...When a person hears the word albino, the brain immediately thinks of pale hair, pale skin, and pale eyes. However, that is partially true as there are different types of albinism that occur in different regions all over the world. The term albinism was coined by Balthazar Telez. Balthazar Telez was a 17th century historian. Every living thing on Earth has been found to have albinism. That includes every type of fish, bird, mammal, plant, reptile, and amphibian. The oldest irregularity to ever have been record is believed to be albinism. A mutation in one of several genes is what causes albinism. The types of albinism are based on which gene is mutated. Albinism is classified as a group of inherited disorders due to the fact that it results in a person that is affected to have partial or total loss of pigmentation. It is also a very rare. Approximately there are fewer than 20,000 cases in the United States per year. All over the world there have been cases of albinism. The levels of pigmentation depend on what type of albinism is present in a person. Whether a person is affected with albinism or not is often present in the skin, eyes, and hair. While not everyone with albinism has the same characteristics they all experience vision problems. The most common form of albinism results in white hair and light pink skin. However, the skin color can range anywhere from white to brown. Some people affected with albinism go their whole life with skin pigmentation that never...
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...MC (who do the Presentation): Our drama will continue. We will have 2 versions. Please pay attention and compare the verbal and non-verbal communication of the different versions. We will ask you some questions afterwards. Mother & Son go to see the doctor. Version 1: (M & S knock the door silence M & S enter the room sit down) (D look at the file on his desk, not look up) D: XXX, What’s wrong (cold voice)? M: My son hurt his head last night. S: Yes, my head is still paining. (Silence) S: I also felt dizzy when I got up today. D: OK. Tell me when you feel any pain. (D check Son’s head, across the desk) S: Ah!! Here… D: OK. (sit down & write) D: You will feel better after sometimes. S: But I still feel the pain. I would prefer to have some treatment. D: You can go to the hospital and have an X-ray check up if you want. S: Is this necessary? What’s the possible risk of not taking the…? D: (interrupt) It’s just for security. There will be chances of cerebral concussion. S: Er… what do you mean by cerebral… D: (interrupt) Put it simply, that means shocking of your brain. S: Um… D: If you don’t do it, and there is really cerebral concussion, your life will be threatened. S: OK. Then will you give me a reference letter? D: Get it when you get the medicines outside. S: I need to take medicines? D: I will give you some Stemetil 止頭暈 and Prostan 止頭痛. S: What can they help? D: (keep writing & not look up) Nurse will tell...
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...“Entrepreneurs are born not made.” Critically analyse this statement with reference to the literature and to your experience of entrepreneurship. This essay aims to evaluate the various traits identified with entrepreneurs, and then establish whether entrepreneurs are born with these traits, or whether, they are shaped and developed through their life experiences. Put simply the purpose of this essay is to establish whether entrepreneurs are ‘born or made’. This essay focuses on two distinct schools of researchers in the field of entrepreneurship: The more traditional group of researchers has focused on the personality characteristics of the individual, the internal factors, whilst a second group of researchers have taken a social cognitive approach. They look at the relationship between an individual and his or her environment. The external factors include culture, role models, work experience, education, and environment. This essay looks at the early definitions of an entrepreneur, evaluates the literature which supports the theory that entrepreneurs are ‘born’, and also evaluates the proposal that there is a relationship between the individual entrepreneur and their social environment, that is, entrepreneurs are ‘made’. Cantillon (1756) defined the entrepreneur as engaging in business without an assurance of profits; thus the bearing of risk being the distinguishing feature of an entrepreneur. Jean Baptiste Say expanded on this by making the entrepreneur the pivot of the...
