...Court History and Purpose Paper Valerie Wilson CJA/224 January 21, 2013 Professor Jennifer Martin Court History and Purpose Paper A court is a place where justice is administered. It is a tribunal duly constituted for the hearing and determination of cases, and a session of a judicial assembly. The courts are here to settle disputes between parties. The purpose for the courts is to hear the defendant's cases and either rule to dismiss or sentence the defendant to some type of punishment. The defendant is given a chance to plead guilty, not guilty, or no contest. If the defendant pleads guilty during their arraignment the judge may sentence them at that time or schedule them for sentencing. If they plead not guilty than their case is scheduled for a trial, depending on what charges are filed by the Prosecuting Attorney or District Attorney. During a trial officers, medical specialist, forensic experts, and witnesses may be subpoenaed. At this time the judge will hear both sides of the opposing counsel. The judge and jury are the fact finders. The jury will deliberate and come back to court with a decision. At this time the judge will read their decision and is the one who determines the law. At the sentencing the judge will make the final decision. If a defendant pleas no contest than they leave it up to the judge to choose what punishment or sentencing is given for that person. No matter what that defendant pleas during the arraignment they do give...
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...The United States of America is undoubtedly one of the most unique countries to come into existence. From the beginning, it was created as a refuge for the individual in need of freedom. People from Europe with different backgrounds came over, in hopes of a better future. Slowly, the people formed a loose sort of government. As a result, many of the differences between the different groups of people were ironed out. While ironing these differences, one issue was always left alone due to its volatility. The difference that remained was the issue of slavery between the Northern and Southern regions of the United States. Due to the industrial boom of the North, the difference between the North and South continued to grow, until time ran out. The...
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...huge topic of discussion in the recent years. Marijuana has been adapted to fit our lifestyles, and social environments. The love for pot in the United States of America is blatant and common. With such attention from celebrities, and rappers, such as Wiz Khalifa, Snopp Dogg and many more, Mary Jane continues to be everyones favorite girl. The realization that a great majority of people in America smoke weed, state governments such as California, Washington, Colorado and many more have legalized pot for either recreational or medical purposes. The legalization of pot nation wide is eminent, and in the near future. I believe that pot should be legalized because of its helpful medicinal purposes, the governments inability to stop this movement, and the incredible potential weed has to help state and national economies. The use of marijuana dates back 2737 B.C and has been used in civilizations for different purposes ever since then. Some ancient societies such as the Chinese used the herb for medicinal purposes to treat gout, malaria, and even absent mindedness. Other places such as India, the drug was used strictly for recreational purposes. Marijuana was first introduced to the United Sates in Jamestown in 1611 and instantly became a prominent cash crop. Many historians believe that cannabis really started to catch on in the United States during the 1920s, due to the absence of alcohol during the prohibition era. In the 1930s however, The Federal Bureau of Narcotics began portraying...
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...Since the creation of the United States government, political lobbying has played a large role in influencing the creation and modification of laws. The act of lobbying is to solicit or try to influence the votes of members of a legislative body (Dictionary.com). There has always been controversy surrounding the political lobbying system, due to the potential of corruption through bribery. Two important pieces of legislation became laws as a result of this controversy. The Federal Regulation of Lobbying Act of 1946 and the Lobbying Disclosure Act of 1995 were created to prevent potential abuse within the political lobbying system. The purpose of lobbying is to communicate to public officials the special interests of specific groups. Special interest groups typically hire professional advocates, who then try to influence public officials to vote on specific legislation that the special interest groups support. In many cases, elected officials and their staff do not have the resources to fully research specific information on proposed legislation that they must vote on. The purpose of lobbying is to gather and analyze information, and then educate public officials on the important details of upcoming legislation. Lobbyists can represent groups of people, and as a result of the Citizens United V. Federal Election Commission Supreme Court ruling, corporations, associations, and labor unions. In many cases, lobbyists may represent both sides of proposed legislation. There are set...
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...The philosophy of Classical Republicanism was created by the Greeks in roughly the first century BC. Classical Republicanism was somewhat a guiding outline for the United States. The founders of the Constitution took the writings from Aristotle and Cicero as examples for a government. In the Classical Republicanism Philosophy, the purposes of the government is to promote the common good with the help of civic virtue. Common good is doing the best interest for a society as a whole. Civic virtue is a person who set aside personal interest to promote the common good. In Constitute, the 15th amendment it states, “right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race,...
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...The States concluding this Treaty, hereinafter referred to as the "Parties to the Treaty", Considering the devastation that would be visited upon all mankind by a nuclear war and the consequent need to make every effort to avert the danger of such a war and to take measures to safeguard the security of peoples, Believing that the proliferation of nuclear weapons would seriously enhance the danger of nuclear war, In conformity with resolutions of the United Nations General Assembly calling for the conclusion of an agreement on the prevention of wider dissemination of nuclear weapons, Undertaking to cooperate in facilitating the application of International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards on peaceful nuclear activities, Expressing their support for research, development and other efforts to further the application, within the framework of the International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards system, of the principle of safeguarding effectively the flow of source and special fissionable materials by use of instruments and other techniques at certain strategic points, Affirming the principle that the benefits of peaceful applications of nuclear technology, including any technological by-products which may be derived by nuclear-weapon States from the development of nuclear explosive devices, should be available for peaceful purposes to all Parties of the Treaty, whether nuclear-weapon or non-nuclear weapon States, Convinced that, in furtherance of this principle, all Parties to...
