands of cases of skin cancer, sears or deformity of body parts. The following paragraphs also report issues such as, reasons for plastic surgery, pro's and con's, and safety or the risks of surgery. In the last part of this thesis I will introduce a discussion and finally a conclusion. 3 Introduction A plastic surgery or cosmetic surgery is a surgical procedure without a medical indication. The plastic surgery is so often a perceived beautification of the human body. Cosmetic surgeries are aesthetic surgeries. The society places a high value on appearance and beauty. Even as a small child, we learned, without to realize, to look beautiful and have good manners. All the media, the Internet and Hollywood have created a generation, that thinks to be beautiful is more important than anything else. People are bullied because of their appearance, both verbally...
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...WHO DRUG INFORMATION V O L U M E 10 N U M B E R 4 19 9 6 P R O P O S E D INN LIST 76 INTERNATIONAL NONPROPRIETARY NAMES FOR P H A R M A C E U T I C A L S U B S T A N C E S WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION • GENEVA Volume 10, Number 4, 1996 World Health Organization, Geneva WHO Drug Information Contents General Policy Topics Meeting the challenge of biotechnology 175 Regulatory Matters Acellular pertussis vaccine for infants Breath test for Helicobacter pylori Restrictions on use of anorectics Coumarin: regulatory action Laxatives: reclassification of common ingredients Is melatonin a prescription drug? NSAIDS, antimicrobials and angioedema Drug-induced liver disease Fluoxetine and hepatitis Hepatitis B vaccine and musculoskeletal reactions Pyrithyldione-diphenhydramine and agranulocytosis Roxithromycin associated with cardiac arrhythmias 187 187 187 188 189 189 189 189 190 190 190 190 Reports on Individual Drugs Confirmation of increased chloroquine resistance in South Africa Which malaria drug for children? Post-malaria neurological syndrome and mefloquine Driving ability in cancer patients treated with morphine Hormone replacement therapy and venous thromboembolism 177 177 177 178 179 Safety Issues Documentation requirements for approval: safety Drug safety monitoring centres 180 181 Recent Publications WHO Expert Committee on Specifications for Pharmaceutical Preparations: Thirty-fourth report International Nonproprietary...
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...The Vanderbilt Family and the Biltmore House Patricia A. Barnes Cornelius Vanderbilt (1794-1877), became the most successful entrepreneur and American businessman of the time. He made his fortune developing steamship lines and railroads and extended his investments in manufacturing and banking. Vanderbilt became known as “Commodore” because of his steamship interests. The Vanderbilts were originally Dutch farmers who immigrated to America prior to 1685. (7) There isn’t much information on the early families and it wasn’t until Cornelius Vanderbilt came along and borrowed a hundred dollars from his parents to buy a boat, that the name Vanderbilt would become a name of stature and fame. (7) Cornelius Vanderbilt was born on May 27, 1794, in Port Richmond on Staten Island, New York. He was raised in a modest farm house on Bay Street, in Stapleton, Staten Island with his parents. He had five sisters and one brother. At the age of 16, he bought a small piragua boat,(this is a flat bottom type of sailing barge), which he used to ferry freight and passengers. He was so successful with this venture that he paid his parents back the one hundred dollars, he had borrowed in one year. His desire to succeed was shown by the fact that he signed on as an apprentice on numerous types of large ship bearing vessels so he could learn as much about the seagoing industry as possible. (1) page-16. During the War of 1812, (1812-1815) Cornelius Vanderbilt transported supplies to forts along New...
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...Darren & Jenny’s Nursing Study Guide Darren & Jenny Nursing Study Guide Nursing Formulas and Conversions Drugs and Dosage Formulas and Conversions Volume 60 minims = 1 dram = 5cc = 1tsp 4 drams = 0.5 ounces = 1tbsp 8 drams = 1 ounce 16 ounces = 1pt. 32 ounces = 1qt. Weight 60 grains = 1dram 8 drams = 1 ounce 12 ounces = 1 lb. (apothecaries') Household 1tsp = 1tsp = 3tsp = 1tbsp = Household 1tsp=5cc 3tsp=1tbsp 1tbsp=0.5oz or 15cc 2tbsp=1oz or 30cc 1pt.=16oz or 480cc 1qt=32oz or 960cc 1/60 grain=1mg 15 grains=1g 2.2 lbs.=1kg Apothecary 1 dram 60 gtts (drops) 0.5 ounce 0.5 ounce Metric 5cc=1tsp 15cc=1tbsp 30cc=2tbsp(1oz) 1cc=16minims Apothecary 1fl.dram=4cc 4drams=0.5oz 8drams=2tbsp(1oz) 16minims=1cc 500cc=0.5L or 1pt. 1000cc=1L or 1qt. Temp. Conversion C= F-32/1.8 F= 1.8*C-32 2 Darren & Jenny Nursing Study Guide NOTES CARDIOVASCULAR Arterial Ulcer – Pale, deep base, surrounded by tissue that is cool with trophic changes such as dry, soluble skin and loss of hair. Cause by ischemia from inadequate arterial blood supply of oxygen and nutrients . Venous stasis Ulcer – Dark, red base, surrounded by skin that is brown in color with edema. Caused by the accumulation of waste products of metabolism that are not cleared due to venous congestion. Stage I Ulcer – Reddened area with intact skin surface. Management of DVT – Bed rest, limb elevation , relief of discomfort with warm, moist, heat and analgesics (Tylenol, not narcotics) prn. Ambulation is contraindicated...