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...INTRO Entrepreneurship is the “process of creating something different with value by devoting the necessary time and effort, assuming the accompanying financial and social risks, and receiving the resulting rewards or monetary and (/or) personal satisfaction” (Hisrich, 1990). This definition is sufficiently broad encompassing the many paths an entrepreneur may take, be it Schumpeterian profit maximisation or the social entrepreneurial desire to create social wealth (Zahra, 2009). The aim of this essay is to analyse some of the personal traits academics believe to be common to established entrepreneurs, in turn discussing how these strengths and weaknesses are applicable to myself. STRENGTH 1: “Innovativeness with the ability to combine resources effectively” Kirzner’s (2008) view of the entrepreneur is that they are “not creators, merely alert” to opportunities which arise around them. This somewhat contradicts the Schumpeter (ian) (1961) ideology that the entrepreneur is a “heroic… daring… captain of industry”. Forming a hybrid between these views, Casson (1982), states that the “entrepreneurs task (is) to discover and exploit opportunities… where products or services can be sold at a greater cost than their cost of production”. Combining the views of Kirzner and Casson describes the entrepreneur as someone who can spot a solution to a problem by using an existing product in a different application to that which it was originally designed. During my studies of engineering...
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...physical elements. It may lead health workers to think they can predict health behaviour, even though they often can’t partly because, it’s almost impossible to measure a lot of the psychological factors which influence behaviour (e.g. the amount of fear or distrust a patient may have) because the model is cognitive. Although small consideration is to other peoles belliefs (Cues to action- advice fromothers or of a family/friend has had the disease) it primarily considers individual beliefs. It doesn’t include the influence of other people who can be very important. When the model is applied, health workers know that if only the individual patient wants to take action and important others are opposed, there is little chance of change. The Locus of Control theory by Rotter only divides people into two distinct categories – surely not all ‘internalisers’ are healthy and all externalisers are unhealthy? It is huglet reductionist and therefore, fails to explain individual differences in health behaviours due to knowledge, age, sex, lifestyle etc. However, there is lots of empirical research evidence to support the theory. Self-Efficacy offers an dispositional explanation, suggesting that individuals are responsible for making their own health decisions. It is useful as it also suggests that health behaviours can be changed, if an...
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...preventing followers from accomplishing goal * Increase rewards and incentives along the way 1. Subordinate Factors (Follower Characteristics) A. Ability: A follower’s self-efficacy and self perception of competence in performing tasks to achieve goals. B. Authoritarianism: is defined as the degree to which the followers seek structure and task clarity. C. Experience: Knowledge of or skill in achieving a goal. D. Locus of control: How one perceives how much they can control events that affect their goal achievement. Those with low internal locus of control seek to participate and engage in decision making. On the contrary, those with a strong external locus of control like to be directed and provided structure. Coach Lengyel has a diverse group of followers with a variety of contrasting personal characteristics. Due to their lack of experience, youth and general “rag-tag” composition, the players on the team lack confidence, ability, cohesion and self efficacy. Given these characteristics, these players have a high external locus of control and yearn for task clarity and guidance. In contrast, Coach Red Dawson and Interim President Donald Dedmon have more autonomy and have established themselves more in their respected roles. Lengyel adjust to the varying characteristics of these followers by engaging them more in the decision-making process and seeking...
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...qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmrtyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmrtyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmrtyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmrtyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwer...
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...1 - Introduction The influence of top management team (TMT) on organizational behavior and outcomes is one of the most widely studied relationships in strategic management. Since Hambrick and Mason’s (1984) seminal article on organization’s “upper echelons”, organizations and strategy researchers have tried to establish a relationship between top management team demographic characteristics and firm outcomes. However, empirical results have been inconsistent. Certo, Lester, Dalton and Dalton (2006), after conducting a meta-analysis of several studies, found modest support for a direct relationship between TMT demographic indicators and firm performance, but indicated moderating influences. Hambrick (1994) provided the main argument against TMT research based on demographic characteristics. According to him, this line of inquiry pays “too little attention to the actual mechanisms that serve to convert group characteristics into organization outcomes” (p. 185). Recent research on strategic leadership, trying to overcome these mixed findings, has begun to change focus away form TMT characteristics and concentrate on the processes underlying TMT decision making (functioning) such as comprehensiveness, consensus, social integration, conflict and decision speed (Certo et al., 2006). Lubatkin et al. (2006) and Carmeli and Schaubroeck (2006) present good examples that, when processes were measured directly, they were a stronger predictor of organization outcomes and performance...