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...westward and bringing on new technologies to the people that inhabit the unforgiving lands, began to spread across the United States in the 19th century. People in the eastern United States had varying ideas of how to generate profit, how to govern themselves or how the federal government should govern them, and how to provide a safe and healthy environment for their families. The citizens of the North primarily functioned on factory work and manufacturing profits, whereas the citizens of South was primarily based on farming and slave labor. The two often fought when it came to internal improvements, tariffs, and slave versus non-slave statehood. Expanding westward would present the two divided areas...
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...United States v. Arizona: The Support Our Law Enforcement and Neighborhoods Act is Preempted and Discriminatory Melissa Goolsarran Table of Contents I. Introduction 1 II. Perspective: Immigration, Discrimination, and Limitations on State Laws 3 III. Background: United States v. Arizona 9 A. S.B. 1070 and the Legislature’s Justification 10 B. The Decision: United States v. Arizona 18 IV. Analysis: S.B. 1070 is Preempted by Federal Immigration Law and Also Discriminatory 23 A. The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals Correctly found that S.B. 1070 is Preempted Because it Interferes with the Administration and Enforcement of Federal Immigration Laws 24 B. S.B. 1070 Discriminates on the Basis of Race or National Origin 32 V. Comment and Conclusion: Effects of the Arizona Law 36 I. Introduction The Support Our Law Enforcement and Safe Neighborhoods Act (“S.B. 1070”) has been the subject of many debates for both its potential impact on federal immigration laws and discrimination against citizens and legal residents of Hispanic origin. The Arizona State Legislature passed S.B. 1070 to reduce the continuous rise in the number of illegal immigrants and alleged consequent rise in crime rates in the state. Among other provisions, the law requires officers to check a person's immigration status, criminalizes an alien’s failure to comply with federal registration laws and working without authorization, and authorizes warrantless arrests where there is probable cause...
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...considered second to the President of the United States as one of the most influential and powerful men in the United States. As the world tunes in to the and monetary decisions that the Federal Reserve makes, those deacons impacts trillions of dollars and hundred of millions of people. It is important to understand the function of money, the structure of the Fed Reserve and purpose, how the central bank controls the money supply and lastly what current monetary policy has the Fed enacted to boost up the economy. The Purpose and Function of Money Money is an economic resource. It is a mean to obtain value to be utilized for different purposes in ways other than the manner earned or realized. Money and its function simplify the production and use of wealth. It is defined as anything that is “widely accepted as a medium of exchange” (McConnell, Brue, & Flynn, 2009). Some of its functions are as follows: * Unit of account – monetary units are used as yardsticks to measure the comparative value of an array of goods and services, and resources. * Store of value/wealth – enables people to purchase goods and services in the present or future. * Medium of exchange – it is usable for buying and selling of goods and services. Money allows society to escape the complication of barter. As for the medium of exchange or currency in the United States and perhaps the most recognizable medium in the world is the United States dollar. The two components or measurements...
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...James Kent | December 13, 2013 SHORT TITLE: FREEDOM OF SPEECH Freedom of Speech FIRST AMENDMENT PROTECTIONS Unit 2 Assignment Jerry Coleman LS305 Constitutional Law Prof. Judge J. Kent Kaplan University January 10, 2014 FREEDOM OF SPEECH FIRST AMENDMENT PROTECTIONS BY JERRY COLEMAN JANUARY 10, 2014 INDEX 1. COVER PAGE 2. TITLE PAGE 3. INDEX 4. PURPOSE 5. THEORY 6. FREEDOM OF SPEECH: UNALIENABLE RIGHT? 7. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 8. CASE LAW 9. CURRENT LEGISLATION AND ITS EFFECT ON THE FIRST AMENDMENT 10. CONCLUSION’ 11. REFERENCES PURPOSE The purpose of this paper is to examine, limitedly, the incursion, by Congressional Acts, Judicial Interpretation via case law, and Executive Order of the First Amendment Protections of Free Speech of The Constitution of The United States. THEORY The Bill of Rights are the Foundation of the UNALIENABLE RIGHTS OF THE PEOPLE, in theory and original intent of the Framers, which neither the Federal Government nor the States may repose from the People. Neither shall the Judiciary. However, given to logical consideration, as applied by the Marshall Court, the Courts have Judicial Review Authority, rendering them, if not the best locale, definitely the most appropriate, for interpretation of the Rights thusly enumerated in The Constitution’s Bill of Rights (Amendments One thru Ten, specifically One thru Eight). However, it must needs be stated...