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...Darren & Jenny’s Nursing Study Guide Darren & Jenny Nursing Study Guide Nursing Formulas and Conversions Drugs and Dosage Formulas and Conversions Volume 60 minims = 1 dram = 5cc = 1tsp 4 drams = 0.5 ounces = 1tbsp 8 drams = 1 ounce 16 ounces = 1pt. 32 ounces = 1qt. Weight 60 grains = 1dram 8 drams = 1 ounce 12 ounces = 1 lb. (apothecaries') Household 1tsp = 1tsp = 3tsp = 1tbsp = Household 1tsp=5cc 3tsp=1tbsp 1tbsp=0.5oz or 15cc 2tbsp=1oz or 30cc 1pt.=16oz or 480cc 1qt=32oz or 960cc 1/60 grain=1mg 15 grains=1g 2.2 lbs.=1kg Apothecary 1 dram 60 gtts (drops) 0.5 ounce 0.5 ounce Metric 5cc=1tsp 15cc=1tbsp 30cc=2tbsp(1oz) 1cc=16minims Apothecary 1fl.dram=4cc 4drams=0.5oz 8drams=2tbsp(1oz) 16minims=1cc 500cc=0.5L or 1pt. 1000cc=1L or 1qt. Temp. Conversion C= F-32/1.8 F= 1.8*C-32 2 Darren & Jenny Nursing Study Guide NOTES CARDIOVASCULAR Arterial Ulcer – Pale, deep base, surrounded by tissue that is cool with trophic changes such as dry, soluble skin and loss of hair. Cause by ischemia from inadequate arterial blood supply of oxygen and nutrients . Venous stasis Ulcer – Dark, red base, surrounded by skin that is brown in color with edema. Caused by the accumulation of waste products of metabolism that are not cleared due to venous congestion. Stage I Ulcer – Reddened area with intact skin surface. Management of DVT – Bed rest, limb elevation , relief of discomfort with warm, moist, heat and analgesics (Tylenol, not narcotics) prn. Ambulation is contraindicated...
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...Addison’s Disease Addisonian Anemia Albright’s Syndrome Alport’s Syndrome Alzheimer’s Argyll-Robertson Pupil Arnold-Chiari Malformation Barrett’s Bartter’s Syndrome Becker’s Muscular Dystrophy Bell’s Palsy Berger’s Disease Bernard-Soulier Disease Berry Aneurysm Bowen’s Disease Brill-Zinsser Disease Briquet’s Syndrome Broca’s Aphasia Brown-Sequard Bruton’s Disease Budd-Chiari Buerger’s Disease Burkitt’s Lymphoma Caisson Disease Chagas’ Disease Chediak-Higashi Disease Conn’s Syndrome Cori’s Disease Creutzfeldt-Jakob Crigler-Najjar Syndrome Crohn’s Curling’s Ulcer Cushing’s Cushing’s Ulcer de Quervain’s Thyroiditis Primary adrenocortical deficiency Pernicious anemia (antibodies to intrinsic factor or parietal cells → ↓IF → ↓Vit B12 → megaloblastic anemia) Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, precocious puberty, café au lait spots, short stature, young girls Hereditary nephritis with nerve deafness Progressive dementia • Loss of light reflex constriction (contralateral or bilateral) • “Prostitute’s Eye” – accommodates but does not react • Pathognomonic for 3°Syphilis • Lesion pretectal region of superior colliculus Cerebellar tonsil herniation through foramen magnum = see thoracolumbar meningomyelocele Columnar metaplasia of lower esophagus (↑ risk of adenocarcinoma)- constant gastroesophageal reflux Hyperreninemia Similar to Duchenne, but less severe (mutation, not a deficiency, in dystrophin protein) CNVII palsy (entire face; recall...
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...Pathopharmacological Foundations for Advanced Nursing Practice Competency Assessment WUT Task 1 Pamela L. Taylor RN-C(OB), BSN Western Governors University June 2016 A. Disease Process For the purpose of discussion of pathopharmacological features of a specific disease process, this paper will provide information related to heart disease in the form of coronary artery disease (CAD). A1. Pathophysiology Analysis Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the number one cause of mortality worldwide and becoming a steadily more investigated problem due to its prevalence. Much research is going into genetic, inflammatory mechanisms and neuro-hormonal factors related to CVD as scientific knowledge evolves regarding complexity of this broad pathophysiology. Atherosclerosis is the leading cause of the subsection of CVD called CAD. This is a form of arteriosclerosis where there is progressive thickening and hardening of the vessel walls of the two major coronary arteries and their branches. The thickening is an accumulation of lipid-laden macrophages inside the wall of the artery leading to the formation of lesions and plaque buildup (McCance, K. & Huether, S., 2014). When the plaque develops on the coronary artery walls the pumping ability of the heart becomes impaired as oxygen and nutrients needed for heart function may be partially or completely impeded. Complete occlusion of a coronary artery or one of its branches leads to a myocardial...
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