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...JOB SATISFACTION INTRODUCTION According to Yang (2012) job satisfaction is deemed an attitude rather than a behaviour. It is the most and frequently studied and widely discussed work attitude Mc Clenney (1992). Robbins (2001) defined it as a general attitude toward one’s job; the difference between the level of reward workers receive and the level of reward they believe they should receive. Moreover, Locke (1976) defined job satisfaction as an enjoyable or positive emotional state as a result of evaluating one’s job and job experience. In empirical studies, researchers have often measured job satisfaction as having two distinct facets: intrinsic, that is, level of satisfaction with features associated with the job itself and extrinsic, that is, level of satisfaction with various facets associated with the environment in which the work is performed (Bogler, 2001) Job satisfaction is said to be a vital factor of productivity at work along with having the appropriate training, interests and motivation. Frustrations at work may derive from different aspects of the job itself or the work environment Tomina & Sorana (2011). Satisfied employees are more likely to stay with their organisation and contribute to the success of the company rather than unsatisfied employees. “Employee attitudes and intentions have impacts on employee effectiveness, customer satisfaction and organisational performance” Tomina & Sorana (2011). FACTORS THAT CAN LEAD TO SATISFIED AND DISSATISED EMPLOYEES ...
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...felt I have been confident in my problem solving skills. When I was a production manager I was able to resolve an issue quickly and with good results. You learn in the automotive industry you have to be quick on your feet when there are issues. You have to act now or production lines stop. That would be a reason I tend to jump to solutions. I have taken a field assignment with my company working with customers so now I have to take a step back and gather the data before I make a decision. This is different approach than the get it done attitude. I have had the opportunity to be involved in several Kizan events, this has helped with my data gathering and understanding the importance of having data to support your conclusion. Locus of Control: Internal Locus of control Score...
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...Course: My Self-Efficacy and Locus of Control……….……….. Name: Me Concept Paper No: 1 Course/Yr: BS Psychology 2 Date: 2 – 8 – 15 In the recent years of being a psychology major, I have learned many things including, but not limited to, the foundations and an overview of psychology, the various people that have contributed to this ever growing field of science, and of course, the schools of thought. One of these schools of thought is behaviorism, and among the many in this area are the two men, Albert Bandura, and Julian Rotter, who introduced the concepts of self-efficacy and the locus of control respectively. Self-efficacy refers to the person’s belief in herself, her capacity to do and accomplish things- her esteem, while the locus of control refers to what the person attributes something to, her failures, for example- was it because she herself did not try hard enough, or was it because something or someone else ruined it for her? Dwelling on these two concepts now, I believe they can both be summarized into a quote from a prayer by Reinhold Niebuhr, which goes… “God, grant me the serenity to accept the things I cannot change; courage to change the things I can; and wisdom to know the difference.” As a psychology major… a student, and I think it applies to everyone else as well, it all boils down to the simple line that I mentioned. Our choices, our decisions… it all depends upon what we choose to do. The self-efficacy and the locus of control are reflected in...
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...Chapter 1 Developing Self-Awareness True/False Questions Key Dimensions of Self-Awareness 1. Self-awareness is at the foundation of personal life management skills. True (page 58, easy, recall) If false, why? The Enigma of Self-Awareness 2. Empirical evidence indicates that people who are more self-aware are healthier, perform better in leadership roles, and are more productive at work. True (page 59, easy, recall) If false, why? 3. The concept of sensitive line refers to the point at which individuals welcome information about themselves from their co-workers. False (page 59, moderate, recall) If false, why? The concept of sensitive line refers to the point at which people become defensive or protective of information about themselves 4. Marvin consistently finds fault with Alicia’s competence as a manager. Because Alicia has been told she is doing a good job and therefore responds in a threat rigid way. Thus, her most likely response will be to defend herself in light of Marvin’s accusations. True (page 60, moderate, understanding) If false, why? 5. Self-awareness can be managed by exercising minimal control over when and what kind of information one receives about oneself and by not involving others in the pursuit of self-understanding. False (page 60, moderate, understanding) If false, why? It requires more than minimal control. Understanding and Appreciating...