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...William Emker Intro to Criminal Justice Professor Rosen 05/02/2011 Marjuana in the Criminal Justice System Should the use of marijuana for medicinal purposes be legalized? Wouldn’t it be simple to provide a simple black or white answer to this question? Across the nation there is much debate on this very topic, one that I don’t believe can be solved so easily with a yes or no. There are so many activists that have strong opinions on this subject and go to the fullest extent to ensure they are heard. As simple and straightforward as this question is it was hard for me to determine which side of the line I stood on. After reading all of the articles and much research on the issue I find myself leaning toward allowing medicinal marijuana use. By allowing medicinal marijuana use there are going to have to be many precautions taken to ensure that such a non-traditional controversial medicine is not abuse as many people will try to take advantage of the situation. Racism played a key role in the illegalization of marijuana in the early 1900’s. Harry Anslinger, Commissioner of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, said, “Marijuana is the most violence causing drug in the history of mankind. Most marijuana smokers are Negroes, Hispanics, Filipinos and entertainers. Their satanic music, jazz and swing, result from marijuana usage. This marijuana causes white women to seek sexual relations with Negroes.” (4) He used this sort of propaganda to get a racist America behind his...
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...commonly known as cannabis is considered legal, even in some states in United States. In fact, it can be noted that for many years, cannabis has been considered an illegal drug in most countries. Nevertheless, today, some countries have legalized cannabis while other countries have not. In particular, small quantities of cannabis have been allowed in regions such as Europe, North America and South America and the United States, where some states such as California, Washington and Colorado have legalized the possession and usage of marijuana for medical purposes. Federal government should legalize marijuana due to benefits toward patient health care, government tax subsidy and reduction in drug wars can strongly favorize the legalization of marijuana. Opponents of marijuana legalization, support their beliefs by using objections such as marijuana is not a proper medical treatment. They believe marijuana can be as efficient as any other painkiller or other drugs that mimic similar results. Opposers also claim that by legalizing marijuana will allow more people to abuse this drug. Primarily, cannabis should be legalized since it is used for medical purpose. Marijuana can offer individuals a higher standard of living. For example, Sativex is a recent drug that contains a major active ingredient derived from cannabis and it has been discovered to cure Multiple Sclerosis (Kmietowicz 89). The drug has been used in the United Kingdom to treat MS patients, and it has been found to work...
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...The Articles of Confederation served as the first form of government for the United States. However would it serve the United States advantageously? Would the articles of confederation provide viable solutions to fundamental problems the infant country faced? Although the A.O.C was able to successfully negotiate: the western land grants, and the United States sovereignty, it was unable to provide stable economic conditions due to the policies installed in the A.O.C itself. The economic conditions installed under the A.O.C proved to choke the United States government. Unable to: tax, and regulate interstate/foreign trade illustrates the critical failure of the A.O.C. The inability to tax led to a minuscule revenue generated for the use of the government; this problem diverges into many different problems. First, the inability to generate healthy revenue translates into the...
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...Is United States justified to adopt a first-strike policy against independent nations in war on terrorism? The attack on United States on September 2001 brought the truth and reality of terrorism to the land of America in a way that most people had not imagined. Over three thousand people lost their lives. With that several innocent lives lost, America and other friendly nations joined to condemn terrorism. United States accused Taliban government of Afghanistan of harboring perpetrators. The accusation led the United States to begin military operations in Afghanistan. Many nations accepted the military operations as a justifiable response. The Taliban became an easy target because they were sympathizers of terrorist. After a short successful military operations in Afghanistan, United States turned attention to Iraq. They began to build a case against the regime government of Saddam Hussein. The United States suggested that Iraq had also been supporting terrorist and developing nuclear weapons. It was after those inflammatory suggestions about Iraq that a different debate surrounding military operations in that country started to emerge. In September, 2002, American government published a document titled The National Security Strategy. The President, George Bush, pointed the enemy of twenty century as a shadowy network of individuals who were out to harm the society with inexpensive weapon made powerful by technology. The president assured the citizens that United States...
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...UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT 2305 RESEARCH PAPER Spring 2012 1) The purpose of this paper is to assess the leading issues in the continuing debate over the Patriot Act 1, Patriot Act 2 and Patriot Act 3 and its alleged abuse of our bill of rights by comparing and contrasting the positions between the Government need for them and the people’s rights, freedoms and liberties. By offering this assessment, you will learn a lot about what policy making was going on to achieve this type of law. 2) What are the arguments surrounding the use of these extreme policies in the U.S. or are they not extreme? And 3) What are the implications that these policies having or are not having on the lives of Americans? Furthermore, the purpose here is to enhance your researching, writing, and analytical skills. 4) Compare and contrast the leading issues in the current controversial USA Patriot Act (1,2 and 3) situation. Your paper should compare and contrast the leading issues in the current controversial USA Patriot Act situation and how it affects your bill of rights. This assessment should explain the similarities and or differences between the rights of the citizens of the United States, the U.S. Government and the State positions. In addition, you should acknowledge the entities (i.e. U.S. citizens, government civil servants, interest groups, corporate interests…) that are endorsing the controversial USA Patriot Act and how this endorsement correlates, complements or conflicts...
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