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...Overview and Executive Summary This case analysis mainly focuses on Organizational behavior, Decision making, Organization’s culture, Diversity, Values, and Leadership behavior. Today relatively small differences in performance between companies, such as in the speed at which they can bring new products or services to market or in how they motivate their employee to find ways to reduce costs or improve performance, can combine to give one company a significant competitive advantage over another. Managers and companies that use proven management techniques in their decision making and actions increase their effectiveness over time. Companies and managers that are slower to implement new management techniques and practices find themselves at a growing competitive disadvantage that makes it even more difficult to catch up. This case is all about implementing new management techniques like empowering employees and engaging in adaptive organizational culture. Culture leads to predictable behaviors and attitudes that set one company apart from others. Strong agreement to the values, beliefs and norms that constitute culture results in strong relationship to behavior. When culture is well match to strategy, it become the most powerful strategy implementation tool available This case study mainly concentrates on the challenges faced by Simmons in implementing the change program. There is a resistance to change from both individuals and organization. On top of the resistance to change...
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...A STUDY OF THE PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE RULE VIOLATION BEHAVIOUR OF DRIVERS Mohammed Najeeb. P. M Motor Vehicle Department, Ministry of Transport, Kerala, India. Mob +91 9447679841 najeeb.blossom@gmail.com Abstract An analysis of traffic accidents indicates that human factors are a sole or a contributory factor in approximately 90% of road traffic accidents. The present study examined the extent to which Type A behaviour pattern , Sensation Seeking behaviour, propensity to aggression, Hostility, Attitude to Speeding and demographic variables including Age, Experience And Education have an effect on violation behaviour of drivers. The Data was obtained from 500 drivers on standardized instruments such as Violation of Basic Traffic Rules scale, Hostility scale (MMPI), Propensity to Aggression Scale, Sensation Seeking Scale (Zukerman) Type A behaviour Scale and Attitude to Speeding Scale. The Result presented in this study revealed that there was an effect of age, experience and education and significant influence of personality traits and attitude on violation behaviour of drivers. Key Words: Violation of Basic Traffic Rules, Type A behavior, Sensation Seeking, propensity to aggression Hostility and attitude 1. Introduction The National Crime Record Bureau Reported that, in India the number of road accidents, deaths due to road accidents and injuries due to road accidents is very high and increasing every year. During the year 2010; 4, 30,600...
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...Does entrepreneurial self-efficacy distinguish entrepreneurs from managers? | | | | | Tebyan M. El-dawi | 1/10/2013 | | Does entrepreneurial self-efficacy distinguish entrepreneurs from managers? Self-efficacy is an individual’s cognitive estimate of his or her “capabilities to mobilize the motivation, cognitive resources and courses of action needed to exercise control over events in their lives” (Wood & Bandura 1989). One important effect of self-efficacy is on the chice of behavior settings, where individuals tend to choose situations in which they anticipate high personal control but avoid situations in which they anticipate low control. Starting one’s own business is often described as purposive and intentional career choice. Although there can be a wide variety of contextual as well as individual factors that influence the entrepreneurial choice, the role of entrepreneurial self-efficacy has been emphasized as a key antecedent . Bandura (1977b. 1986) distinguished his social learning theory from many traditional psychological theories by emphasizing reciprocal causation among cognition, behavior and environment, where we found that the notion of reciprocal causation is important in understanding self-efficacy and its determinants and effects. One of the researches conducted on the effects of self-efficacy found that self-efficacy is the most effective predictor of performance. This study had shown that people with high self-efficacy have more...
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